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1、英语语言学复习重点1Chapter one Introduction 一、定义1.语言学LinguisticsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2.普通语言学General LinguisticsThe study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics.3.语言languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human commun
2、ication.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。4.识别特征Design Features It refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。 Arbitrariness任意性 Productivity多产性 Duality双重性 Displacement移位性 Cultural transmission文化传递arbitrarinessThe
3、re is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressionsProductivityAnimals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send.DualityLanguage is a sy
4、stem, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels.DisplacementLanguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.Cultural transmissionHuman capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any langu
5、age system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species.5.语言能力CompetenceCompetence is the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language.6.语言运用performancePerformance is the actual r
6、ealization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. 语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体现。7.历时语言学Diachronic linguisticsThe study of language change through time. a diachronic study of language is a historical study, which studies the historical development of language over a period of time.8.共时语言学Synchronical
7、linguisticsThe study of a given language at a given time.9.语言langueThe abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.10.言语paroleThe realization of langue in actual use.11.规定性PrescriptiveIt aims to lay down rules for ”correct” behavior, to tell people what they should say and
8、 what should not say.12.描述性DescriptiveA linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use.二、知识点1.language is not an isolated phenomenon, its a social activity carried out in a certain social environment by human beings.语言不是一种孤立的现象，而是人类在一定的社会环境下进行的一种社会活动。2.几种观点和现象的提出者：瑞士语言学家F.d
9、e Saussure F.de Saussure:Langue和parole的区别U.S.A linguist N.Chomsky美国语言学家N.Chomskyin1950针对Saussures langue&parole提出Competence和performance曾经对语言概念下过定义的语言学家Sapir-language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communication ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols.Hal
10、l-language is the institution whereby humans communicate and interact with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory arbitrary symbols.Chomsky-from now on I will consider language to be a set of sentences, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements.U.S.A Linguis
11、t Charles Hockett美国语言学家Charles Hockett提出了语言的识别特征design features3.the word language preceded by the zero-article ,it implies that linguistics studies not any particular language.Language一词前不加冠词说明语言学家不只研究一种特定的语言。4.in order to discover the nature of the underlying language system ,what the linguists ha
12、s to do first if to study language facts.5.language is a complicated entity with multiple layers and facts, so its hardly possible for the linguistics to deal with it all at once. 判断题6.Frist drew the attention of the linguists were the sounds used in languages.最先引起语言学家注意的是语言的发音。三、问答题1.what are major
13、 branches of linguistics? what does each study?Phonetics-its defined as the study of the phonic medium of language, its concerned with all the sounds that occur in the worlds languages.Phonology-the study of sounds systemsthe inventory of distinctive sounds that occur in a language and the patterns
14、into which they fall.Morphology-Its a branch of a grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.Syntax-its a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of a language.Semantics-Its simply defined as the study of meaning in abstraction.P
15、ragmatics-the study of meaning in context of words.Sociolinguisticsthe study of language with reference to society.Psycholinguistics-the study of language with reference to the working of the mind.Applied linguistics-the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and lear
16、ning.2.why do we say language is arbitrary?Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the sounds that people use and the objects to which these sounds refer.The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration of the
17、arbitrary nature of language, its only our tacit agreement of utterance and concept at work and not any innate relationship bound up in the utterance.A typical example to illustrate the arbitrariness of language is a rose by any other name would smell as sweet.3. what makes modern linguistics differ
18、ent from traditional grammar?Modern linguistics is descriptive, its investigations are based on authentic and mainly spoken language date.现代语言学是描述性的，其研究以确实可靠的、主要以口语形式的资料为基础。traditional grammar is prescriptive. it is based on high written language.传统语法是规定性的，研究高级书面语。4.Is modern linguistics mainly sync
19、hronic or diachronic? whyModern linguistics is mainly synchronic, focusing on the present-day language. unless the various states of a language are successfully studied, it will not be possible to describe language from a diachronic point of view.现代语言学主要是共时性的，重点研究现代语言。除非对语言的各种状态都进行成功的研究，否则很难从历时性角度对语
20、言进行描述。5.which enjoys priority in modern linguistics, speech or writings?Speech enjoys for the following reasons:Speech precedes writing in terms of evolution.A large amount of communication is carried out in speech than in writing.speech is the form in which infants acquire their native language.6.h
21、ow is Saussures distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomskys ?Both Saussure and Chomsky make the distinction between the abstract language system and the actual use of language. their purpose is to single out the language system for serious studyTwo linguists idea differ in that Saussur
22、e took a sociological view of language, Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view, competence is a property of the mind of each individual.6.the distinction between langue and parole?langue is abstract, relatively stable parole is concrete, varies from person to person, from situa
23、tion to situation. 1/ What is linguistics?什么是语言学？Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. It studies not any particular language, but languages in general.2/ The scope of linguistics语言学的研究范畴The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics. (普通语言学)The
24、study of sounds, which are used in linguistic communication, is called phonetics.（语音学）The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. （音系学）The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology. （形态学）The study of how morphemes
25、and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax（句法学）The study of meaning in language is called semantics. （语义学）The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. （语用学）The study of language with reference to society is called socio-linguistics. （社会语言学）The study of language with re
26、ference to the working of mind is called psycho-linguistics. （心理语言学）The study of applications (as the recovery of speech ability) is generally known as applied linguistics. （应用语言学） But in a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language
27、teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second language.Other related branches include anthropological linguistics, （人类语言学） neurological linguistics, （神经语言学） mathematical linguistics, （数字语言学）and computational linguistics. （计算机语言学）3/ Some important distinctions in linguistics语言学
28、研究中的几对基本概念Prescriptive and descriptive 规定与描写If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive, if it aims to lay down rules to tell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive.Modern linguistics dif
29、fers from traditional grammar. Traditional grammar is prescriptive while modern linguistics is descriptive. The task of linguists is supposed to describe the language people actually use, whether it is “correct” or not.Synchronic and diachronic 共时和历时The description of a language at some point in tim
30、e is a synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. In modern linguistics, synchronic study is more important.Speech and writing 口头语与书面语Speech and writing are the two major media of communication. Modern linguistics regards the spoken form of lang
31、uage as primary, but not the written form. Reasons are: 1. Speech precedes writing; 2. There are still many languages that have only the spoken form; 3. In terms of function, the spoken language is used for a wider range of purposes than the written, and carries a larger load of communication than t
32、he written.Langue and parole 语言和言语The Swiss linguist F. de Saussure made the distinction between langue and parole early 20th century.Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Saussur
33、e made the distinction in order to single out one aspect of language for serious study. He believes what linguists should do is to abstract langue from parole, to discover the regularities governing the actual use of language and make them the subjects of study of linguistics.Competence and performa
34、nce 语言能力和语言运用Proposed by American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950s.He defines competence as the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. He believes the task of the linguists is to discover and specify the language rules.