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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 定语从句 定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句,其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成分,定语 从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种；状语从句分为时间状语从句,结果状语从句, 让步状 语从句,缘由状语从句,条件状语从句以及行为方式状语从句；名词从句包括主语从句,宾 语从句,表语从句和同位语从句及 there be 句型；限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句的区分1. 限定性定语从句: 从句不能省略, 假如省略整个句子意思不完整；非限定性定语从句: 从句可以省略, 假如省略整个句子意思仍旧完整2. 限定性定语从句: 先行词可以用that 引导；非限定性定语从
2、句: 先行词不行以用that 引导；3. 限定性定语从句: 引导词有时可以省略；非限定性定语从句: 引导词不行以省略；4. 限定性定语从句: 主句与从句不需要用逗号隔开；非限定性定语从句: 主句与从句需要用逗号隔开；5. 限定性定语从句: 从句只修饰先行词；非限定性定语从句: 从句既可以修饰先行词,也可以修饰整个句子或句子的一部分；功能和形式方面的区分 限定性定语从句与主句的关系很紧凑,对其先行词起限定、修饰的作用；假如将 其去掉,会影响句子意思的完整性；有时甚至于引起费解、误会；例如：1.Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near
3、 which they flow. 洋流影响其流经的邻近地区的气候；3.They explained the reason to us why they had hated us before. 他们向我们说明为什么他们不喜爱我们的缘由；非限定性定语从句在形式上就与主句很松散,它与主句之间有一个逗点 , 隔开；它对其先行词没有限定、修饰的作用,只起补充、说明的作用；有时也用它来对全句 或句中某个成分进行补充、说明；即使将其去掉,也不会影响句子意思；由于上述原 因,非限定性定语从句在表达意思方面也有别于限定性定语从句；另外,非限定性定 语从句在中文译文里,我们往往将其作为一个分句处理,而不把它作
4、定语翻译；例 如：The old man has a son , who is in the army . 那位老人有一个儿子,他在部队工作；（此句中,非限定性定语从句是对先行词son 进行补充、说明；但本句所传达的信息是： 这位老人只有一个儿子 ；假如将此句改写成限定性定语从句：The old man has a son who is in the army . 定性定语从句就要对先行词那位老人有一个在部队工作的儿子；那么,限 son 进行限定、修饰；这样一来,句子所传达的信息就变成了： 这位老人有一个儿子在部队工作 ,也就是说可能老人仍有其他的儿子在干别的工作）名师归纳总结 - - - -
5、 - - -第 1 页,共 11 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 1.定语从句： 定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句,个名词性成分, 相当于形容词, 所以又称为形容词性从句,面；其作用是作定语修饰主句的某 一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后2.关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词,关系词有关系代词和关系副词；关系代词有 that, which, who, whom, whose, as 等；关系副词有 where, when, why 等；关系词常有3 个作用： 1,引导定语从句；2,代替先行词；3,在定语从句中担当一个成分；3.定语：定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的,是对
6、名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子,汉语中常用 的 表示；主要由形容词担任；此外,名词,代词,数词,分词,副词, 不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任,也可以由一个句子来担任单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前,作前置定语； 短语和从句作定语时就放在所修饰的词之后,作后置定语；一） 限定性定语从句1. that 既可代表事物也可代表人,which 代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语,that 在从句中作宾语经常可省略关系词,which 在从句中作宾语就不能省略；而且,假如 which 在从句中作 “不及物动词介词”的介词的宾语,留意介词不要丢掉,而且介词总是放在关系代词 which 的前边,
7、但有的就放在它原先的位置2. which 作宾语时, 依据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系,先行词与which 之间的介词不能丢3. 代表物时多用which ,但在带有以下词的句子中用that 而不用 which ,这些词包括当先行词是 anything, everything, nothing ,few, all, none, little, some等不定代词时,或者是由 every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much 等修饰时等,这时的 that 常被省略 仍有先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时 ,或先行词就是序数词或最高级时 .以及先行词中既有
8、人又有物时 .仍有句中前面有 which 时,都只能用 that 4. who 和 whom 引导的从句用来修饰人,分别作从句中的主语和宾语,whom 作宾语时,要留意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语5. where 是关系副词,用来表示地点的定语从句6. when 引导定语从句表示时间注值得一提的是,表示时间“ time一词的定语从句只用 when 引导,有时不用任何关系代词,当然也不用 that 引导By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks. I still remember th
9、e first time I met her. Each time he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc. 7. whose 是关系代词,修饰名词作定语,相当于所修饰成分的前置全部格 .它引导的从句可以修饰人和物 , 当它引导的从句修饰物体时 , 可以与 of which 调换 ,表达的意思一样 . 8. 当从句的规律主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, a
10、nything, everything 或 nothing 时,常用 there is 来引导There is somebody here who wants to speak to you. 二）非限定性定语从句这里有人要和你说话；名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 11 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明,逗号隔开,将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立通常是引导词和先行词之间用1. which 引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情形或主句的某一部分2.当先行词是专出名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,的,
11、例如：Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 他曾经是我的老师；My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 着个美丽的花园；This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 了三遍；其后的定语从句通常是非限制性查理 史密斯去年退休了,我去年买的的那幢房子带这本小说很动人,我已经读3.非限制性定语从句仍能将整个主句作为先行词 , 对其进行修饰 , 这时从句谓语动词要用
12、第三人称单数,例如：He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他好像没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦；Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 蒸发；4. 有时 as 也可用作关系代词液态水变为蒸汽,这就叫做5. 在非限定性定语从句中,不能用关系副词why 和关系代词that ,而用 who, whom代表人,用 which 代表事物 .；三）关系代词引导的定语从句 1.who 指人,在从句中做主语 1 The boys who
13、are playing football are from Class One. 2 Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way. 2. whom 指人,在定语从句中充当宾语,常可省略；1 Mr. Liu is the person whom you talked about on the bus. 2 Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see. 留意：关系代词 whom 在口语和非正式语体中常用 who 代替,可省略；假如在从句中做宾语 ,就用 whom 或 who. 比如 : He is the
14、 man whom/who I talk to. 假如是在从句中作主语就只能用who. 比如 : He is the man who has an English book. 3 The man who/whom you met just now is my friend 3.which 指物,在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略1 Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 11 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 2 This is the pen which
15、he bought yesterday. 4. that 指人时,相当于who 或者 whom ；指物时,相当于which ；在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略；5 The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million. 6 Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning. 5. whose 通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中做定语 1 He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 2 I o
16、nce lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.whose指物时,常用以下结构来代替3 The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired. 4 The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired. 5 Do you like the book whose color is yellow. 6 Do you like the book the color of which is yellow. 四）留意 介词 +关
17、系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时 从句常由介词 +关系代词引导 1 The school that/which he once studied in is very famous. 2 The school in which he once studied is very famous. 3 Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine that/which you asked for. 4 Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked. 5 We ll go to hear
18、 the famous singer whom/that/who we have oft en talked about. 6 We ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.留意： 1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用,如：look for, look after, take care of 等 1 This is the watch which/that I am looking for. T正确 2 This is the watch for which I am looking. F错误 2. 如介
19、词放在关系代词前,关系代词指人时用whom ,不行用 who 或者 that ；指物时用which ,不能用 that ；关系代词是全部格时用 whose 1 The man with whom you talked is my friend. T 2 The man with that you talked is my friend. F 3 The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. T 4 The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. F 名师
20、归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 11 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 3. “介词 +关系代词 ”前可有 some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few 等代词或 者数词1 He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. 2 In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad. 3 There are forty students
21、 in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities. 五）关系副词引导的定语从句 1. when 指时间,在定语从句中做时间状语 1 I still remember the day when I first came to the school. 2 The time when we got together finally came. 指地点,在定语从句中做地点状语 2. where 1 Shanghai is the city where I was born. 2 The house where I lived ten year
22、s ago has been pulled down. 3. why 指缘由,在定语从句中做缘由状语 1 Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. 2 I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today.留意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词 +关系代词 ”引导的从句替换1 The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear, 2 From the year when/in which he was going
23、 to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up. 3 Great changes have taken place in the city in which./where I was born. （六）判定关系代词与关系副词方法一：用关系代词,仍是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词；不及物动词后面无宾语, 就必需要求用关系副词或者是介词加关系代词；而及物动词后接宾语,就要求用关系代词；例如：This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. Ill never for
24、get the days when I worked together with you. 判定改错（注：先显示题,再显示答案,横线；用不同的颜色表示出；）名师归纳总结 （错）This is the mountain village where I visited last year. 第 5 页,共 11 页（错）I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. （对）This is the mountain village which I visited last year. （对）Ill never forget
25、the days which I spent in the countryside. - - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词where, when联系在一起；此两题错在关系词的误用上；方法二：精确判定先行词在定语从句中的成分 主、谓、宾、定、状 ,也能正确挑选出关系代词 /关系副词；例 1. Is this museum _ you visited a few days ago. A. where B. that C. on which D. the one 例 2. Is this the museum _ the
26、exhibition was held. A. where B. that C. on which D. the one 答案：例 1 D ,例 2 A 例 1 变为确定句： This museum is _ you visited a few days ago. 例 2 变为确定句： This is the museum _ the exhibition was held. 在句 1 中,所缺部分为宾语,而 where, that, on which 都不能起到宾语的作用,只有 the one 既做了主句的表语,又可做从句的宾语,可以省略关系代词,所以应选 D；而句 2 中, 主、谓、宾俱全
27、,从句部分为句子的状语表地点,既可用副词 where ,又因 in the museum 词组,可用介词 in + which 引导地点状语；而此题中,介词 on 用的不对,所以选 A；关系词的挑选依据在从句中所做的成分,先行词在从句中做主、词 who, whom, that, which, whose；定、宾语时,挑选关系代先行词在从句中做状语时,应挑选关系副词 where 地点状语, when 时间状语, why 原因状语 ；名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 11 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 中学英语定语从句练习题 1.The place _i
28、nterested me most was the Childrens Palace. A. Which B. where C. what D. in which 2.Do you know the man _. A. whom I spoke B. to who spoke C. I spoke to D. that I spoke 3.This is the hotel _last month. A. which they stayed B. at that they stayed C. where they stayed at D. where they stayed 4.Do you
29、know the year _the Chinese Communist Party was founded. A. which B. that C. when D. on which 5.That is the day _Ill never forget. A. which B. on which C. in which D. when 6.The factory _well visit next week is not far from here. A. where B. to which C. which D. in which 7.Great changes have taken pl
30、ace since then in the factory _we are working. A. where B. that C. which D. there 8.This is one of the best films _. A. that have been shown this year B. that have shown C. that has been shown this year D. that you talked 9.Can you lend me the book _the other day. A. about which you talked B. which
31、you talked C. about that you talked D. that you talked 10.The pen _he is writing is mine. A. with which B. in which C. on which D. by which 11.They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of _sat a small boy. A. whom B. who C. which D. that 12.The engineer _my father works is about 50 years old. A. to whom
32、 B. on whom C. with which D. with whom 13.It there anyone in your class _family is in the country. A. who B. whos C. which D. whose 14.Im interested in _you have said. A. all that B. all what C. that D. which 15.I want to use the same dictionary _was used yesterday. A. which B. who C. what D. as 16.
33、He isnt such a man _he used to be. A. who B. whom C. that D. as 17.He is good at English, _we all know. A. that B. as C. whom D. what 18.Li Ming, _to the concert enjoyed it very much. A. I went with B. with whom I went C. with who I went D.I went with him 19.I dont like _ as you read. A. the novels
34、B. the such novels C. such novels D. same novels 20.He talked a lot about things and persons _they remembered in the school. A. which B. that C. whom D. what 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页,共 11 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 21.The letter is from my sister, _is working in Beijing. A. which B. that C. whom D.
35、who 22.In our factory there are 2,000 workers, two thirds of _are women. A. them B. which C. whom D. who 23.Youre the only person _Ive ever met _could do it. A. who;/ B./; whom C. whom;/ D./; who 24.I lost a book, _I cant remember now. A. whose title B. its title C. the title of it D. the title of t
36、hat 25.Last summer we visited the West Lake, _Hangzhou is famous in the world. A. for which B. for that C. in which D. what 26.I have bought such a watch _ was advertised on TV A. that B. which C. as D. it 27.I can never forget the day _ we worked together and the day _ we spent together. A. when; w
37、hich B. which; when C. what; that D. on which; when 28.The way _he looks at problems is wrong. A. which B. whose C. what D./ 29.This is the reason _he didnt come to the meeting. A. in which B. with which C. that D. for which 30.This machine, _for many years, is still working perfectly. A. after whic
38、h I have looked B. which I have looked after C. that I have looked after D. I have looked after 31.The reason _he didnt come was _he was ill. A. why; that B.that;why C. for that;that D.for which;what 32.He is working hard, _will make him pass the final exam. A.that B.which C.for which D.who 33.That
39、is not the way _I do it. A./ B.which C.for which D.with which 34.I have two grammars, _are of great use. A. all of which B. either of which C. both of that D. both of which 35.I want to use the same tools _used in your factory a few days ago. A. as was B. which was C. as were D. which 36.My neigh bo
40、urs used to give me a hand in time of trouble, _ was very kind of them. A. who B. which C. that D. it 37.This is the magazine _ I copied the paragraph. A. that B. which C. from that D. from which 38.He is not such a man _ would leave his work half done. A. that B. which C. who D. as 39. You can depe
41、nd on whatever promise _ he makes. A. / B. why C. when D. whose 40. Smoking, _ is a bad habit, is, however, popular. A. that B. which C. it D. though 41. - Did you ask the guard _ happened. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页,共 11 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - Yes, he told me all _ he knew. A. what; that B. wha
42、t; what C. which; which D. that; that 42. I shall never forget those years _ I lived on the farm with the farmers, _ has a great effect on my life. A. when; who B. that; which C. which; that D. when; which 43. The number of the people who _ cars _ increasing. A. owns; are B. owns; is C. own; is D. o
43、wn; are 44. During the days _, he worked as a servant at the Browns. A. followed B. following C. to follow D. that followed 45. Is oxygen the only gas _ helps fire burn. A. that B. / C. which D. it 46. The clever boy made a hole in the wall, _ he could see _ was going on inside house. A. which; what
44、 B. through which; what C. through that; what D. what; that 47. Is _ some German friends visited last week. A. this school B. this the school C. this school one D. this school where 48. John got beaten in the game, _ had been expected. A. as B. that C. what D. who 49. I have bought two ballpens, _ writes well. A. none of them B. neither of them C. neither of which D. none of which 50. All that can be eaten _ eaten up. A. are being B. has been C. had been D. have been名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页,共 11 页精选学习资料 -