2022年高考英语复习讲解——介词及介词短语.docx

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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 高考英语一轮复习讲解:介词及介词短语【学问要点】介词又叫前置词,是一种虚词;1.介词可按其构成分为:(1)简洁介词,即一个介词,如about,at,in,of,since 等;(2)复合介词,由两个介词组成,如as for,as to,out of 等;如 from under ,from behind ,until after ,(3)二重介词, 由两个介词搭配而成,但没有复合介词那样固定,except in 等;(4)短语介词,由短语构成,如according to,because of,in spite of ,on behalf of

2、,with reference to等;(5)分词介词,由现在分词构成,如regarding,concerning ,including 等;2.介词仍可按其词义分为以下常见的几种:(1)表地点(包括动向) ,如 about,above, across, after,along, among,around,at,before,behind, below, beneath,beside,between,beyond,by,down,from,in,into ,near,off ,on,over,through,throughout ,to,towards,under,up,upon,with ,

3、within ,without 等;注 有不少表地点的介词可表动向,除很明显的across,around,over,towards,near 外,仍有 among,behind,beneath, between, on,to,under 等;(2)表时间,如 about,after, around,as,at,before,behind,between,by, during ,for,from, in ,into, of,on,over,past,since,through,throughout , till (until ),to,towards, within 等;(3)表除去,如 bes

4、ides,but,except 等;(4)表比较,如 as,like, above,over 等;(5)表反对,如 against,with 等;(6)表缘由、目的,如 for, with ,from 等;(7)表结果,如 to,with ,without 等;(8)表手段、方式,如 by,in,with 等;(9)表所属,如 of,with 等;(10)表条件,如 on, without ,considering 等;(11)表让步,如 despite, in spite of 等;(12)表关于,如 about,concerning,regarding,with regard to , a

5、s for,as to 等;1 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 12 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - (13)表对于,如 to,for ,over,at,with 等;(14)表依据,如 on, according to 等;(15)表其他,如 for(赞成),without (没有)等;(一)介词的句法功能介词不能独立在句中做成份,介词后必需与名词、代词、 或动名词构成介词短语在句中充当一个成份,表示人、物、大事等与其它人、物、大事等之间的关系;1、作定语: The book on the table is mine. 2、作状语: We have

6、 breakfast at seven.(表时间);They were late for meeting because of the heavy rain.(表缘由);They started the machine by pressing the button. (表方法)3、作表语: My dictionary 中学 is in the bag. 4、作宾语补足语:I found him in the office. (二)主要介词区分1、表示时间的 at, in, on :at 表示片刻的时间, 如:at 8 oclock,常用词组有: at noon, at night, at mi

7、dnight, at the end of, at that time, at the beginning of, at the age of, at Christmas, at New Year 等; in 表示一段的时间,如: in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, in October, in 1998, in summer, in the past, in the future 等;on 总是跟日子有关,on Monday, on Christmas morning, on the following, on May Day,

8、 on a warm morning 等;2、表示时间的 since 和 from :since 表示从过去到现在的一段时间的过程,常与现在完成时连用;from表示从时间的某一点开头,不涉及与现在的关系;一般多与现在时、过去时、 将来时连用; 如:I hope to do morning exercises from today./ We have not seen each other since 1995. 3、表示时间的 in 和 after :两者都表示“ 在(某个时间)之后,区分在于 in 表示“ 在(一段时间)之后” ,而 after 就表示“ 在(某一详细时间点之后)” ,in

9、短语和将来时态连用,after 短语和过去时态或将来时态连用;如:Well be back in three days./ After seven the rain began to fall./ What shall we do after graduation. 留意: after 有时也可以表示在一段时间之后(常用在过去时里);如: After two months he returned. 4、表示地理位置的in, on, to :in 表示在某范畴内,on 指与什么毗邻,to 指在某环境范畴之外;如:Changchun is in the northeast of China./ M

10、ongolia is on the north of China./ Japan is to the east of China. 5、表示“ 在 上”的 on 和 in :on 只表示在某物的表面上,而用 in 表示占去某物一部分;如:There is a book on the piece of paper./ There is an interesting article in the newspaper./ He dug a hole in the wall. 6、表示“ 穿过 ” 的 through 和 across:through 表示从内部通过,与 in 有关; across 就

11、表示从一端至另一端在表面上的通过,与 on 有关;如:Water flows through the pipe./ The old man walked across the street. 2 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 12 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 7、in the corner, on the corner, at the corner:in the corner 表示在角落里, in 指角的内面; on the corner表示“ 在角上”,on 指的不是内面,也不是外面,而含内外兼有之意;at the corner 指“ 在拐角

12、处”, at 指的是拐角外邻近的外面;如:The lamp stands in the corner of the room./ I met with him at the street corner./ He sat on the corner of the table. 8、in the end, at the end of, by the end of:in the end 作“ 最终” 、“ 最终” 解,可单独使用,后不接介词 of;at the end of 表示“ 在 末梢”,“ 到 终点”,既可指时间,也可以指地上或物体;不行单独使用;by the end of 作“ 在 终止时

13、”,“ 到 末为止”解,只能指时间; 不行单独使用; 如:In the end they reached a place of safety./ At the end of the road stands a beautiful garden./ They decided to have an English evening at the end of this week./ by the end of last month he had finished the novel. 9、表示“ 关于” 的 about 和 on:两者都有“ 关于” 的意思,不过前者为一般用词,而后者为较正式的“ 论

14、述” ;如: He came to tell me about something important./ He wrote a book on science. 10、between, among :一般说来, between 表示两者之间,among 用于三者或三者以上的中间;如:You are to sit between your father and me./ He is always happy among his classmates. 留意: 但有时说的虽然是三个以上的人或东西,假如强调的是两两相互间接关系,适用于 between;如: Agreements were made

15、 between the different countries. 在谈到一些事物或一组事物,而把它们视为分居两边时用between;如:The little valley lies between high mountains.;在谈事物间的差别时,总是用 between;如: They dont know the difference between wheat, oats and barley. 11、besides, except, but, except for :besides指“ 除了 仍有, 再加上” ;如:All went out besides me. ;except 指“

16、 除了,减去什么”,不能放在句首;如:All went out except me. ;but 与 except 意思近似,表示“ 除了 外” 常常用在 no, all, nobody, anywhere, everything 等和其他疑问词后面;如:I never saw him reading anything but the newspaper. ;except for 表示“ 如无 就, 只是” 说明理由细节; 如:His diary is good except for a few spelling mistakes. ;12、表示“ 用” 的 in 和 with :表示工具的“

17、用”,用 with ,而表示材料、方式、方法、度量、单位、语言、声音等的“ 用”,用 in;如: He is writing a letter with a pen./ He wrote the letter in pencil./ We measured it in pounds./ Read the text in a loud voice./ Tell me the story in English. 13、in charge of 和 in the charge of : 两者都表示“ 由谁负责、照料、治理”;区分在于: in charge of后接被照管的人或物,而 in the c

18、harge of 后面就跟照管的人;如:Who is in charge of the project./ The project is in the charge of an engineer.;14、as, like :as作“ 作为” 、“ 以 位置或身份” 解;如:Let me speak to you as a father.(事实是父亲); like 作“ 象 一样” 解;如:Let me speak to you like a father. (事实上不是父亲) ;15、in front of 和 in the front of:in front of = before ,是“

19、在 前面”的意思 (不在某物内) ; in the 3 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 12 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - front of 就是“ 在 前部”的意思 (在某物内) ;如:There is a desk in front of the blackboard./ The boy sat in the front of the car. ;16、in, into :into 表示动向,不表示目的地或位置;如:We walked into the park. ;in 通常表示位置;如:We walked in the park ;in 和

20、 drop, fall, put, throw, break 等终止性动词连用时, 也可以表示动向; 如:I have put the coin in into my pocket. 我把硬币放进衣袋;复习时需留意的要点 1、介词一般放在名词之前,但它后面的介词宾语是疑问代词、疑问副词或者关系代词时,这些词提 到了前面而只剩下介词在后了;2、 介词和动词、形容词、名词等常常构成固定搭配,也就是说,在这些词的后面常常要求用肯定的 介词;这一点在学习时要特殊留意;如:a. 动词 +介词: laugh at, wait for +介词: be good at, be proud of b. 形容词、

21、过去分词 c 名词 +介词: pay a visit to , the key to 3、 表示挑选关系的连词,连接的双方只取其一;常用连词有 例如:a You can go to Beijing either today or tomorrow. or, either.or, otherwise b You must get up early or you wont catch the early bus.4、 表示转折关系,连接的双方构成对比,意义上有转折;常用连词有例如:a His brother is fond of football while he likes basketball

22、. b You can watch TV, but you must finish your homework first. but, however, while, only 5、 表示联合关系,联合的双方是对等的,意义上趋向一样;常用连词有:and, both.and, neither.nor, not only.but also, as well as To study English well, we need both diligence and careful. That horse is not only the youngest among the five, but also

23、 runs the fastest. 6、 表示因果关系,连接的双方,互为因果,或者前因后果,或者前果后因;常用的连词有:for, so 例如:It must have rained, for the ground is wet. 【考点诠释】考点 1 常见介词的活用 4 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 12 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - by,with ,against,over,on,in ,at,besides,for 等是常考的介词;把握这些介词的用法和意义、准 确把握句子语境是解题的关键;下面是近年高考考查最多的几个介词,应重点把握:1o

24、ver 可表位置,意为“ 在 上方,越过;遮住,盖住”,也可表时间,意为“ 在 期间, 多年 以来 ”等,它仍有 “ 在 问题 上,对 某事 ”等引申意义;如:Y0u cant wear a blue jacket over that shirtit II look terrible你不能在那件衬衣外面再穿上蓝色的夹克 太难看了;We had a pleasant chat over a cup of tea我们一边喝茶一边开心地交谈;We heard it over the radio 我们从广播中听到了它;2by 的主要意思有 “在 旁,靠近;乘 车、船等 ;不迟于;到 为止;被,由;依据

25、,依据 关系;通过 方式 ” 等,仍可以用来表示增加或削减的程度;by and by 不久,迟早 by and large 大体上by oneself 单独 by the way 顺便说说by far 得多,最 by chance 碰巧by accident 偶然地 by means of 借助by no means 绝不,一点也不 by mistake 错误地by 构成的常见短语有:The water in the river rose by two meters 河水上涨了两米;He is an Englishman by birth 他在血统上是英国人;3with 可以用来表示 “带有,

26、拥有;随着;就 来说;用,以;和,与;对于,关于” 等意思; with仍可用来表示缘由;如:He turned red with anger 他气得脸变红了;The problem with looking into space from the earth is that there is a lot of dust in the earth从地球上s air观看太空存在一个问题,就是地球的大气中有大量的尘埃;4beyond 这个词同学们平常接触的机会不是太多,但它却是一个考查热点;beyond 表示 “ 时间 过了,比 晚,迟于; 位置 在 那边,超出 之外; 范畴 超过,为 所不及,超出

27、 的范畴 ” 等意思;如:They arrived beyond nine oclock他们过了9:00 才到;The book is beyond me这本书我看不懂;Tom is far beyond his elder brother in maths 汤姆的数学比他哥哥的好多了;典例: 2022 高考英语四川卷,5Tired, Jim was fast asleep with his back _ a big tree. A. in B. below C. beside D. against 5 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 12 页精选学习资料 - - -

28、- - - - - - 考点 2 介词的固定搭配 - 高考主要考查同学对固定短语的把握程度、对短语意义的明白以及介词在这些固定搭配中的应用;1名词词组: on the contrary 相反; in turn 依次; in ones opinion 依据某人的看法;off time 准时; out of reach 够不着2动词词组: remind sb of sth 提示某人某事;call at 拜访 某地 rob sb of sth 抢劫某人的 ;restdt from 由 引起;3形容词词组:be curious about 对 奇怪; be proud of 因 而骄傲; be pop

29、ular with 受到 的欢迎4介词短语: apart from 除 Pb;in addition to 除 之外 仍; because of 由于; instead of 代替;in fear of 为 提心吊胆; for fear of 以免; in case of 防范; thanks to 由于; in the middle of 在 中间;according to 依据; in front of 在 前面; in return for 作为对 的回报; in charge of 负责; as a result of作为 的结果; in exchange for 与 交换等典例: 2

30、022 高考英语江西卷,34Nowadays some hospitals refer to patients _ name, not case number. A of B as C by D with 【答案】 C 【解析】考查介词辨析;句意:如今有些医院是以姓名来查阅患者的,而不是凭病例编号 去查询的 ;by name 按姓名考点 3 核心介词用法归纳与辨析1.表示时间的介词in 的用法如下;表示在某一较长时间内,如世纪、年、月、 季、周等一般用介词in,如: in the 1990s,in January,inthewinter in 和 during 表一段时间内两词可互用;如:in

31、 the night,during the night,in the war,during the war;但略有区分:当接表示“ 活动 ” 的抽象名词时多用 during ,接 “ 活动 ” 的动名词及短语时用 in ;如: during the discussion/in discussing the problem during her stay in Hubei/in playing basketball/during the course of/in digging the tunnel 2.在详细的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕,常用 on;3.表示某一时刻或某一点时间用 at,如小

32、时、分钟等;有些时间名词前有 one,each,any,every,some,all ,next,last,that 修饰时 ,不接介词;如:6 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 12 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - that day,next Sunday some day,one day 4.till 、until 、to 的用法;1tilluntil 与连续动词连用一般用于确定句中,与短暂动词连用一般用在否定句中;如:He waited for me till twelve oclock.until;如:He didn t get up till

33、 until 10 a.m.不行用 to 但留意:在句首显现或强调句型中一般不用till 而用Not until 9 a.m.did Mr.Smith come back to school. 2to 表“终结 ” 常常和 from 连用,但要留意不与from 连用时的意义;如:from July to September,from six to till eight从 到 为止 ,但 from morning till night从早到晚 ,不能用 to;5.表示方式、手段、工具的介词 1by the year/hour/day 按年 /小时 /天,但 to the pound 按磅算, t

34、o the ton 按吨计;2表泛指的方式、手段 :by post,by telephoneradio, 但 on the phone/on the radio/on TV 电讯器材 ,by electricity ,by hard work,learn sth.by heart,through the satellite,through practice,through his own efforts,through experience,through the telescope 3交通工具类;另外:by means of 用 方法, by way of 经由,取道于,用 方法 ;with

35、 the helppermissionof sb./with sb.s helppermission 在 帮忙下 ” ;4表方式、手段的其他用法;He beat the dog with a whip.with+ 工具、机器 One smells with his nose.with+ 人体器官,但by hand “手工,用手 ” He stood up with pride.with+ 心情、情感、态度的名词 留意:使用语言、材料、文字等用in;如 in Englishink,pencil ;另外如:in highgood,lowspirits,in anger,in joy,in comf

36、ort,in sorrow,in safety,in danger,in need,in debt,in love,in fun,in pain,in tears,in surprise, in goodpoorhealth,in good order,in flower,in a way,in a low voice,in silence,inwithsatisfaction,in a hurry,inwithwords,live/feed on food,kneel on ones knee,takecatchsb.by surprise出其不意 6.表示 “ 除 之外 ” 的几组常用介词

37、比较;1besides 除 以外, 仍有 ”;作副词时意思是“ 而且,更何况 ” ;如:It was too late to see a film,and besides,I was tired. 2except “除去,除 之外 不再有 ”;如:We all went except John. 7 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页,共 12 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 在否定句中,两词可以换用,如:He has no other hats except/besides this one. 3except for “除了 对句子主题进行细节校正或附加说

38、明 ”后接名词、代词或what 从句,此时与except that+句子意思相同;如:He was very clever except for carelessness. 4except that. 除了 一点以外 ”;如:He has not changed except that he is wearing dark glasses. 5but 和 except 在表示 “ 除了 以外 ”时可以通用,但应留意以下三点:前面有不定人词、疑问代词在意义上对称时,多用 but;All but one are here.Nobody but I likes making model ships.

39、 后接不定式短语为排除对象时, 多用 but;He has nothing to do but wait. 前有 do,后省 to;but 与一些固定结构连用;have no choice but to do sth. 只得做某事, can not but do sth.不得不 ,can not help but do sth.不得不 ,but for. 如不是 7.介词的省略:介词 for 表示时间的省略要求;1以 all 开头的名词短语,for 要省略;如:I stayed with her all the morning. 2否定句中,表示时间的短语前的 for 不能省略;如:I hav

40、ent seen you for thirty yea3时间状语在主句之前,for 不能省略;如:For the whole morning,the old man kept reading. 8.某些名词与介词构成的固定搭配;1要求接 to 的名词有: key,answer,visit,entrance,apology,introduction,road 等;2要求接 in 的名词有: interest,satisfaction,expert 等;He is expert in teaching small children. 介词的用法很纷杂,要在平常留意积存;【高考链接】2022 高考英

41、语试题1.2022 高考英语上海秋季卷 ,30In ancient times, people rarely travelled long distances and most farmers only travelled_ the local market. A. longer than B. more than C. as much as D. as far as 【答案】 D 8 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页,共 12 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 【解析】此题考查介词词组;依据动词travel 可判定此处应填关于路程的介词词组,此题即为as

42、far as;as far as 远到 . 2.2022 高考英语上海秋季卷,25Sean has formed the habit of jogging_ the tree-lined avenue for two hours every day. A. between B. along C. below D. with 3.2022 高考英语重庆卷 ,22The dictionary is what I want, but I dont have enough money _ me.A. by B. for C. in D. with 【答案】 D 【解析】考查介词;I don t hav

43、e enough money with me 意思是我没有随身带那么多钱;4.2022 高考英语北京卷 ,29Would you mind not picking the flowers in the garden. They are _ everyones enjoyment. A. in B. at C. for D. to ” 此处表示目的,“为了 ”【答案】C 【解析】考察介词;句意为:“不要摘花园里的花好吗?它们是供大家观赏的;的意思,故用介词for;ll ask you again just _5.2022 高考英语浙江卷,7I guess weve already talked

44、about this before but IA by nature Bin return C in case Dby chance 【答案】 C 【解析】此题考查介词短语;分析四个选项的意思:by nature 天生地; in return 作为回报,作为交换;in case 万一,以防; by chance 偶然地;依据句意:我想我之前已经跟你谈论过这件事,但是以防万一,我再问你一次;6.2022 高考英语天津卷 ,13My father warned me _ going to the West Coast because it was crowded with tourists. A. by B. on C. for D. against 9 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页,共 12 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 7.2022 高考英语四川

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