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1、2021年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一)真题及答案（江南博哥）材料题根据以下材料，回答1-20题Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short-term memory and the ability to think quickly, logically, and abstractly in order to solve new problems.It1in young adulthood, levels out for a period of time, and then2starts to
2、slowly decline as we age.But3aging is inevitable,scientists are finding out that certain changes in brain function may not be.One study found that muscle loss and the4of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence.This suggests the5that lifestyle factors might hel
3、p prevent or6this type of decline.The researchers looked at data that7measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than 4,000 middle-to-older-aged men and women and8that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six-year period.They found that middle-aged people9higher measure
4、s of abdominal fat10worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years11 .For women, the association may be12to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat; in men, the immune system did not appear to be13.It is hoped that future studies could14these differences and perhaps lead to
5、 different15for men and women.16there are steps you can17to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental18 .The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your19of aerobic exercise and following Me
6、diterranean-style20that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods.1单选题第1题答案是_.A.pausesB.returnsC.peaksD.fades正确答案：C参考解析：考查动词辨析+上下文逻辑关系。文章的首段首句为主题句，谈到了流体智力(fluid intelligence)是一种智力类型，它与短期记忆和快速、逻辑和抽象地思考以解决新问题的能力有关。它在年轻时_，在一段时间内趋于平稳，然后随着年龄的增长开始缓慢下降。pauses意为“暂停”；returns意为“恢复，返回”；peaks意为“达到顶
7、峰”；fades意为“逐渐消退”。综合分析各选项，只有peaks符合题意，故选C。2单选题第2题答案是_.A.alternativelyB.formallyC.accidentallyD.generally正确答案：D参考解析：考查副词辨析+上下文语境。根据上一道题目的分析，不难得出空格处应该是对这种普遍现象的修饰。alternatively意为“要不然，或者(二者择其一)”；formally意为“正式地正规地”：accidentally意为“偶然地”；9enerally意为“普遍地”。综合分析各选项，只有generally符合句意，故选D。3单选题第3题答案是_.A.whileB.since
8、C.onceD.until正确答案：A参考解析：考查句内逻辑关系。空格处所在句子是以转折词But开头，句意：但是_，衰老是不可避免的，但科学家们发现，大脑功能的某些变化可能并非如此。while意为“虽然”；since意为“因为；当时”；0nce意为“一旦”；until意为“直到”。衰老和科学家的发现是对立的观点，所以while符合句意，故选A。4单选题第4题答案是_.A.detectionB.accumulationC.consumptionD.separation正确答案：B参考解析：考查名词辨析+句内逻辑关系。并列连词and将空格处与前文muscle loss并列，形成前后近义词的关系，那
9、么空格处要选择一个与肌肉消失表达意思相近的词。detection意为“侦查，勘察”；accumulation意为“积累，积攒，增加”；consumption意为“消耗”；separation意为“分开，分离”。综合分析各选项，只有accumulation符合句意，故选B。5单选题第5题答案是_.A.possibilityB.decisionC.goalD.requirement正确答案：A参考解析：考查名词辨析。句意：这表明生活方式因素_有助于防止或延缓这种衰退。that引导的同位语从句中句子的谓语动词前还有情态动词may表推测，这都是在说明一种不太确定的可能性，所以possibility表示
10、“可能性”符合句意。而其他选项：decision意为“决定”；goal意为“目标”；requirement意为“要求”，均不符合要求。6单选题第6题答案是_.A.delayB.ensureC.seekD.utilize正确答案：A参考解析：考查动词辨析+句内逻辑关系。并列连词or将空格处和前文prevent构成近义词的关系，delay意为“延缓”，和prevent“阻止”是相近表达，符合句意。而其他选项：ensure意为“确保”；seek意为“寻求，请求”；utilize意为“利用，使用”，均不符合要求。7单选题第7题答案是_.A.modifiedB.supportedC.includedD.
11、predicted正确答案：C参考解析：考查动词辨析。根据题干和选项特点不难看出句中that引导的是一个定语从句，从句列举了data的具体分类和实验人群，所以定语从句是在具体说明data的内容，included意为“包含，包括”符合句意。而其他选项：modified意为“改变”；supported意为“支持”；predicted意为“预测”，均不符合要求。8单选题第8题答案是_.A.devotedB.comparedC.convertedD.applied正确答案：B参考解析：考查动词短语词义搭配和辨析+上下文语境。句意：并将这些数据与六年来报告的流体智力变化进行了_ 。compare A t
12、o B意为“将A和B进行比较”；convert A to B意为“将A转变成B”；apply A to B意为“将A应用于B”。后文是在进行不同情况的比较来得出答案，所以只有compare符合句意，故选B。9单选题第9题答案是_.A.withB.aboveC.byD.against正确答案：A参考解析：考查介词。介词短语部分为后置定语，对前面的middle-aged people进行修饰，只有with能体现的是某种状态，指的是腹部脂肪含量较高的中年人。10单选题第10题答案是_.A.livedB.managedC.scoredD.played正确答案：C参考解析：考查动词辨析+上下文语境。空格
13、处所在句子指出：腹部脂肪含量较高的中年人在流体智力方面 _也越来越低。lived意为“生存，活着”；managed意为“完成”；scored意为“得分”；played意为“表现”。综合分析各选项，只有scored符合句意，故选C。11单选题第11题答案是_.A.ran outB.set offC.drew inD.went by正确答案：D参考解析：考查动词短语辨析。ran out意为“耗尽，放弃”；set off意为“出发，动身，启程”；drew in意为“吸引，拉入”；“went by”意为“(时间的)流逝，消逝”。as the years went by意为“随着时间的流逝”，符合题意，
14、故选D。12单选题第12题答案是_.A.superiorB.attributableC.parallelD.resistant正确答案：B参考解析：考查形容词辨析+上下文逻辑关系。空格处所在句子用分号隔开，分号代表前后两句话讨论的是一个问题，有可能相同也有可能相反。分号前说免疫系统对于女性来说的作用，后文是用男性来进行比较，说免疫系统对于男性的变化没什么作用。前后是相反的观点，所以免疫系统对女性是有影响的。superior to意为“优于，胜于”；attributable to意为“归因于”；parallel to意为“平行于，与平等”；resistant to意为“抵抗”。综合分析各选项，只
15、有attributable符合句意，故选B。13单选题第13题答案是_.A.restoredB.isolatedC.involvedD.controlled正确答案：C参考解析：考查非谓语动词词义辨析。空格处所在句子是在表达对于男性而言，免疫系统没有对其产生影响，did not appear to be involved，意为“似乎不涉及在内”，符合题意。而其他选项：restored意为“恢复，修复”；isolated意为“隔离”；controlled意为“控制”，均不符合要求。14单选题第14题答案是_.A.alterB.spreadC.removeD.explain正确答案：D参考解析：考
16、查动词辨析+句意理解。空格处句意：人们希望未来的研究能够_这些差异。alter意为“改变，变更，更改”；spread意为“开展，传播”；remove意为“移除，清除”，explain意为“解释，说明”。综合分析各选项，只有explain符合句意，故选D。15单选题第15题答案是_.A.compensationsB.symptomsC.demandsD.treatments正确答案：D参考解析：考查名词辨析。人们希望未来的研究能够解释这些差异，并可能导致对男性和女性不同的对待方式。compensations意为“补偿”；symptoms意为“症状”；demands意为“要求，需求”；treatm
17、ents意为“处理，对待”。综合分析各选项，只有treatments符合句意，故选D。16单选题第16题答案是_.A.LikewiseB.MeanwhileC.ThereforeD.Instead正确答案：B参考解析：考查段落之间的逻辑关系。there are steps体现出有一些措施可供参考，可见空格处所在段落体现本段与上一段之间的递进关系。Likewise意为“同样地，也”；Meanwhile意为“同时”；Therefore意为“因此”；Instead意为“代替，而不是”。综合分析各选项，只有Meanwhile符合句意，故选B。17单选题第17题答案是_.A.changeB.watchC
18、.countD.take正确答案：D参考解析：考查定语从句+短语搭配。本句中，“you can”的前面省略了定语从句关系词that，从句修饰steps，take steps to do短语表示采取措施做某事，故take符合题意。而其他选项：change意为“改变”；watch意为“注意，观察”；count意为“数数”，均不符合要求。18单选题第18题答案是_.A.well-beingB.processC.formationD.coordination正确答案：A参考解析：考查固定短语搭配。physical and mental well-being意为“身心健康”，故选A。而其他选项：proc
19、ess意为“进程，流程”；formation意为“形成，组成”；coordination意为“协调，配合”，均不符合要求。19单选题第19题答案是_.A.levelB.loveC.knowledgeD.space正确答案：A参考解析：考查名词辨析+句意理解。空格所在处意思是给大家推荐两种生活方式，保持或提高你的有氧运动水平。level意为“水平”；love意为“喜爱”；knowledge意为“知识”；space意为“空间”。综合分析各选项，只有level符合句意，故选A。20单选题第20题答案是_.A.designB.routineC.dietD.prescription正确答案：C参考解析：
20、考查名词辨析+定语从句。空格处后面that引导定语从句，对前面的名词进行修饰，那么空格处应该填入一个表示饮食习惯的词。design意为“设计”；routine意为“行程，流程”；diet意为“饮食习惯”；prescription意为“处方”。综合分析各选项，只有diet符合题意，故选C。材料题根据以下材料，回答21-25题How can British train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares?It has become a grimly reliable annual ritua
21、l: every January the cost of travelling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise.This years rise, an average of 2.7 percent,may be a fraction lower than last years, but it is still well above the official
22、Consumer Price Index (CPI) measure of inflation.Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it,rather than the general taxpayer.Why, the argument goes, should a car-driving pensioner f
23、rom Lincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey? Equally,there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East, many of whom will face among the biggest rises, have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrast
24、ructure of the Midlands and the North.However, over the past 12 months, those commuters have also experienced some of the worst rail strikes in years.It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network, but passengers should be able to expect a basic level
25、of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel.The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions.However, there is a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.The G
26、overnment has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that even when strikes occur, services can continue to operate.This should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britains railways.Yes, more investment is needed, but pass
27、engers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped, unreliable services,punctuated by regular chaos when timetables are changed, or planned maintenance is managed incompetently.The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now,but it will return with a ve
28、ngeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.21单选题The author holds that this years increase in rail passenger fares_.A.will ease train operators burden.B.has kept pace with inflation.C.is a big surprise to commuters.D.remains an unreasonable measure.正确答案：D参考解析：根据题干关键信
29、息this year和increase in rail passenger fares可以定位到原文第一段。该段最后一句提到“This years rise，an average of 2.7 percent，may be a fraction lower than last years，but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index(CPI)measure of inflation”，即今年的平均涨幅为27，可能比去年略低，但仍远高于官方衡量通胀的消费者物价指数(CPI)。由此可知，作者认为今年火车费用上涨仍然是不合理
30、的措施，故选D。22单选题The stockbroker in Paragraph 2 is used to stand for_.A.card rivers.B.rail travelers.C.local investors.D.ordinary taxpayers.正确答案：B参考解析：根据题干关键信息stockbroker和paragraph 2可以定位到原文第二段该段第一、第二句提到“Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and
31、 running the rail network should be borne by those who use it，rather than the general taxpayerWhy。the argument goes。should a cardriving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey”，即历届政府都允许这种增长，理由是投资和运营铁路网的成本应由使用铁路网的人承担，而不是由一般纳税人承担。他们认为，为什么一个在林肯郡领养老金的
32、汽车司机必须补贴一个从萨里郡来的股票经纪人每天的通勤费用?由此可知，一般纳税人对应的是领养老金的汽车司机，使用铁路网的人对应的是股票经纪人，故选B。23单选题It is indicated in Paragraph 3 that train operators_.A.are offering compensation to commuters.B.are trying to repair relations with the unions.C.have failed to provide an adequate service.D.have suffered huge losses owing
33、 to the strikes.正确答案：C参考解析：根据题干关键信息train operators和Paragraph 3可以定位到原文第三段。该段第二句提到“It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network，but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel”，即火车
34、运营商大肆宣传他们正在对铁路网进行的改进是非常好的，但是乘客们应该能够期望他们现在支付的大笔旅行费用能达到基本的服务水平。由此可知，乘客并没有享受到充足的服务，故选C。24单选题If unable to calm down passengers, the railways may have to face_.A.the loss of investment.B.the collapse of operations.C.a reduction of revenue.D.a change of ownership.正确答案：D参考解析：根据题干关键信息if unable to calm down
35、passengers可以定位到原文第四段。该段最后一句话提到“The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now，but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order”，即国有化的威胁目前或许已经被化解，但如果乘客的合理愤怒不能在短时间内得到解决，它将卷土重来。国有化指的是铁路将被收归国有，即如果铁路不能平复乘客的心情，铁路的所有权将会变为国有，故选D。25单选题Whic
36、h of the following would be the best title for the text?A.Who Are to Blame for the Strikes?B.Constant Complaining Doesnt WorkC.Can Nationalisation Bring Hope?D.Ever-rising Fares Arent Sustainable正确答案：D参考解析：文章整体是在针对铁路费用的上升做出讨论，A项和c项只是在文章中有所提及，不宜作为题目；B项与文章内容关系不大。符合题意的只有D项。材料题根据以下材料，回答26-30题Last year m
37、arked the third year in a row of when Indonesias bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace.One reason for the turnaround may be the countrys antipoverty program.In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions, such as requiring
38、people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care.Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty.Theyre already used in dozens of countries worldwide.In Indonesia, the program has provided enough fo
39、od and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.But CCT programs dont generally consider effects on the environment.In fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are oiten viewed as conflicting goals,says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johns Hopkins Universit
40、y.Thats because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty.However, those correlations dont prove cause and effect.The only previous study analyzing causality,based on an area in Mexico that had inst
41、ituted CCTs, supported the traditional view.There,as people got more money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat, Ferraro says.Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though.Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesias poverty-alleviation program was af
42、fecting deforestation. Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates.Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012including during Indonesias phase-in of the antipoverty programin 7,468 forested villages
43、 across 15 provinces and multiple islands.The duo separated the effects of the CCT program on forest loss. With that,We see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation, Ferraro says.Thats likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policie
44、s against inclement weather, Ferraro says.Typically, if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests. With the CCTs,individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybodys guess.Ferraro sugg
45、ests the results may transfer to other parts of Asia, due to commonalities such as the importance of growing rice and market access.And regardless of transferability, the study shows that whats good for people may also be good for the environment.Even if this program didnt reduce poverty, Ferraro sa
46、ys, the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs.26单选题According to the first two paragraphs, CCT programs aim to_.A.facilitate healthcare reform.B.help poor families get better off.C.improve local education systems.D.lower deforestatio
47、n rates.正确答案：B参考解析：根据题干关键信息CCT programs和aim to可以定位到原文第二段。该段第二句提到“Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs，these social assistance programs are designed toreduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty”，即这些社会援助项目被称为有条件现金转移(CCTs)，旨在减少不平等，打破贫困循环。由此可知，CCT项目有两个目的：一是减少不平等，二是改善贫困，B项是对第一个目的的同义改写，即帮助贫困家庭改善现状，故选B。27单选题The study based on an area in Mexico is cited to show that_.A.cattle rai