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1、1. This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields. 2. Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter，we must be sure that the scale w
2、ith which we are comparing our subjects provides a“validor“faircomparison. 3. In general，the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can be not well defined.4. For example，they do not c
3、ompensate for gross social inequality，and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances. 5.It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset：it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideratio
4、n humans extend to other humans，or with no consideration at all. 6. But even more important，it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past，for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.7. Thus it happened that when the new facto
5、ries that were springing up required labor，tens of thousands of homeless and hungry agricultural workers，with their wives and children，were forced into the cities in search of work，and any work，under any condition，that would keep them alive.8. As a result of two or three centuries of scientific inve
6、stigation we have come to believe that nature is understandable in the sense that when we ask her questions by way of appropriate observations and experiments，she will answer truly and reward us with discoveries that endure.9. These new observational capabilities would result in simply a mass of det
7、ails were it not for the fact that theoretical understanding has reached the stage at which it is becoming possible to indicate the kind of measurements required for reliable weather forecasting.10. The story of the discovery of what is now generally called the principle of Archimedes，namely that a
8、solid body when immersed in a liquid loses a portion of its weight of the liquid it displaces，has many different versions，of which the following is one.11. We assumed that there were forces of attraction between molecules which varied rapidly with the distance so that the attraction between molecule
9、s that were more than a few ten millionths of a millimeter apart was very small but became considerable when the molecules approached more closely.12. This need is enshrined in the concept of sustainable development，which means that we must，for the benefit of coming generations，leave enough environm
10、ental space so that these generations will be able to address their needs and fulfill their aspirations.13. Painting lacks only the means to represent movement in time and space，which is the special property of sculpture and architecture，since a painting is designed to be seen from one point at one
11、time，whereas sculpture and architecture are created to be seen from various points of view，thus supplying movements in space and time.14. Once intimidated by arguments that their children would feel more at home in bilingual classes，and that they might lose their heritage in regular classes，these wo
12、men have since given voice，loudly and persuasively，to what they know from experience that unless they are fluent in the language of their adopted country，their children will never attend college or land any but the most menial of jobs.15. The presumption on which human cloning rests is that all thes
13、e cells，though now specialized，still contain exact copies of the original set of genetic instructions needed to make an entire individual and can do so if a way is found to switch them back on.16. Thus，a regularity for which there are general theoretical grounds will be more readily called a natural
14、 law than an empirical regularity that cannot be subsumed under more general laws or theories.17. It is because of the close association in most peoples minds of tools with man that special attention has always been focused upon any animal able to use an object as a tool，but it is important to reali
15、ze that this ability，on its own，does not necessarily indicate any special intelligence in the creature concerned.18. The point at which tool using and tool making acquire evolutionary significance is surely when an animal can adapt its ability to manipulate objects to a wide variety of purposes，and
16、when it can use an object spontaneously to solve a brand-new problem that without the use of a tool would prove insoluble.19. It was the desire to be scholarly that brought about a wave of Latin terms which appeared in the 16th century when the humanist movement brought new impetus to learning throu
17、ghout Europe.20. So dont be surprised if you never encounter some of the expressions that still appear in school textbooks; and next time you hear somebody using a strange word you havent heard before，you can comfort yourself that there may well be a native speaker somewhere who doesnt know it eithe
18、r.21. Despite the saying that one never knows if lightning strikes him，a person can sometimes feel the bolt coming and if quick enough，take protective action in time.22. The“shareholderas such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held sh
19、ares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labor was not good. 23. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more p
20、atriarchal system of the old family business now passing away. 24. When a journalist recently accused the company of lacking integrity in its testing of beauty products，the company overtly appealed to the public by citing its corporate brand，which was firmly associated in peoples minds with strong e
21、thical standards concerning animal rights.25. However，the criminals quickly came to realize that the real value in the computers is in the chip which is remarkably portable and unidentifiable，so even when caught the police have trouble proving the theft.26. Although perhaps only 1 percent of the lif
22、e that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent patterns，so vast is the number of planets that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe.27. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of
23、shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.28Towns like Bournemouth and Eastboune sprang up to house large “Comfortable classes
24、 who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders meeting to dictate their orders to the management.29Robert Fulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges,
25、 wheels, etc., like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea.30Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in scie
26、nce being to some extent self-accelerating.31This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.32This seems mostly effectively
27、done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.33However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the worlds more fascination and delightful aspects. 34 New forms of thought as we
28、ll as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.35 For Lloyd Nickson, a 54 years old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally III law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of
29、 his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition.36 Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement.37We live a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quie
30、t a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.38 Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms whe
31、n the substance is discontinued.39 But he talked as well about the “balanced struggle between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music.40 Average inflation
32、in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July.41 Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest tha
33、t both economies, and especially Americas, have little productive slack.42Actually it isnt, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.43Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange
34、 of duties and entitlements.44Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.45When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankinds instinct for moral reasoning in action, an in
35、stinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.46The Aswan Dam, for example，stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left - all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.47The trouble is t
36、hat part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend.48New ways of organizing the workplace all that reengineering and downsizing - are only one contribution to the overal
37、l productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training.49His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied reengineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopp
38、ing out costs without giving sufficient thought to long term profitability.50. Levi Strauss persuaded the court that, by selling its jeans cheaply alongside soap powder and bananas, Tesco was destroying the image and so the value of its brands-which could only lead to less innovation and, in the lon
39、g run, would reduce consumer choice.51Minority youths arrested on violent felony charges in California are more than twice as likely as their white counterparts to be transferred out of the juvenile-justice system and tried as adults, according to a study released last week by the Justice Policy Ins
40、titute, a research center in San Francisco.52Gaithers death has become a rallying point for gay-rights organizations and state legislators pushing a bill that would extend Alabamas three-year-old hate-crimes law beyond race, color, religion and national origin to cover crimes related to sexual orien
41、tation as well.53. Chicago officials, along with the League of Cities and 31 states that sided with them in court, might do well to look at one state where anti-gang lingering prosecutions have withstood constitutional challenges: California.54. Even before the tragedy, Pfingst had stood behind the
42、controversial California law that mandates treating murder suspects as young as 14 as adults.55.The doctors said the rules could actually erode privacy, pointing to a provision allowing managed-care plans to use personal information without consent if the purpose was health-care operations. 56.The 1
43、993 Family and Medical Leave Act was supposed to help families like Garros, offering a safety net to employees who want to take time off to nurture newborns, tend to their own major illnesses or care for sick relatives.57.A vague entity not legally required to disclose how it spent its money, the co
44、mmittee and its chief fund-raiser, Texas oilman (and now Commerce secretary) Don Evans, swiftly collected $8.3 million-more than twice the $3.9 million Al Gores recount committee raised to pay its lawyers. 58. And there the story might have ended but for the tireless efforts of Johan Reinhard, an in
45、dependent archaeologist funded by the National Geographic Society. 59. What is frightening is that these discoveries make it clear how little astronomers know about planets, and they add to the dawning realization that our solar system-and by implication Planet Earth-may be a cosmic oddball. 60. Wel
46、l, it appears that increased air pollution during those 30 years-over Asia, in particular-with the help, perhaps, of some increased cloudiness, may have exerted a cooling influence on the surface of the planet even as carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases were encouraging the atmosphere to warm.
47、61. But it is not far off that of one of the ten new members which joined on May 1st 2004 (Latvia), and it is much the same as those of two countries, Bulgaria and Romania, which this week concluded accession talks with the EU that could make them full members on January 1st 2007.62. Mr Cantalupo wa
48、s a McDonalds veteran brought out of retirement in January 2003 to help remodel the firm after sales began falling because of dirty restaurants, indifferent service and growing concern about junk food.63. Even so, everyone at McDonalds must be hoping that it will be a long time before the firm faces
49、 yet another such emergency.64. Merck, a pharmaceutical company in trouble over the possible side-effects of its arthritis drug Vioxx, is allowing its directors to run their full term before introducing a system in which they are all re-elected (or otherwise) annually.65. At the margin, extra demand has come from those who think doll