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1、_定语从句的译法1. 译成前置定语一般说来，限定性的定语从句可提前译成定语。还有一些定语从句，虽然并不明显地带有限定性质，但本身较短，和被修饰语关系紧密，也可译为前置定语。如：例1. To be sure, a great rebuilding project would give jobs to many of those people who need them.诚然，一个宏伟的重建计划也许能为许多需要工作的人提供就业机会。例2. There is no royal road to science, and only those who don not dread the fatiguin
2、g climb of the steep paths have a chance of gaining its luminous summits.在科学上没有平坦大道，只有不畏劳苦，沿着陡峭的山路攀登的人，才有希望到达光辉的顶点。例3. In recent years, however, people have begun to become aware that cities are also areas where there is a concentration of problems.可是，近几年来人们开始意识到城市也是问题成堆的地方。例4. The moon is a world t
3、hat is completely still and where utter silence prevails.月亮是一个声断音绝的世界，是一个万籁俱寂的世界。例5. Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.而且，人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境，从而是所有其他形态的生命服从人类自己独特的想法和想象。例6. But e
4、ven more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.但更为重要的是，这是科学家们所能观察到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。如以上例句所示，这种译法最适于翻译较短的限定性定语从句。有时较长的限定性定语从句也可采用这种译法，以使修饰关系清晰，句子
5、结构紧凑。如：例7.This practice book is intended for foreign engineers or students to engineering who have already mastered the elements of English, and who now want to use their knowledge of the language to read books on their subjects.这本练习是给那些已经掌握了英语基础知识而现在要利用学到的语言知识来阅读专业书籍的外国工程师或学习工程学的学生用的。例8. To write a
6、 genuine familiar or truly English style is to write as any one who would speak in common conversation, who had a thorough command and choice of words, or who could discourse with ease, force and perspicuity.用真正的普通文体即纯正的英语文体写作就像那些谙熟词汇而又善于选择词汇，能高谈阔论且言词流畅，说话有力而明确的人的日常交谈一般。例8中的who had a thorough comman
7、d and choice of words, or who could discourse with ease, force and perspicuity本应紧接先行词any one，但由于太长而后移，而who would speak in common conversation则修饰上述两个定语从句及其先行词。有些起附加说明作用的非限定性定语从句，对先行词也有程度不同的修饰、限制意义，有时也可译成前置定语。如：例9. He liked his sister, who was warm and pleasant, but he did not like his brother, who wa
8、s aloof and arrogant.他喜欢热情活泼的妹妹，而不喜欢冷漠高傲的哥哥。2. 译成后置的并列分句A. 一些结构较复杂，或者意思上有较强的独立性的限定性定语从句，通常可译为后置的并列分句。采取这种译法往往要重复关系代词所代替的词，有时可在这些词之前加指示词“这”、“这些”等，以使译文明确。如：例1. But world attention also is focusing on another step, which will make the smoker increasingly self-conscious and uncomfortable about his habit
9、.同时，人们也正把注意力集中在另一项措施上，这项措施将使吸烟者越来越意识到自己的不良习惯并为之感到不安。例2. In 1883 an American physician, A, King, listed twenty observations, which pointed to mosquitoes as a factor in malaria.1883年，美国医生A.金列举了二十个观察报告，这些报告表明蚊子是引起疟疾的一个因素。例3. This volume is prepared as examples for writing compositions which, as it were
10、, has been taken as a difficult task.本书旨在为写作提供范例，可以说写作是一个难题。例4. I was endeavoring to put off one sort of life for another sort of life, which was not better than the life I had known.我一直在竭力摆脱一种生活，改换另一种生活，但是我所改换的生活并不见得比我原先的生活好。例5. Matter is composed of molecules that are composed of atoms.物质是由分子组成的，而
11、分子又是由原子组成的。在例4中，从句在语意上与主句相矛盾；在例5中，从句在语意上与主句相承。在译文中除重复关联代词所代替的词外，加上了连词“但是”、“而”，是译文语气连贯。有些定语从句汉译时可不必重复关系代词所代替的词，而将其译成人称代词“他”、“他们”等，使句子简明扼要。如：例1. Honeycutt was 40, an affable man who had to leave his family in Raleigh, North Carolina, when he d gone north to work.亨尼卡行年40，和蔼可亲，他去北方工作时不得不把家室留在北卡罗来纳州罗利市。例
12、2. Above the English lettering the words are repeated in the Chinese calligraphy of Premier Zhou, who wrote the brief text.在这些英文字的上方，是周总理亲笔书写的同样内容的汉字，他拟定了这简短的铭文。B. 非限定性定语从句与先行词的关系不十分密切，只是对先行词加以说明，描述或解释，或对整个语句所陈述的事实或现象加以总结概括，补充说明，其前都用逗号分开。在汉译时，一般译为后置的并列分句。如：例1. In English, attributive clauses are use
13、d extensively, some of which are very long and complicated in structure.在英语中，定语从句的运用极为广泛，有的从句很长而且结构复杂。例2. These books, which are only a small part of my collection, were picked up in America.这些书是我在美国买的，它们在我的藏书中只占一小部分。例3. Bertrand Russell, whose philosophical writings made a profound impact on philos
14、ophers all over the world, died in 1970.伯特兰德.罗素于1970年逝世，他的哲学著作对全世界哲学家都有深刻的影响。例4. He gave in his resignation, which was the best thing he could do in the circumstance.他提出了辞职，这在当时的情况下是最好的办法。例5. He blamed me for everything, which I thought very unfair.他把一切错误都归罪于我，我认为这很不公平。例6. John Fetzer, career consul
15、tant and chemist, first suggested this trait, which has already been written about a great deal.职业顾问和化学家约翰.费策尔最早提出了这个特征。关于这个特征，人们已经写了大量的文章。例7. The Queen will visit the town in May, when she will open the new hospital.女王将于5月访问该城。届时，她将主持那家新医院的开业仪式。例8. After dinner, the four key negotiators resumed the
16、ir talks, which continued well into the night.饭后，四个主要谈判人物继续进行会谈，一直谈到深夜。3. 溶合法溶合法是指把主句与定语从句合起来译，使之溶合成一个独立的句子。如：例1. You are the only person who could do it.只有你才能做这件事。例2. This was the first time I had serious trouble with my boss.这是我第一次和老板发生严重纠葛。例3. Our team, who are in good form, will do well in the c
17、oming matches.我队竞技状态良好，将在未来的比赛中取得好成绩。例4. He has a son of twenty who is now at the high school.他有一个二十岁的儿子现在正上中学。例5. On the platform I could see a black slave who was working the pump.我看见台上有个黑奴在压水泵。英语中含有定语从句“there be”结构汉译时常常使用溶合译法。例6. There was no one who did not praise them for their great accomplish
18、ments.没有人不称赞他们所取得的巨大成就。例7. There is nothing that does not contain contradiction.没有什么事物是不包含矛盾的。例8. There was little that the doctor could do for the patient.医生对这个病人无能为力。例9. There is a man downstairs who wants to see you.楼下有人要见你。例10. In our factory, there are many people who are much interested in the
19、 new invention.在我们工厂里，许多人对这项新发明很感兴趣。4. 译成状语英语中有些定语从句在内容上含有时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步等状语意思，翻译时往往可以加上相应的词语，以表达出其相应的状语意义。A. 表示原因例1. We engage professor Wu, who understands English.我们聘请吴教授，因为他懂英语。例2. Many of our Welsh people are going to settle in North Carolina, where land is cheap.我们威尔士人有许多去北卡罗来纳定居，因为那里土地便宜。B.
20、 表示时间例1. You, who are in the prime of your life, come forth with greater contributions for the benefit of the people!趁你年富力强的时候，为人民做出更多的贡献吧！例2. A sailor who was fixing a rope lost balance and tumbled overboard.一个水手正在系绳子的时候，失去了平衡，掉到水里去了。C. 表示目的例1. He is collecting authentic material that proves his ar
21、gument.他正在收集确凿的材料以证明他的论点。例2. Steel parts are usually covered with grease, with which they may not rust.钢零件通常用润滑油覆盖，免得生锈。D. 表示结果例1. He ate a fungus, which made him ill.他吃了一个蘑菇，结果病倒了。例2. The rain washed away the track, which prevented the train from running.大雨冲走了铁轨，因而火车无法行驶。E. 表示条件例1. Nothing is hard
22、in this world for one who dares to scale the height.世上无难事，只要肯登攀。例2. A person is an idealist who thinks that rational knowledge need not to be derived from perceptual knowledge.如果认为理性知识可以不从感性知识得来，他就是一个唯心主义者。F. 表示让步例1. My grandfather, who is now in his eighties, is still a keen cyclist.我爷爷虽然八十多岁了，可还是顶
23、喜欢骑自行车。例2. Electronic computer, which have many advantages, cannot carry out creative work and replace man.电子计算机虽然有许多优点，却不能进行创造性的工作，代替不了人。练习四翻译下列各句，注意定语从句的译法1. The question, which worries everyone today, is: how long will these fuels last?2. Those who do not remember the past are condemned to relive
24、 it.3. Shakespeare was a great English dramatist and poet who se name was known all over the world.4. Small wonder then that more scientists are visiting the region to acquire new knowledge which will help us to have a better understanding of the earth as a whole.5. Teheran Conference was the first
25、opportunity which I had of observing him at close hand.6. There is something that keeps worrying me.7. The door of which you lost the key cannot be opened.8. Electrical energy that is supplied to the motor may be converted into mechanical energy of motion.9. He decided not to complete his university
26、 course, which was a great disappointment to his parents.10. He wishes to write an article that will attract public attention to the matter.11. One will surely succeed who perseveres to the end.12. The periodical physical examination must be given to a patient who has recuperated from hepatitis.名词从句
27、的译法英语的名词从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。在翻译时，语序一般不变，但有时也需采取一些其他处理方法。1. 主语从句A. 以从属连词或连词代词位于句首的主语从句翻译时语序一般不变。如：例1. That a man could live for so many years alone in the mountains is really something unthinkable.一个人能够单独在山里生活这么多年真是不可思议。例2. That substances expand when heated and contract when cooled is a common
28、physical phenomenon.物质热胀冷缩是一个普通的物理现象。例3. What the students find most difficult in a foreign language is its idiomatic usage.学生感到，一种外国语最困难的地方是它的习惯用法。例4. What struck me most in this book was the authors true-to-life description of the peoples life in that country.这本书给我印象最深的，是作者对那个国家的人民生活所做的真实描写。B. 以形式
29、主语it引出的主语从句，翻译时有下述三种处理办法（1）如主语从句较短，可提前与主句合译为“是”字结构。如：例1. It is dangerous that you have a smattering of superficial knowledge on a subject.对任何问题一知半解都是危险的。例2. It is good news that our team has won the championship.我们队得了冠军是好消息。（2）如主语从句较长，不宜与主句合译为汉语的“是”字结构，一般可译为并列分句或独立的句子，即现译从句，而在主句之前加“这”字译出。如：例1. It is
30、 a matter of common experience that bodies are lighter in water than they are in air.物体在水中比在空气中轻，这是一种大家共有的经验例2. It is common sense that a liquid has no definite shape, but it has a definite volume.液体没有一定的形状，但有一定的体积，这是普通常识。例3. It was really a mystery to the neighbors that Mary, the ugly woman, could
31、succeed in ordering about her husband, the strong-armed blacksmith, well known far and wide, and having him where she wanted him.玛丽这个丑女人把丈夫远近闻名，胳膊粗力气大的铁匠支使得滴溜溜转，让他往东他不敢往西，这对他们的邻居来说，简直是个谜。例4. It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there wi
32、ll have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice.因此，如果要学生好好利用他们上大学的机会，就应该为他们提供大量关于课程方面更为详尽的信息和更多的指点。这个问题显得越来越重要了。从例3、例4可看到英汉两种语言思维和表达方式的不同。英语重直线思维，汉语重曲线思维。英语直截了当，习惯把要点放在句首先说出，然后再把其他信息一一补进；而汉语习惯于从侧面说明，先阐述外围的环境，最后点出信息中心。从形式上看，英语是前重心，头短尾长；汉语则是后重心，头大尾小。（3）以it作形式主语的谓语是被动语态的句子，一般
33、宜转译为主动语态，可译为“据”或补上泛指主语“有人”、“大家”、“人们”等，主语从句保留原文的语序。如：例1. It is reported that the meeting will be held in June.据报道，这个会将在六月间举行。例2. It could be argued that the radio performs this service just as well; but on television everything is much more living, much more real.可能有人会提出，无线电广播也同样能够做到这一点；但是在电视屏幕上，每个节目
34、都显得更加生动，更加真实。2. 宾语从句A. 以从属连词或连接代词引起的宾语从句汉译时，语序一般不变。如：例1. Some people, however, maintain that this is precisely where the danger lies.可是，有些人则坚持认为，这恰恰是危险所在。例2. This shows that something unexpected may have turned up.这表明可能出现了意外情况。例3. Realizing that it was just a difference in custom, the foreigner smil
35、ed and said nothing.那个外国人明白了这只是风俗的不同后，笑了笑，没说什么。例4. Marie always thought how she could do more for mankind.玛丽总是想着怎样为人类做更多的工作。例5. He has fully lived up to what he promised.他完全实现了他的诺言。B. 英语中的宾语从句有时置于句首，其修辞作用在于强调宾语。为了使译文达到相同的修辞效果，翻译时也宜将宾语从句前置。例1. Whether they like it or not, I dont care.他们喜欢不喜欢，我可不管。例2.
36、 What they were asked to do in 10 days, they finished in two.让他们十天做的事，他们两天就做完了。例3. What he has once heard he never forgets.他听过的话，再也不会忘记。上述译文同样将宾语从句前置，收到了强调宾语的效果。但有时也可依汉语的表达习惯将宾语从句后置。例4. What the country thinks and worries about we should think and worry about.我们应想国家之所想，急国家之所急。C. 用it作形式宾语的句子，汉译时that引
37、起的宾语从句一般可按原文语序，it不必译出。例1. We think it certain that American English does have a considerable influence upon British English.我们认为美语必然对英语产生相当大的影响。例2. I make it clear that I was determined to carry out the plan.我已表明决心去执行这个计划。例3. I leave it to your own judgment whether you should do it.我让你自己判断你该不该做这事。汉译
38、英时也可将that 引起的宾语从句提前。如：例1. I regarded it as an honor that I am chosen to attend the meeting.我被遴选参加会议，感到光荣。例2. We think it true that the election in Britain is mainly a contest between the two big parties, Labor and Conservative.英国的选举主要是工党与保守党两大政党之间的竞争，我们认为确实如此。3. 表语从句表语从句汉译时语序一般不变。如：例1. Thats what we
39、 should do.这正是我们的本分。例2. Time factor is what we have to take into consideration.时间因素是我们应考虑的。例3. The question which worries everyone today is: how long will these fuels last?今天人人都担心的问题是：这些燃料能维持多久？例4. The result of invention of steam engine was that human power was replaced by mechanical power.发明蒸汽机的结果
40、是机械力代替了人力。4. 同位语从句英语中的同位语从句与其所修饰的名词处于同等的地位，只作进一步解释的作用，汉译时一般用下述方法处理。A. 同位语从句不提前，如：例1. We expressed the hope that they would come over to visit China again.我们表示希望他们再到中国来访问。例2. There can be no doubt that he is qualified for the job.毫无疑问他做这工作很合适。例3. Can you produce any evidence that he was not at home t
41、hat night?你能不能提出证明，断定他那天夜里不在家。例4. Now we have little idea what a hard life they were then leading.我们现在很难想象那时他们过的是多么艰苦的生活。B. 同位语从句提前，如：例1. Do away with the mistaken metaphysical notions that “gold must be pure” and “man must be perfect”.要打破“金要足赤”，“人要完人”的形而上学的错误思想。例2. Obviously there was little probab
42、ility that they would succeed, but they dont mind.很显然，他们成功的可能性很小，但是他们不在乎。例3. The question whether the aircraft should have two engines or three was finally decided in September, 1959.飞机应装两台或三台发动机的问题是1959年9月才最后确定的。例4. This is a universally accepted principle of international law that the territorial
43、sovereignty doesnt admit infringement.国家领土主权不容侵犯，这是举世公认的国际法准则。C. 把同位语从句译成独立的句子，并在其前加“即”，或在从句所修饰的名词之后加冒号。例1. We are familiar with the idea that all matter consists of atoms.我们都熟悉这样一个概念，即一切物质都是由原子组成的。例2. Through many years practice of teaching foreign language, I have derived a new experience that tra
44、nslation is the best possible approach to studying English.通过多年的外语教学经验，我获得了一条新经验：翻译是学习英语的最好办法。例3. Then arose the question where we were to get the machines needed.随之产生了这样一个问题：我们到哪去找所需要的机器。练习五翻译下列各句1. That theory must go hand in hand with practice is a principle we should always keep in mind.2. It wa
45、s a mistake that they didnt support us.3. The story is about how the old lady expected to receive a birthday present from her daughter.4. One often hears it said that travel broadens the mind.5. My idea is that we should stick to our original plan.6. The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had
46、fled the city.7. The question whether an electric current can be produced by magnetism has long been solved.8. At the end of last century, an important discovery was made that everything was built partly of electrons.状语从句的翻译英语状语从句包括表示时间、地点、条件、让步、原因等各种从句，汉译时要注意英汉两种语言使用状语方面的共同性及其各自的特殊性。翻译下列各句1. As I w
47、as looking for my bag, the inn-keeper came in.我正在找皮包时，店主走了进来。2. The monkey was feeling a bit scared when suddenly the crocodile dived under the water. 猴子正感到有点害怕，鳄鱼突然向水下潜去。3. While I admit that the problems are difficult, I dont agree that they cannot be solved. 虽然我承认这些问题困难，但我并不认为它们无法解决。4. As long as we dont lose heart, well find a way to overcome the difficulty. 只要我们不灰心，就能找到克服困难的办法。5. If we have carried on thorough investigation, we can draw a correct conclusion. 只有当我们做了彻底的调查研究之后，才能得出正确的结论。6. However hard the