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1、Article with Chinese Guide and Exercises for Lecture 7 Creative destruction A cost crisis,changing labour markets and new technology will turn an old institution on its head Print edition|Leaders Jun 28th 2014 1 HIGHER education is one of the great successes of the welfare state.What was once the pr
2、ivilege of a few has become a middle-class entitlement,thanks mainly to government support.Some 3.5m Americans and 5m Europeans will graduate this summer.In the emerging world universities are booming:China has added nearly 30m places in 20 years.Yet the business has changed little since Aristotle t
3、aught at the Athenian Lyceum1:young students still gather at an appointed time and place to listen to the wisdom of scholars.2 Now a revolution has begun,thanks to three forces:rising costs,changing demand and disruptive technology.The result will be the reinvention of the university.3 Higher educat
4、ion suffers from Baumols disease2the tendency of costs to soar in labour-intensive sectors with stagnant productivity.Whereas the prices of cars,computers and much else have fallen dramatically,universities,protected by public-sector funding and the premium3 employers place on degrees,have been able
5、 to charge ever more for the same service.For two decades the cost of going to college in America has risen by 1.6 percentage points more than inflation every year.4 For most students university remains a great deal;by one count the boost to lifetime income from obtaining a college degree,in net-pre
6、sent-value terms,is as much as$590,000.But for an increasing number of students who have gone deep into debt4especially the 47%in 1 Lyceum laisim n.学会；演讲厅 2Baumols cost disease(or the Baumol effect)is the rise of salaries in jobs that have experienced no increase of labor productivity,in response to
7、 rising salaries in other jobs that have experienced the labor productivity growth.指劳动密集型产业从业人员工资增长了很多，但生产力没能提高。3premium primm n.额外费用，这里指格外重视 4debt 在这里指学生贷款 America and 28%in Britain who do not complete their courseit is plainly not value for money.And the states willingness to pick up the slack5 is
8、 declining.In America government funding per student fell by 27%between 2007 and 2012,while average tuition fees,adjusted for inflation,rose by 20%.In Britain tuition fees,close to zero two decades ago,can reach 9,000($15,000 a year).5 The second driver of change is the labour market.In the standard
9、 model of higher education,people go to university in their 20s:a degree is an entry ticket to the professional classes6.But automation is beginning to have the same effect on white-collar jobs as it has on blue-collar ones.According to a study from Oxford University,47%of occupations are at risk of
10、 being automated in the next few decades.As innovation wipes out some jobs and changes others,people will need to top up their human capital throughout their lives.6 By themselves,these two forces would be pushing change.A thirdtechnologyensures it.The internet,which has turned businesses from newsp
11、apers through music to book retailing upside down,will upend higher education.Now the MOOC,or“Massive Open Online Course”,is offering students the chance to listen to star lecturers and get a degree for a fraction of the cost of attending a university.7 MOOCs started in 2008;and,as often happens wit
12、h disruptive technologies,they have so far failed to live up to their promise.Largely because there is no formal system of accreditation7,drop-out rates have been high.But this is changing as private investors and existing universities are drawn in.One provider,Coursera,claims over 8m registered use
13、rs.Though its courses are free,it bagged its first$1m in revenues last year after introducing the option to pay a fee of between$30 and$100 to have course results certified.Another,Udacity,has teamed up with AT&T and Georgia Tech to offer an online masters degree in computing,at less than a third of
14、 the cost of the traditional version.Harvard Business School will soon offer an online“pre-MBA”for$1,500.Starbucks has offered to help pay for its staff to take online degrees with Arizona State University.8 MOOCs will disrupt different universities in different ways.Not all will suffer.Oxford and H
15、arvard could benefit.Ambitious people will always want to go to the best universities to meet each other,and the digital economy tends to favour a few large operators.The big names will be able to sell their MOOCs around the world.But mediocre universities may 5pick up the slack 收拾烂摊子 6professionalc
16、lass 这里指专业技术人员阶层 7accreditation,kredtenn.这里指认证系统，就是没办法颁发和传统高校一样的毕业证 suffer the fate of many newspapers.Were the market for higher education to perform in future as that for newspapers has done over the past decade or two,universities revenues would fall by more than half,employment in the industry w
17、ould drop by nearly 30%and more than 700 institutions would shut their doors.The rest would need to reinvent themselves to survive.A new term 9 Like all revolutions,the one taking place in higher education will have victims.In some ways MOOCs will reinforce inequality both among students(the talente
18、d will be much more comfortable than the weaker outside the structured university environment)and among teachers(superstar lecturers will earn a fortune,to the fury of their less charismatic colleagues).10 Politicians will inevitably come under pressure to halt this revolution.They should remember t
19、hat state spending should benefit society as a whole,not protect tenured professors from competition.The reinvention of universities will benefit many more people than it hurts.Students in the rich world will have access to higher education at lower cost and greater convenience.MOOCs flexibility app
20、eals to older people who need retraining:edX,another provider,says that the median age of its online students in America is 31.In the emerging world online courses also offer a way for countries like Brazil to leap-frog8 Western ones and supply higher education much more cheaply(see article).And edu
21、cation has now become a global market:the Massachusetts Institute of Technology discovered Battushig Myanganbayar,a remarkably talented Mongolian teenager,through an online electronics course.11 Rather than propping up the old model,governments should make the new one work better.They can do so by b
22、acking common standards for accreditation.In Brazil,for instance,students completing courses take a government-run exam.In most Western countries it would likewise make sense to have a single,independent organisation that certifies exams.12 Reinventing an ancient institution will not be easy.But it
23、does promise better education for many more people.Rarely have need and opportunity so neatly come together.8leap-frog 这里指超越 第七单元第七单元 Creative Destruction 导读导读 同学们大家好，今天我们进入一个新的单元。这个单元我们谈谈目前非常流行的MOOC 这种教育新趋势。2008 年 MOOC 开始出现，到 2012 年飞跃性发展，纽约时报将 2012 年称为慕课年 the year of MOOC。近年以来 MOOC 改进了形式，比如出现了微课，还有
24、我们正在使用的音频微课等等，很多人寄希望于 MOOC，希望它能给世界大学教育带来革命性的变革。比如我们再也不用考大学了什么的。想想都让人激动哈。我们今天就来看看经济学人2014 年的这篇题为“Creative Destruction”（创造性破坏）的文章是怎么说的。一、大学教育需要变革：1.作者认为大学教育需要变革，原因有二：其一，大学教育的基本形式自亚里士多德以来就没怎么变过。作者认为大学教育从古自今除了教育对象扩大了之外（从只为贵族服务转而向广大中产家庭孩子服务之外），大学教育的形式自从亚里士多德办学的时代以来就没怎么变过，都是在固定地点一群年轻人聚在一起上课 Yet the busine
25、ss has changed little since Aristotle taught at the Athenian Lyceum:young students still gather at an appointed time and place to listen to the wisdom of scholars.（第 1 段）之后作者在第 2 段交代了全文的中心思想 the thesis statement:Now a revolution has begun,thanks to three forces:rising costs,changing demand and disru
26、ptive technology.The result will be the reinvention of the university.这句话的意思是说，革命开始了，革命的结果将使大学面貌大变样。这句里面交代了三个促成革命的力量 rising cost，changing demand and disruptive demand 高涨的学费、变化的需求和技术的进步。之后作者从这三个方面展开了文章的第二部分。二、驱动大学教育改革的三大力量 1.rising cost：大学费用不断飙升。首先，大学教育服务未变，费用却高涨。For two decades the cost of going to
27、college in America has risen by 1.6 percentage points more than inflation every year.（第 3 段）其次，学生欠债增加（主要是指助学贷款），毕业率不高，美国约有 47%、英国约有 28%的大学生不能毕业。But for an increasing number of students who have gone deep into debt especially the 47%in America and 28%in Britain who do not complete their course.（第 4 段
28、）第三，政府投入减少，大学收费增加。In America government funding per student fell by 27%between 2007 and 2012,while average tuition fees,adjusted for inflation,rose by 20%.In Britain tuition fees,close to zero two decades ago,can reach 9,000($15,000 a year)（第 4 段）.在美国学费涨了 20%，政府投入缺少了27%，在英国本来上大学不收学费，后来政府为减少投入，开始收学费，
29、达到每年 9000 镑。这部分的结论是：it is plainly not value for money.（第 4 段）就是个不值得，性价比不高。所以大学教育要变革。2.changing demand：教育需求变了。随着技术不断进步，很多职业可能会在未来几十年内消失，所以劳动者需要终身教育才能不断更新自己的劳动技能，这是推动大学革命的第二因素。As innovation wipes out some jobs and changes others,people will need to top up their human capital throughout their lives.Top
30、 up their human capital 的意思是要不断增加人力资本。（第 5 段）3.disruptive technology：科技进步为教育变革提供了可能性。Disruptive 是颠覆性的意思。技术颠覆了新闻业、图书零售业和音乐产业，也同样可以颠覆高等教育。The internet,which has turned businesses from newspapers through music to book retailing upside down,will upend higher education.慕课的兴起，让人们花很少的钱就可以听到明星级老师的课。Now the
31、MOOC is offering students the chance to listen to star lecturers and get a degree for a fraction of the cost of attending a university（第 6 段）.三、目前在线教育面临的主要问题：是在讲 MOOC 还在发展中，目前还未能达到人们的预期。主要原因有二：其一，文凭还不怎么得到认可，还没有正式的在线获得学位的认证系统。其二，注册之后坚持不下来的人太多。因而 MOOC 还需改进。（第 7 段）四、互联网 MOOC 形式会让学校学生和老师出现两极分化，强者更强，弱者更弱
32、：1.好大学通吃，一般大学淘汰，处于两者之间的大学勉强为生。不同的大学受到的影响不同 MOOCs will disrupt different universities in different ways.好的大学会受益，一般的大学会像很多一般的报纸一样受到很大的冲击 But mediocre universities may suffer the fate of many newspapers.经济学人 预测，如果互联网未来对大学的冲击和对报业冲击相类似的话，那么未来十年二十年大学收入将减半，人员也要削减 30%，700 所大学关门。（这里就不是很严谨了，这 700 应该是指哪个国家还是哪些
33、国家的 700 所呢？我们推测应该指英美。因为上面提到牛津和哈佛会受益，那相对应应该指英国和美国。只是推测。我们写作时要尽量避免这种交代不清的情况。）Were the market for higher education to perform in future as that for newspapers has done over the past decade or two,universities revenues would fall by more than half,employment in the industry would drop by nearly 30%and m
34、ore than 700 institutions would shut their doors.这句话很长，是个长难句，使用了虚拟语气，大家多读几遍，好好理解一下。（第 8 段）2.学生和学生、老师和老师之间出现两极分化。In some ways MOOCs will reinforce inequality both among students(the talented will be much more comfortable than the weaker outside the structured university environment)and among teachers
35、(superstar lecturers will earn a fortune,to the fury of their less charismatic colleagues).Inequality 这里指两极分化。大学之外的环境里，好学生会比略弱一点的学生舒服很多。明星老师会赚很多的钱，没有魅力的老师会气得要命 to the fury of their less charismatic colleagues.（Charismatic,有魅力的）。五、政府应该扶植新模式，而不应该受到既得利益者的压力保全旧模式 1.政客将面对压力。为什么呢？既得利益者会阻止变革。Politicians wi
36、ll inevitably come under pressure to halt this revolution.经济学人 认为大学教育已经成为了全球市场 education has now become a global market，互联网给大学带来的变革利大于弊，更多的人会受益 The reinvention of universities will benefit many more people than it hurts.言外之意是要政客们顶住压力，为大家的利益服务。（第10 段）2.政府不应该保护旧模式，应该为新模式保驾护航。Rather than propping up th
37、e old model,governments should make the new one work.保驾护航的方式呢？经济学人认为是尽快完善 MOOC 学习的文凭认证问题。They can do so by backing common standards for accreditation.为学位认证制定统一标准。（第 11段）六、全文结论。变革一个古老的机构不是一件容易的事。但这是一件为更多人提更好教育的大好 事。现在是既有机会又有需求，实属难得。Reinventing an ancient institution will not be easy.But it does promi
38、se better education for many more people.Rarely have need and opportunity so neatly come together.（第 12 段）七、小结：1.目前有三种力量推动大学教育变革：rising cost,changing demand and disruptive technology.Now a revolution has begun,thanks to three forces:rising costs,changing demand and disruptive technology.The result w
39、ill be the reinvention of the university.2.互联网 MOOC 形式会让学生和老师出现两极分化，强者更强，弱者更弱。MOOCs will reinforce inequalities both among students and teachers.The talented students and super professors will enjoy accumulated advantages while the weaker ones suffer accumulated disadvantages.3.政府应该扶植新模式，而不应该受到既得利益者
40、的压力保全旧模式。Rather than propping up the old model,governments should make the new one work better.I.Task 1 Useful Expressions While reading the passage,try to find out the useful expressions that are equivalent to the Chinese expressions given in the exercise.1.高等教育是福利社会的一大成功。_ 2.在过去的 20 年，上美国大学的费用每年比通
41、货膨胀提高 1.6 个百分点。_ 3.对大多数学生来讲，上大学仍然很重要。_ 4.创新使一些工作消失了，并改变了另一些工作。_ 5.人们需要终身教育，不断充实自己的人力资本。_ 6.目前，慕课并没有达到预期的效果。_ 7.慕课对不同的大学会产生不同的影响。_ 8.普通大学会像很多一般的报纸一样，受到很大的冲击。_ 9.像其他变革一样，高等教育正经历的革新也会有受害者。_ 10.慕课会加深学生间和教师间的不平等。_ 11.从大学改革中获益的人要比它伤害的人多。_ 12.发达国家的学生可以用更低的价钱更方便地接受高等教育。_ 13.慕课的灵活性吸引了很多需要接受再培训的年长者。_ 14.教育已经成
42、为了全球市场。_ 15.与其保护旧的模式，政府应该让新模式发挥更好的作用。_ II.Task 2 Comprehension Questions In this exercise,you are to ask five questions and then answer them in your own words(i.e.,paraphrase)based on the original ideas from the text.Try to ask more questions of what,why,and how,which may help cultivate your critica
43、l thinking skills.Here are our sample questions.1.For whom does the university education provide no value for money?_ 2.What does the author mean by saying“people will need to top up their human capital throughout their lives”in paragraph 5?_ 3.Why does the author say MOOCs“have so far failed to liv
44、e up to their promise”?_ 4.Why does the author say MOOC revolution may reinforce inequality?_ 5.Does the author imply in the essay that MOOC revolution may reinforce equality as well?Why or why not?_ III.Task 3 Writing In this writing task,youre to add key supporting details to the two body paragrap
45、hs in the sample summary based on the ideas in the text.The Economist titled Creative Destruction calls for reinventing higher education with MOOCs.The soaring cost of higher education,changing demand and maturing technology are the three driving forces that motivate the revolution.(Body paragraph 1
46、)However,the lack of official accreditation system,high drop-out rate and the opposition of the stakeholders of the old system may impede the revolution.(Body paragraph 2)Despite the halting forces,the author argues that the revolution may benefit the whole society in general.Therefore,governments should give their support to the new model of higher education._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _(Sample answers to the three tasks have been provided for you in the Video of Article Analysis.)