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1、高考英语语法专题讲解（情景交际）（一）高考英语情景交际考点：交际最基本的要求是：委婉、有礼、得体、连贯、符合文化习惯。一、问候：(介绍、告别)中西对比在日常交谈中，英国人彼此见面常常喜欢以“Good morning/afternoon/evening. Hello/Hi.”打招呼；并且喜欢以谈论天气(Nice day, isnt it?) 作为交谈的开始；美国人见面常常问身体等；而中国人却常问“吃过饭了吗?”基本用语a. 见面问候：Good morning/afternoon/evening. Hello/Hi. b. 代向某人问候：Best wishes/regards to.=give o
2、nes regards to sb = give ones best wishes to sb = give ones best love to sb = give ones best regards to sb.c. 替某人向问好: say“Hi”/“Hello”to sb from sb = give ones regards to sb.Please remember me to. 回答用语: -I will. Thanks. d. How do you do? (初次见面通常用语) -How do you do?How are you? (比较熟悉的人之间用语) -Fine, than
3、k you, and you?/Very well, thank you.How are you getting along with.? (你近来.可好?) -Every is fine!How are you doing? (您工作还顺利吧?) - Im just great!How is everything? (一切还好吧?) -Very(quite)well，thank you!How is your vacation/holiday(s)/Christmas Day/weekend? (假期怎么样?) - Not bad!Whats up? (近来可忙?) -Couldnt be
4、better, thank you!Whats going on? (近来可好?) - Just so so. （一般; 还可以）注意要点1. “Hello” 既可用于问候，有时也用于引起对方注意，打电话或叫人，多在熟人之间使用，而“Hi”的用法比“Hello”更随便，口语中多见。2. Hello！和Hi！是互相熟悉的人之间的招呼语，比较随便，一天中任何时候都可以用。有时，后面还可加上对方的名字，以示亲热。Good evening! 一般用于晚上(通常是九点以前). 需要注意的是，不可用Good day来打招呼。Good morning！省略good 时，也可用来打招呼，但一般用于比较熟悉的人
5、之间。3. “How are you?” 则用于询问对方身体情况答语可根据实际情况，如：“Fine/ Very well，thank you.” 注意: (very) good不能用来表示身体健康. 假如身体确实不太舒服并想让对方知道，不妨说Not too well, Im afraid.4. 对于不认识的人，想要他/她停下的说法：Hey, Sir/ Madam! Just a moment, Sir/ Madam. 5. 与英美人见面寒暄时，不应问及他(她)的年龄、婚否、收入等个人隐私情况。 介绍基本用语a. This is Mr/Mrs/Miss/Ms/Comrade. May I int
6、roduce you to.? Id like you to meet. b. How do you do? Nice/Glad/Pleased to see/meet you. Nice meeting youc. My name is. Im a(student/teacher, etc.). May I know your name? Margaret, can you introduce me to her? Let me introduce you to others. Meet my sister Cathy. Bill, this is Tom. Hi, Im Susan, th
7、is is my calling card.注意要点“Nice to meet you.”与 “Nice to see you.” 有一点区别。前者的意思是初次见面（认识你很高兴）被人介绍相识后的寒暄用语。后者与前者在意思上相同，但是用于熟人之间（一段时间未见面后再次相遇）两者回答用语与问候语相同。Nice to meet you.主要表示初次见面时的问候，而Nice meeting you.则是初次见面分手时的用语。难点：“ Nice to meet you.为初次见面时的礼貌用语; ”Nice meeting you.为初次见面后的告别语。 告别 中西对比客人要走, 中国人会极力留客; 留
8、不住也会送客很远很远; 嘴里说: “慢走!”,客人要走, 英美人决不留客, 通常一句“Good-bye!”出门一概不理! 对于客人到访, 时常要表示感谢: Thank you for coming.基本用语1. 直接的告别话语有：Good bye! (Bye bye! Bye!) See you (tomorrow)! See you later! So long! Farewell! Good night.2. 委婉的告别辞有： Id like to say goodbye to everyone. Im calling to say goodbye.Im afraid I must be
9、leaving/off now. I think its time for us to leave now. 3. 其他带有祝愿以及叮嘱等的告别辞有：Ill look forward to seeing you soon.Lets hope well meet again. Hope to see you again. Drop in anytime you like.注意要点a. Good night./Night!只限于晚上告别或上床睡觉时使用。b. Have a nice day！限于白天告别时用 (如早餐后家人互相道别)。c. 告别前通常要说一两句客套话，如：Im afraid I m
10、ust be off (going) now. 长久告别时，还可同时表达希望今后多联系 (Keep/Get in touch)，要对方保重身体 (Take care)，问候对方家人 (Please send my best wishes/regards to your family.)等。d. 难点： “See you. ”道别时用语.同Good-bye.但有别于You see,“你知道”.如:You see , everything has two sides.而Take care 也是道别是用语,但表示“多保重” 二、邀请（约会）中西对比西方人在发出“邀请”前常有一个引子，尤其在客气的场合
11、，如可先这样问一下对方是否有空：Are you free this evening? 而Would you like to.和Id like to invite you to.的句式较为客气，带有商量、询问的口气，多用于不知对方能否接受邀请的场合。a. 接受他人邀请时通常还要表示一下感谢。常用: Yes, Id love to. Yes, its very kind/nice of you; Yes, with pleasure.b. 如果是稍有保留地接受，可这样说：I will if I can. Its very kind of you to invite me, but Im not s
12、ure if I can come. c. 拒绝他人的邀请一般不直接说No, 而要婉言谢绝（通常会说明理由），并要声明自己是愿意接受“邀请”的，但因某种原因不能接受，并表示歉意或感谢。常用：Id like to, but Im too busy. / Im sorry I cant, butI really enjoy it, but Ive got to go now. I wish I could accept your invitation, but Im afraid I dont have time to go. Thank you for your kindness, but Iv
13、e got an appointment at that time.基本用语a. Will/ Would/ Can/ Could you come to.? Would you like to Id like to invite you to.& b. Yes, Id love/ be glad/ happy to(.). Yes, Id like to. / Ill be glad to. Of course. Ill be glad to.Oh yes, thank you. Yes, its very kind/nice of you. OK. Thank you very much.
14、Yes, great. Sure, why not? Sure. Thats a good idea. Yes, with pleasure. c. Id love to, but. Im sorry, but I cant. 约会:基本用语a. Are you/Will you be free this afternoon/tomorrow?How about tomorrow morning/afternoon/evening? Shall we meet at 4:30 at.? b. Yes, thats all right. Yes, Ill be free then. c. No,
15、 I wont be free then. But Ill be free. d. All right. See you then.交际例句1.- Are you free next Wednesday evening? I want to go to the cinema with you?- Yes, Id like to.2.- When shall we meet, today or tomorrow? - I dont mind. Either time is OK.3.- Are you free later today? - Sorry, Im free every day ex
16、cept today.4.- Are you free this afternoon? - Oh no. Will this evening be all right?5.- Would you like to join us? (喜欢和我们一起吗?) Shall we dance?(我们可以跳个舞吗?)三、感谢和应答:中西对比1. 在英语文化中人们常常通过赞扬来鼓励某些合乎自己心意的行为，像You did a good job! Well done, everyone. You look nice. Thats a beautiful shirt youre wearing. You are
17、 very clever. 而对他人的赞美，最普通、常用的答语是“Thank you.”而在中国的文化中，人们面对夸奖，常说“您过奖了”、 “哪里，哪里。”（“Where, where?”）以表示谦逊。2. 英国人收到礼物时，通常都会当着送礼人的面打开礼物，同时会说一些喜欢或赞美的话以表示谢意，送礼人此时常常附和说: “Im glad you like it.” 而中国人往往说一些谦让的话“您太客气了。”“您这样做太破费了。”等。若用此表达方式对待英国人，对方肯定会觉得你不喜欢或对他的礼物不屑一顾。3. 在西方, 别人给你做事、帮忙，别人向你问候或祝贺，别人给你鼓励或赞扬时, 不能直接说 No
18、，而应该说Thank you。4. 当别人问你要不要喝茶或吃点什么东西时，你若要喝或吃应说Yes, please，若你不想吃或喝应说 No，thank you或 No，thanks5. 没得到或不需要对方的帮助可以说:Thank you all/just the same. Thank you anyway。基本用语a. Thank you (very much)./ Thanks (a lot)./ Many thanks. /Thanks for. Its very kind of you to.b. Not at all. / Thats all right. / Youre welco
19、me. /Thats OK / Its a pleasure/(Its) My pleasure。 Dont mention it. Im glad you like it. Its really nothing at all.感谢：Thank you. Thanks. Its very kind /nice of you.回答：Not at all. Its/Thats all right . Youre welcome. Its a pleasure .My pleasure .Thats OK. Dont mention it.难点：“My pleasure. 同”Its a pleas
20、ure.是感谢应答语译作“不用谢;而”With pleasure.是请求应答语译作“乐意效劳,非常愿意 祝愿、祝贺和应答:中西对比A. 对于他人的祝愿、祝贺，英美人表示感谢(Thanks)。B. 和大家同庆同欢乐, 回答用: The same to you / You, too.C. Im glad to hear that. 用于向对方主动告知的喜事表示祝贺或“附和”.D. 西方人喜欢收到礼物时当场打开并大加赞赏说：Wonderful！/ Beautiful！/ What a nice present! / How nice a gift！并表示感谢! E. 允许去玩乐说: Have a n
21、ice/good/pleasant/ wonderful time. / Have fun! 玩得开心点! 尽情去玩吧! F. 为人送行用: Have a good trip. / Have a pleasant journey. / Good luck with your trip! Good trip to you! Nice journey to you! 祝旅途愉快！祝一路顺风！基本用语1. Best wishes to you! I wish you good health. Good luck and success to you! Wish you success! May yo
22、u success/ succeed!2. Merry Christmas! Happy birthday to you! / Happy New Year!3. Congratulations (on)! Well done! Good luck with/ Good luck to you!4. Enjoy your vacation! Enjoy your stay in China.注意要点祝愿:Good luck! Enjoy yourself! Have fun! Congratulations.应答:Thank you. The same to you . You, too.难点
23、: Well done!干得好，真棒！用以赞扬对方做得好。Congratulations！祝贺对方已取得成功。“Good luck ！ 祝愿对方交好运，反语为：Bad luck!或Just my luck! ”Have fun!祝愿对方玩得开心,同Enjoy yourself. 四、道歉、遗憾和应答(责备和抱怨; 提醒)中西对比中国人喜欢反复强调自己的谦意，并喜欢用“非常抱歉”、“深表歉意”等表示程度倾向的语句，而英美人士则不同，对于因客观原因而造成的过失或差错，不必主动工过分向对方表示歉意。如一定要向对方道歉，说声 sorry 即可，一般不用 very , terribly , truly
24、等表示程度的词。因为在美国，过分的道歉或自责反而显得不太诚恳，令人感到虚假或另有用心。对于不能去做或已经发生的不幸的事情, 西方人表示遗憾说: What a pity/ shame! 表示同情说: Im sorry to hear that. Bad luck!基本用语1. (Im)Sorry./ Im sorry for/about/ Im sorry to do sth. / Im sorry to have done sth 2. Excuse/ Pardon me ( for ) 3. Please forgive me for. (请原谅)4. sb. be afraid that
25、5. What a pity/shame! / Its a pity that A. It is not important. Thats OK. Thats all right. Its quite all right. Never mind.It doesnt matter (at all). Not at all. Its nothing. /Thats nothing. (没关系) Please dont worry. Its nothing to worry about. Not to worry. Dont mention it.It doesnt really matter. P
26、lease think nothing of it. Lets forget it. / No harm done. B. Thats not your fault. Its not your fault. It was me to blame. (这是我的错) It was all my fault to have done. (这都是我的错)Thats okay. Dont let it bother you. (没事，别想的太多了)We really didnt mean that at all. (我们真的没有那样的意思)注意要点 Excuse me通常用于下列情形：需要打断别人谈话或
27、工作时；有求于他人时；因故需要暂时离开时；就某事表示不同意见时；自己的言行将会影响他人时。（即：说或做可能令人不悦的事情之前使用以引起别人注意）。注意: 打扰别人，意为“劳驾”；请求别人让路；向别人问路，打听消息，意为“对不起，请问”。 回答时说:“Yes?”； Sorry用于说话人做了错事或无意中与别人发生冲撞时于事后向他人表示歉意；也可表示因不能满足他人要求或请求而表示歉意。 “I beg your pardon.”用来表示听话人未能听清楚他人所说的话，而希望说话人重复所说的话时的礼貌用法，“没听清话语, 而要麻烦再说一遍.”。 Im sorry to hear it/ that. 则是对
28、说话者本人或近亲属已经发生的不幸, 进行安慰。 道歉：What a pity/ shame . Im sorry. 应答：Its /Thats all right .It doesntmatter. Never mind . Forget it . Thats OK. 难点：“Forget it. 共有三种意义: 休想，不可能。You expect Tom to come earlier .Forget it, he always comes late. 没关系，别在意。Im terribly sorry for having broken your mirror.Forget it . 别提
29、它了，表不原重复所说之话。What were you saying just now? I didnt hear. Oh, nothing ,forget it. Get it .明白了 Make it.干成,做成. Take it.拿去吧。 责备和抱怨中西差异西方人说话比较直率。对于别人的打扰，自己受到的不公平待遇会以“提醒”、“明确表示”等方式说出来，但是不会不留面子。一般对责备与抱怨，人们通常的反应是表示抱歉(Im sorry)与愿意接受。基本用语A. 英语中责备与抱怨的话通常有：What on earth is the matter here? (到底发生了什么事?)Im afraid
30、 I have a complaint to make about the service. (我对你们的服务有意见。)You ought to be ashamed of what youve done on me. (你应为你对我所做的事感到羞愧。)Why on earth did you say such a silly thing to me? (你对我说这种蠢话究竟是什么意思?)You ought to be careful enough next time. (你下次再不能这样粗心了。)Its no nice of you to behave like that. (你那样做太不像
31、话。) I am ashamed of you. 我为你感到羞耻。 You cant do that to me. 你不能这样对我。Why cant you do something about it? How dare you do that? 你怎幺敢这样做？Cant you see? 你难道没看见吗？ What do you mean by doing so? 你那样做是什幺意思？What on earth is the matter? 究竟发生了什幺事情？ Why didnt you tell me the truth earlier? Didnt I tell you to be h
32、ere on time? 难道我没叫你准时到这里吗？B. Im sorry to have said that, but. Its my fault，I am to blame. 这是我的过错, 我该罚。Its none of your business. 你不要多管闲事。 提醒：基本用语Dont forget to. Dont you remember the days when.?Make sure that everything is OK now. I must remind you of Be careful!考点：Mind your step/ head! Wet floor!、L
33、ook out!、Be careful!、Dont touch!、Take care!难点：“Look out!警告对方有危险,英语解释为warn somebody they are in danger .Take care ”警告对方做事要小心,英语解释为warn somebody to do something carefully,还可作道别时用语, 译为“请多保重.与look 相关的交际用语还有:Just have a look.随便看看.Look what you ve done! 看看你干了些什么!五、禁止和警告基本常识日常生活中，人们经常会碰到“禁止”“警告”的场合，如在博物馆里的
34、No Touch （请勿触摸展品）；影剧院里、公共汽车上的 No Smoking （不许抽烟）；公园里座位旁边的 Wet Paint （油漆未干）；交通要道处的 No Parking （禁止停车）等。在正式场合，提醒对方注意，语气一般较为婉转，如：Please be sure to come earlier tomorrow.当对方处于危险状态而没有注意到时，你应该及时提出警告以防不测。如情况危险，就用简短有力的祈使句。如：Take care! / Watch out! / Be careful! / Stop! 接受了别人的警告必须向对方表示感谢并简要说明理由, 甚至道歉。禁止和警告通常是在
35、一种紧急的语境中发出的，而且语言要简洁，因此祈使句是常见的表达方式。禁止和警告这一功能有时相当于威胁，但口气强弱有所不同。表示禁止时常用：You mustnt / You cant (不行) 。表示警告时常用和：Take care. / Be careful! / Look out! / Mind out! 小心 Watch out! 当心! 等。基本用语You cant / Mustnt do If you , you will You had better not do .Dont smoke. No noise, please. No + doing Be sure not to doL
36、ook out!(紧急) / Take care!(提醒注意) / Be careful! Look out for/ Be careful withMake sure you lock the door when you leave! Mind the wet paint!Mind your own business! 别管闲事！ Watch out where you are walking.No way. / OK，I will. / Sorry，I wont.交际例句1.- Dont climb that ladder! Its broken. - OK. Thank you.2.-
37、Look out! Theres a car coming. - Oh, thank you.3.- You mustnt play on the street. Its dangerous. - No, we wont.4.- Dont touch the machine when it is working. - No, I wont. Thank you.5.- You are not allowed to smoke here. - Oh, Im sorry.六、请求、允许（提出帮助; 提出建议和忠告、）: 基本用语a. May/ Can/Could I.? I wonder if I
38、 could/ can. Do you mind if I do.? /Would you mind if I did?b. Yes/Sure/Certainly. Yes, (do) please. Of course (you may). Go ahead, please. (有请!)Thats OK/all right. Not at all. With pleasure. 很乐意. c. Im sorry you cant. Im sorry, but. Youd better not. All right./ OK. 对Would/Do you mind if的回答。(首先要根据情况
39、回答“是否介意”。如果真的介意, 都要委婉拒绝。不介意的答语：No, of course not. / Certainly not. / No, go ahead. / Not at all. 介意的答语：Im sorry you cant. / Sorry, but its not allowed. /Youd better not. I would rather you didnt / Im afraid对I wonder if I could/ can的回答：允许Sure, go ahead./ Yes, please do. / Yes. Of course. Certainly. 不
40、允许Im sorry, but/ Im afraid not./ No, please dont. / Youd better not.交际例句1.- Please let me help you. - No, thanks. I can carry it.2.- Can I see your licence please? - OK.3.- May I call you James? - Of course, if you wish.4.- Could I borrow a pen please? - Of course. With pleasure.5.- Excuse me. May I
41、 use your dictionary? - Yes, here you are.6.- May I ask you several questions? - Yes, of course.注意要点请求:May /Can /Could I？ Would /Do You mind？应答肯定：Yes/Sure/Certainly.Yes,please.Of course( not) ,you may/can. Take your time. Yes ,help yourself .Go ahead, please .Not at all .Thats OK /all right .Not in
42、the least .Not a bit.否定：Id rather you didnt .Youd better not. Im sorry you cant.难点：“Take it easy.安慰对方不要生气、紧张不安,即to tell someone to become less upset or angry; ”Take your time.同no hurry .安慰对方不要急,慢慢来,即to do something slowly without hurrying; “Sure, go ahead .当然可以,干吧、做吧、说吧等,即to tell somebody they can d
43、o something ; ”Yes ,help yourself.同意对方使用,让对方自己动手取,英语解释为take something you want by yourself. Not in the least.一点也不.如 : -I hope you dont mind my turning on the radio . -Not in the least.请求和应答 请求：Can/Could/ Would you please?应答:No/ Less noise ,please .What for?难点：与what相关的交际应语:“what for? 相当于“why?表为什么,还可表
44、示为何,即for what purpose ; “Guess what! 你猜猜发生了什么事?用于说出令人感到惊讶的事情前;而“Whats up ?表示“Whats happening ?译作:有啥事? “So what? 表示“是又怎么样;那有什么了不起 “与我有什么关系 “Whats wrong? 表焦虑; “What a shame! 表遗憾; “What is it? 是什么; “What about? 表劝告或建议; “What a surprise !表惊讶. 提供（帮助等）和应答基本常识1. 发现陌生人或不太熟悉的人有困难，一般用下列句子主动提供帮助。Can I help you
45、? / What can I do for you?/ Is there anything I can do for you?Do you want me to call you a doctor? / Let me carry the luggage for you. Would you like some coffee?2. 如果是熟悉的人或朋友，可直接问对方需要什么帮助。Would you like me to get you a book? / Do you want me to call you a taxi? If you dont mind, Ill go and buy them for you. / Here, take my umbrella.3. 不需要别人帮助时，还是得先表示谢意。Please dont worry. I can manage