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1、Article with Chinese Guide and Exercises for Lecture Three When Women Dare to Outearn Men Dec 18th 2012|BERLIN Economist 1 OF THE many glass ceilings constraining womens careers,one is particularly important yet often overlooked:the wage of the husband.In a new paper,Marianne Bertrand,Emir Kamenica(
2、both University of Chicago)and Jessica Pan(National University of Singapore)show how thick this ceiling really is.2 In a country like America,in which men on average earn more than women,it follows almost naturally that the wife often earns less.However,the pattern of relative income of men and wome
3、n at young(ish)ages in a marriage is striking:there are many young couples in which the wife earns slightly less than her husband,or just as much,but far fewer as relative income reverses,that is,when the wife earns more.And this pattern is not driven by older couples;the researcher only use couples
4、 around the time of first marriage(22-34)for this part of the study.Despite some progress in recent decades,the social norm men should earn more than their wives seems to be alive and well.3 That is not only a curious fact;it has consequences,too.The researchers show that women with the potential to
5、 earn more than their husbands quit their job altogether more often than otherwise similar women in comparable families.If they do work,they use their earnings potential to a lower degree.Thats bad news for the economy.4 The paper offers some hints as to why women who could outearn their husbands ch
6、oose not to work at all,or to work less.For instance,norms affect the division of household chores,but economically in the wrong direction.If a husband earns less than his wife,she might rightfully expect him to take on some additional responsibilities at home.In reality,however,if she earns more,sh
7、e spends more time taking care of the household and their children than otherwise similar women in comparable families,who earn less than the husband.One wonders whether such women feel compelled to soothe their husbands unease at earning less.5 For the couples themselves,the dynamic may be a proble
8、m.As long as the woman earns less,her income does not cause trouble in the marriage.Once she earns more,however,marriage difficulties jump and divorce rates increase.Interestingly,it does not seem to matter whether she earns only slightly more,or substantially morean indication that it is not female
9、 income per se,but the mere fact of earning more,that causes trouble.6 Economists may wonder why people with rational expectations enter such a marriage at all.The answer is:many do not.The marriage market,as economists bluntly call it,clears much less often in regions in which more women have the p
10、otential to outearn men,the paper shows.7 The authors are careful not to overstate their conclusions.But even if some of these results are merely descriptive,they point towards a tricky future for the gender pay gap and for an economy that can hardly afford to waste female potential.Norms are stubbo
11、rn things.Changing norms requires a long breath,and potentially the support of targeted policies.One such policy could be a parental leave exclusively for fathers(as in Sweden and recently in Germany),to shift focus away from the male bread-winner model.But even these policies take long to change no
12、rms.The marital glass ceiling may prove the hardest to break yet.第三单元第三单元 Gender Roles 导读导读 同学们，大家好。今天我们将开始新单元的阅读。在这个单元里，我们将谈论性别平等这个话题。这是无论在日常生活中，还是在写作考试中都常常会涉及的话题。我们对这个问题认识的深度决定了我们写作的深度，其实也决定了我们在生活中做出的真真切切关乎自我的选择。这个单元文章不是很长，但观点很有代表性，并非简单喊喊口号。Okay，现在我们就先来看一下课文 Gender Roles。一、提出问题：年轻夫妇中，收入模式仍然是男多女少 1
13、.这是发表在经济学人上的一篇文章，是对一篇研究报告的报道，其中这个报告是由两位芝加哥大学教授和一位新加坡国立大学教授共同完成的。这三位学者对美国年轻夫妇（23-32 岁）的收入状况做了调查之后发现，妻子比丈夫赚钱多的状况非常少见，更常见的情况是妻子比丈夫略少或者差不多一样多。However,the pattern of relative income of men and women at young(ish)ages in a marriage is striking:there are many young couples in which the wife earns slightly
14、less than her husband,or just as much,but far fewer as relative income reverses,that is,when the wife earns more.2.下面我稍微解释一下为什么这三位学者的研究样本年龄是 23-32 岁的年轻夫妇。原因有二（这是我的解释，不是原报告的解释）：首先，这个年龄段的年轻人出生于 80 年代后，相当于中国人所说的 80 后和 90 后，在美国被称作千禧一代（millennials）。美国 60 年代兴起了民权运动、女权运动，从制度上实现了种族平等和性别平等，这边从制度上的意思就是从法律上。那么
15、理论上讲，80 后 90 后成长的年代是美国舆论和教育都宣扬充分平等的时期。所以，人们普遍认为这一代年轻人是在性别平等观念下长大的一代。其次，从 1982 年开始，美国获得学士学位的女性就超过了男性；到 1987 年，获得硕士学位的女性超过男性；到 2006 年，拿到博士学位的女性超过男性。这个趋势一直保持到现在1。既然研究又表明受过教育越多收入越多（我们第一单元讨论过这个问题），那么我们应该可以得出这样的结论：美国 2006 年以后毕业的女性收入应该全面超过同期毕业的男性。然而，事实并非如此。上面调查就是在这样的大背景下进行的，但研究发现在年轻夫妇中收入模式仍然是男多女少。1 https:/
16、collegepuzzle.stanford.edu/?tag=women-exceed-men-in-college-graduation 二、分析问题：这部分作者从两个方面分析了这个问题，包括原因和后果 首先，分析造成这个局面的原因：“男人就该比女人多赚钱”的传统观念仍然根深蒂固。然后，分析了目前这个局面的后果：对女性发展和经济发展都不利。1.原因 为什么在女性受教育普遍较男性高，而且两性平等已经成为社会主流思想的情况下，年轻夫妇收入模式仍然是以男多女少型为主导呢？该报告认为这都是传统观念惹的祸。什么传统观念呢？就是在婚姻里丈夫要比妻子赚钱多这个观念。Despite some progre
17、ss in recent decades,the social norm men should earn more than their wives seems to be alive and well.报告认为，虽然最近几十年，在性别平等方面取得了很大进步，但是男人要比女人赚钱多这个观念还很顽固。这里的“alive and well”指传统观念仍然很盛行。这个传统观念是如何影响夫妻收入模式的呢？报告得出了以下结论：1.1 和同类家庭比起来，有潜力赚钱比丈夫多的妻子，更容易辞掉工作。Women with the potential to earn more than their husband
18、s quit their job altogether more often than otherwise similar women in comparable families.有潜力赚更多钱的妻子，即使工作也会选择一些不必全力付出潜力的工作。If they do work,they use their earnings potential to a lower degree.1.2 如果妻子赚钱比丈夫多，大家猜一猜，谁干的家务会多？研究表明是妻子，为什么呢？因为丈夫因为赚钱少，过于难过，所以需要安慰。In reality,however,if she earns more,she spe
19、nds more time taking care of the household and their children than otherwise similar women in comparable families,who earn less than the husband.One wonders whether such women feel compelled to soothe their husbands unease at earning less.1.3 如果妻子赚钱比丈夫多，那么这样的婚姻遇到麻烦的可能性就更大。不管是赚得多一点还是多很多。只要多，就麻烦。Inter
20、estingly,it does not seem to matter whether she earns only slightly more,or substantially morean indication that it is not female income per se,but the mere fact of earning more,that causes trouble.2.后果：2.1 大家不结婚了 说到这里，经济学家就想，如果以上情况属实，那么有点理性判断的人，恐怕就不会迈入这样的婚姻。而事实呢也确实是这样的。一个地方如果真的女性的潜在赚钱能力比男性大的话，那么这个地
21、方的婚姻市场的成交率就很低。是的，经济学家，就是把婚姻当做“市场”来看待的。Economists may wonder why people with rational expectations enter such a marriage at all.The answer is:many do not.The marriage market,as economists bluntly call it,clears much less often in regions in which more women have the potential to outearn men,the paper
22、 shows.“Rational expectations”的意思是理性预期，“clear”在这句话里面就是“成交”的意思。2.2 优秀女性人力资本的浪费 对社会来讲，经济学人认为已婚的女性在自己的收入超过丈夫的时候，就停止工作，或者不发挥全部潜力来工作，是对人力资源是巨大的浪费。Thats bad news for the economy.（第 3 段）2.3 对女性不公平 对受过良好教育和很有潜能的女性来讲，这个传统社会观念构成了女性实现自我的玻璃天花板。The marital glass ceiling may prove the hardest to break yet.三，解决问题：
23、需要长期努力，必要时政府要支持 作者认为传统社会观念是个很顽固的存在。Norms are stubborn things.改变社会观念需要很长时间，需要一定程度的政府特定政策的支持。Changing norms requires a long breath,and potentially the support of targeted policies.比如瑞典专门为爸爸设立的育婴假（a parental leave exclusively for fathers）。四，小结：1.传统社会观念即丈夫应该比妻子赚钱多的观念还很顽固。Despite some progress in recent
24、decades,the social norm men should earn more than their wives seems to be alive and well.2.上述传统观念是女性事业发展很难打破的玻璃天花板。The marital glass ceiling may prove the hardest to break yet.I.Task 1 Useful Expressions First,while reading the passage,try to find out the useful expressions that are equivalent to th
25、e Chinese expressions given in the exercises.1.限制妇女职业生涯的玻璃天花板 _ 2.与之相应的自然是 _ 3.夫妇相对收入模式令人吃惊 _ 4.这一模式并不是受老年夫妇的收入模式的影响而得出的 _ 5.的社会观念依然盛行 _ 6.这不仅仅是个奇怪的现象而已，这一事实有着深远的后果 _ 7.有潜力做某事的女性 _ 8.类似家庭里面的同类女性 _ 9.他们没有完全发挥他们的赚钱潜力 _ 10.对经济造成了负面影响。_ 11.论文提出了有关的一些线索 _ 12.习俗影响了家务分工 _ 13.有权利期望丈夫多承担家务 _ 14.安慰某人因而感到的不安 _
26、 15.婚姻危机加剧，离婚率上升 _ 16.只多一点点还是多很多 _ 17.社会习俗不易打破 _ 18.针对性的政策 _ II.Task 2 Comprehension Questions In this exercise,you are to ask five questions and then answer them in your own words(i.e.,paraphrase)based on the original ideas from the text.Try to ask more questions of what,why,and how,which may help
27、cultivate your critical thinking skills.Here are our sample questions.1.Why do you think the researchers use young couples(at the age of 22-24)as the target group of their research?_ 2.Why is the norm that women should not outearn their husbands hurting the economy?_ 3.Why do women who are earning m
28、ore than their husbands tend to do more housework than women who earn less?_ 4.What might happen to a woman if she earns more than her husband does?_ 5.Does the writer expect a change in the pattern of relative income of men and women in a marriage in the near future?Why?_ III.Task 3 Writing The wri
29、ting task for this unit is to write a summary for this passage in your own words.Please compare your own version with the sample.Remember to use the writing skill for summary learned from Unit 1._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (Sample answers to the three tasks have been provided for you in the Video of Article Analysis.)