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1、辅 导 讲 义教师谢菲科目英语上课日期2013.03.31总共学时学生赵雨晴年级初二上课时间13:00-15:00第几学时类别基础#提高培优科组长签字教务主管签字校区主任签字一、 教学目标 1. 复习语法填空2. 讲解完型填空解题技巧3. 培养学生综合运用知识的能力。 二、课堂内容(附课堂练习)1. 检测上节课内容2. 讲解完型填空解题技巧3. 练习 三、课后作业1.熟记和消化资料上的知识点。2.资料上的作业。 四、家长签名(本人确认:孩子已经完成“课后作业”)_高考完型填空专题讲解In the depths of my memory, many things I did with my fa
2、ther still live. These things come to represent, in fact, what I call _21_and love. I dont remember my father ever getting into a swimming tool. But he did _22_the water. Any kind of _23_ride seemed to give him pleasure. _24_he loved to fish; sometimes he took me along. But I never really liked bein
3、g on the water, the way my father did. I liked being _25_the water, moving through it, _26_it all around me. I was not a strong _27_, or one who learned to swim early, for I had my _28_. But I loved being in the swimming pool close to my fathers office and _29_those summer days with my father, who _
4、30_ come by on a break. I needed him to see what I could do. My father would stand there in his suit, the _31_person not in swimsuit. After swimming, I would go _32_ his office and sit on the wooden chair in front of his big desk, where he let me _33_anything I found in his top desk drawer. Sometime
5、s, if I was left alone at his desk _34_ he worked in the lab, an assistant or a student might come in and tell me perhaps I shouldnt be playing with his _35_. But my father always _36_and said easily, “Oh, no, its _37_.” Sometimes he handed me coins and told me to get _38_ an ice cream A poet once s
6、aid, “We look at life once, in childhood,; the rest is _39_.” And I think it is not only what we “look at once, in childhood” that determines our memories, but _40_, in that childhood, look at us. 21A. desire B. joy C. anger D. worry22A. avoid B. refuse C. praise D. love23A. boat B. bus C. train D.
7、bike24A. But B. Then C. And D. Still25A. on B. off C. by D. in26A. having B. leaving C. making D. getting27A. swimmer B. rider C. walker D. runner28A. hopes B. faiths C. rights D. fears29A. spending B. saving C. wasting D. ruining30A. should B. would C. had to D. ought to31A. next B. only C. other D
8、. last32A. away from B. out of C. by D. inside33A. put up B. break down C. play with D. work out34A. the moment B. the first time C. while D. before35. A. fishing net B. office things C. wooden chair D. lab equipment36. A. stood up B. set out C. showed up D. turned out37. A. fine B. strange C. terri
9、ble D. funny38. A. the student B. the assistant C. myself D. himself39. A. memory B. wealth C. experience D. practice 40. A. which B. who C. what D. whose高中英语完形填空的题型特点及解题技巧完形填空是高考中的一个重要题型,因此我们必须重视这一题型。完形填空是语言测试的主要形式,涉及的知识面广、覆盖率高、灵活性高、综合性强,通常每小题给出的四个选项一般属于同一类词,意义范畴相同,空前空后没有明显的暗示,对考生造成很大的困扰。因此,难度较大,尤其
10、是近几年的高考,更是越来越强调对考生实际运用能力的考查,所以完形填空的难度也随之增加。完形填空答题好坏直接决定着英语成绩的高低,所以我们平常必须重视完形填空的训练。那么,怎样提高完形填空答题的速度和质量呢?一、 完形填空的题型特点做完形填空首先必须弄清其题型特点,这是做好完形填空的前提。如果对完形填空一无所知,那结果可想而知。完形填空题就是在一篇语境完整的短文中有目的地挖去一些空,造成信息的中断,让考生在理解短文的基础上,综合运用所学的知识作出合理的分析、判断,从中选出正确的答案,从而使短文主旨鲜明、语义连贯、逻辑严密。完形填空题有以下特点。1. 所选的文章大多是有一定故事情节的记叙文或夹叙夹
11、议的短文,难度与高中教材大致相同,长度一般在250到300词之间。 2. 保留提示句。短文的第一句话多是完整的,以期给考生创造一个语境,给考生以提示。3. 情景意义选择为主,语法选择填空为辅。完形填空考查的重点是以对文章的通篇理解和词汇意义为主,以考查惯用搭配、常识和语法为辅。4. 单词填空为主,短语或词组的整体填空为辅。 5. 逻辑性强,实词即所谓信息词汇为主(实词中以动词、名词、形容词和副词为主),虚词为辅。新课标规定的阅读技能测试要点如下:1 理解主旨大意;2 寻读具体信息;3 理解细节;4 根据上下文提供语境推测生词词义,进而加深对文段的理解;5 简单的判断和推理;6 理解文段的基本逻
12、辑结构;7 理解作者的意图和态度;8 理解文段的文化信息。二、应试策路 要充分了解完形填空题的考查侧重点及命题趋势。在学习过程中做到有的放矢,并进行有针对性的练习。 1广闻博记,练好扎实基本功 英语的基础知识包括语法、词汇知识,也包括听、说、读、写各项技能。只有平时多听、多读、多记,才能为综合能力的提高打下坚实的基础。 2扩大阅读量,培养良好的词感和语感 词感”是一种对词或词群的感受能力;语感是一种对语言或语段、词句的感受能力。词感和语感是密不可分的,需要在平时的学习过程中逐步形成。 3拓宽视野,扩大文化背景知识 要把握一篇文章的主旨大意理解作者的意图、态度、观点,文化背景知识起着不可或缺的作
13、用。这就要求考生平时多了解、多积累有关英语国家的社会文化、风俗习惯等知识,以求正确把握语篇大意。 三、完形填空的解题步骤 完形填空主要测验学生的语言综合运用能力,包括基础知识的掌握和运用、对整个文章逻辑联系的理解、在情景中辨析词义的能力以及词组短语搭配的使用能力。这是大部分考生认为难度最大的考查项目。有些考生的听力基础知识部分做得还比较好,但是完形填空却只能做对一两道,有的甚至对完形填空产生恐惧心理,导致全军覆没。其实只要我们有信心,有良好的心理素质,再加上一定的技巧,完形填空并不是不可逾越的鸿沟。首先,从心理上,要平心静气,不急不躁。有些考生满脑子的畏难思想,殊不知这种情绪只会使自己的全部思
14、想游离题外,根本无法进入思维,还谈何理解文章的内容呢?所以,集中思想、树立信心、平心静气、去除杂念才是做好完形填空题的保证。其次,做完形填空时,要注意以下的答题技巧。 1. 浏览全文,把握大意。这是做完形填空的第一步,以快速阅读的方式浏览全文,了解文章大意,抓住主题和关键词,避免断章取义,减少解题时的盲目性,这样可以为解题做好准备。但在迅速浏览全文的过程中,切勿望生词而却步,恰恰相反,碰到不明白的地方应掠过去,等到填空需要细读时再去理会。因此,第一遍浏览时,不要急于看选项,要重点了解文中所叙述的人物、时间、地点、事件,即who, when, where, what。完形填空命题的原则一般是第一
15、句话不挖空,目的是使读者进入语境,因此一定要认真阅读这句话,大家可以透过首句的“窗口”看篇章的整个“世界”。浏览全文能获得更多的上下文提供的信息,并根据文章的内在逻辑意义、贯穿文章始终的主线以及作者行文的走向,把握文脉,调整并定位自己的解题思路,从而做出最终的判断。抓住了文章的主旨大意,围绕主旨大意去阅读、预测、推理、判断,往往会收到事半功倍的效果。 2. 细读全文,运用语法理顺上下文关系。语法知识是指导完形填空的法宝,词汇是根据语法规则确定各自的位置,有了语法规则文章才能有条理、顺理成章。完形填空题实际上是“形断意不断,貌离神不离”,上下文是藕断而丝连,前后是相互联系的。例如:介词后的代词必
16、然是宾格;物质名词一般不用复数;形容词必须放在不定代词后;行为动词的否定和疑问句应由助动词do构成;情态动词只能与不带to的动词连用。另外,语法还包括时态、语气、非谓语动词、关系代词和关系副词、分句、语态及惯用法等语法现象等。 (1)时态。 对完形填空中时态题的判断,可以根据表示时间的信息词来判断,也可以根据上下文提供的信息来判断。表时间的词有:since, before, after, already, ever since, for a long time, yesterday。 (2)语气。考生认为困难的是对虚拟语气试题的判断。此类试题一般分两种情况:一种是带有表虚拟条件句或短句的词语在
17、问题句中,如without, if等;另一种需要根据上下文或逻辑关系来判断。 (3)非谓语动词。非谓语动词各自具有不同的语法功能和使用范围。分词作定语,表示原因、时间和伴随状语;不定式作定语,表示目的和结果状语;动名词可以作宾语、主语、表语或介词宾语。因此,做非谓语动词的试题,要注意分析其在句中的语法作用。另外,还要注意一些词的固定用法,牢固掌握必须跟动名词的动词和必须跟动词不定式的动词也是很必要的。 (4)替代词。英语中替代词很多,既可以用来替代单词,也可以用来替代词组、短语或句子。常见的有do, so, one, ones, yours, theirs, this, that, those
18、, he, it, they等。完形填空题借用其语篇优势,常设有此类题。考生做这类题时,要仔细分析句子的语义关系,搞清所替代的内容是什么。 (5)词组、习语和习惯用法。对于这一类选择题,不能利用语法知识进行判断,因此,平时的日积月累就十分重要。只有熟悉其意义和用法,才能准确迅速地做出判断。识别短语要注意是由动词介词或动词副词构成。在现代英语中,这类词组很多,而且实用性强,结构简练,使用灵活,表达生动,如devote oneself to, look forward to, keep an eye on, catch ones eye, look up to等。还有一类使用极广的是介词短语,如w
19、ith regard to, at the age of, call off, break down 等。如果平时能注意词组、短语的整体记忆,掌握它们的搭配规律,在做完形填空时就能得心应手,减少失误,提高完形填空的命中率。 3. 注意上下句的连贯,句子衔接。这是从句子结构来考虑,我们要注意句子和句子或段落和段落之间的连接词,并适时对连接词进行总结和归类。例如:一个空白在两个句子之间,就要根据上下文的语境选用并列连词and, but, or, however, therefore, while, for 等连接两个并列句;或用who, which, that, whose, whom, when
20、, where, why 等关系代词和关系副词等连接定语从句;或用whoever, whatever, what, who, when, where, how, why, if, whether, that 等连接词连接名词性从句;或用when, where, because, unless, though, even if, so that 等从属连词连接各种状语从句;或用all in all, in a word, in conclusion等总结。明白了句子与句子之间的关系,考生就能更快地理解文章的主旨,也能从细节中更有把握地推断出一些有用的信息。如果我们知道它们的基本用法和彼此间的区别
21、,填上所选词后句子的意思和结构都完整,上下连贯,把握住语篇的行文逻辑,那么选定最佳答案就不难了。 4. 先易后难,以易解难。在做完形填空的过程中要遵循“先易后难”的原则。完形填空的各题之间有较大的差别,但它们并不是按照从简到难的顺序设计的。因此遇到个别难确定的选项时,可暂时搁置或跳过该题,待完成其它相对容易的选项后再从大部分已经完成的整篇的角度来考虑,这时可能“难题”也不难了。 5. 排除干扰,猜测答案。如果最后还有一两道小题确定不了答案,可以采取“排除干扰选项法”,去掉一个或两个明显的干扰项,然后凭感觉猜测答案。 6. 反复核对全文,弥补疏漏,调整答案。填完所有的空格以后,把所有的答案放回短
22、文的空格处,将弥补完整的全文从头至尾读一遍,以确保上下文的顺畅合理。第三遍的检查,有些答案局部看来很合理,有些句子觉得语感搭配很顺口,但是从上下文的语言联系来看又充满了矛盾,这时就应该做到局部服从整体,对所选的答案进行及时的修改。填完所有的空格以后,对于短文的含义和结构已经有了比较清晰的了解,这时对于一些难以作出最后抉择的空格,采取一些排除法,往往比较容易选出正确答案。四、完形填空解题技巧(一)前后呼应法做完形填空时,要始终抓住文章本身,联系“双语境”来判断,既大语境全文中心和基调,小语境空格前后句子所构成的语境;再根据前有伏笔后有呼应的思路来做题。如:第21题 B,根据后面作者所回忆的事情来
23、判断,他的父亲带给他的应是爱与欢乐,所以选B:joy ,而其他选项都没有给出相应的事情来呼应。第22题 D, 由这一段的最后一句“he loved to fish;”及第三段的第一句“But I never really liked being on the water, the way my father did.”可知父亲喜欢水及一些水上活动。因此第23题也就能很快找到正确答案是A: boat。第30题 B,由后面两句可得知父亲会在休息时过来看“我”,特别后面提到“My father would stand there in his suit, ” 同样这儿用would更合理。第32题 D
24、,这一段是讲作者在游泳后到他父亲的办公室里玩耍。与后面的“sit on the wooden chair in front of his big desk”相呼应。第33题 C,与35题所在的句子“- perhaps I shouldnt be playing with his _35_.”相呼应,因此35题的答案也能从33题“- where he let me _33_anything I found in his top desk drawer.”中推断出是C。第38题 C,由文章大意可知道父亲应是十分爱“我”的,所以有时还会给“我”钱买冰淇淋吃。这是与文章的大语境相呼应的。第39题 A,
25、作者认为不仅是我们童年所看到的事物决定了我们的记忆,而且还包括那时关爱我们的人。所以诗人所说的“the rest”就应该是memory与下一句的“determines our memories”相呼应。(二)But 转折法在完形填空题中,but 一词前后通常会设题。文中一出现but,应该马上想到前后语意有转折,只要知道其中一方的语意,就可以推出另一方的意思,所以在做题时,遇到类似but的词,如:however, nevertheless, whereas, yet等,也可以同样处理,以便于从文中找到解题的依据。仍旧以NMET 2008(浙江卷)完形填空为例:第25题 D,由这一段的第一句“Bu
26、t I never really liked being on the water, the way my father did”.及后面的“moving through it,”可知“I liked being in the water.”第37题 A, 当父亲的学生或助手认为“我”不应该玩他办公室里的东西时,父亲却总是轻松地表示没有关系。所以第37题答案很明显是A : fine。(三)绝对矛盾法绝对矛盾法是从选项着手分析,若四个选项中有两个选项是绝对矛盾和对立,那么正确选项大多在这两个对立项之间产生。二者必居其一.至于究竟是两者中的哪一个,则需要进一步根据上下文的语境来判断。例如:Most
27、 computers have a memory(存储器). They can work millions of times _3_ than man. That means information can be put in _4_ and be taken out any time when needed.第3题的选项分别是A.slow B. slower C. fast D. faster据观察应选用比较级,所以先排除A和C,在根据后面的一句及我们的常识可知,电脑的工作效率要比人快,所以在B,D这两个对立项中,自然就可以很轻松地把正确答案D选出来了。又如:The Great Wall,
28、one of the greatest wonders of the world, was enlisted in the World Heritage in 1987. Just _1_ a dragon, it winds its way from east to west of China. With a history of more than 2000 years. Some sections are now in ruins or even entirely_2_ .第2题的选项分别是A.appeared B. missed C. went D. disappeared显然A和D
29、是对立项,根据题意可知长城的一些部分已经破败不堪,甚至完全消失,故答案就是D. disappeared 。如:Jazz is Americas contribution to _5_ music. Compared to classical music, which _6_ formal European traditions, jazz is a free form.第5题的选项分别是A.classical B. scared C. popular D. light其中A与C相对立,通过后一句“Compared to classical music,”可知正确选项为C。(四)同义复现法同义复
30、现是英语中常见的一种现象。为强调某一意思,但又不想重复使用某个词或短语。在完形填空题中,同义词或同义短语的位置多半比较靠近,很容易找到,所以同义复现法是很好的解题技巧。无须过多的推理,只需确定是哪里使用了同义复现,然后从选项中找出与之相符合的一项即可。That night he wrote a seven-page paper describing his _45_ of someday owning a horse ranch. He wrote his dream in great detail and _46_ drew a diagram of a 200-acre ranch _47
31、_ the locaion of everything important there.第45题的选项分别是A. mind B. chance C. goal D. design正确答案C:goal与下一句中的dream同义,并且结合上下文得出他写了37页纸来描述他自己的目标,也就是他的梦想。I was worried and I sank in my thoughts. I didnt even _19_ that the coffee was bad, _20_ Steven didnt notice there was a person next to him.第19题的选项分别为A.
32、pretend B. understand C. insist D. realize第20题的选项分别为A. as if B. just as C. just after D. even though第20题的正确选项为B. just as。由此可知第19题的正确选项应与由“just as”引导的从句中的谓语动词“notice”同义,故选D. realize。五 解题指导无论是哪种形式的阅读技能检测,只有在平时的课堂教学中扎实学生的语言基础,才使学生稳步提高用英语获取信息,处理信息,发现问题和解决问题的能力。无法想象一位词汇贫乏,语法不通,句子结构不清的学生能在完形填空题中得高分。所以我们应该
33、小处着手,从细节做起,逐渐地培养解题能力。具体可以从以下几点做起:(一) 词汇分类可以单元或模块为单位,把其中的近义词,反义词等归类,这样就能在遇到有同义反复或绝对矛盾题型时,更快地找到正确的答案。 如在Book 1里就有这样一些近义词或词组:opinion, view; destroy, damage; as if, as though; be concerned about, care about; right away, at once 等。反义词或词组有:generous, mean; selfish, selfless; equal, unfair; be fond of, be t
34、ired of; think highly of, think little of等。(二) 句子衔接注意句子和句子之间的衔接,可应用不同的连接词连接相同的两个句子,观察其产生的意义有何不同。在平时的阅读中也可以指导学生善于发现句子和句子或段落和段落之间的连接词,并适时对连接词进行总结和归类。例如:表示并列的有:and, too, whats more, in addition, as well as等;表示因果的有:beacause, since, so that, therefore, as a result等;表示转折或对比的有:while, however, on one handon
35、 the other hand等;表示总结的有: all in all, in a word, in conclusion等。明白了句子与句子之间的关系,就能更快地理解文章的主旨,也能从细节中更有把握地推断出一些有用的信息。(三) 讲究策略做完形填空的速度不能太慢,否则有可能会造成后面的试题来不及做。如果平时习惯于逐个单词阅读,就造成思维中断,不能快速把握文章的主旨,因此要纠正这种不良的阅读方法和习惯。良好的阅读习惯不仅要求学生快速把握文章大意,也要求其在阅读过程中注重细节,特别要正确把握反映作者观点和态度的细节。学生可以通过对反映细节的文字加以理解与概括,培养分析、概括、演绎和归纳的能力,从
36、而达到既不忽视文章细节,又能正确把握文章中心思想的能力。有了良好的阅读技能,不仅能在做完形填空时游刃有余,而且还能从整体上提高英语考试的成绩。 1Different things usually stand for different feelings. Red, for example, is the color of fire, heat, blood and life. People say red is an exciting and active color. They associate(使发生联系) red with a strong feeling like 1 . Red i
37、s used for signs of 2 , such as STOP signs and fire engines. Orange is the bright, warm color of 3 in autumn. People say orange is a 4 color. They associate orange with happiness. Yellow is the color of _5_. People say it is a cheerful color. They associate yellow too, with happiness. Green is the c
38、ool color of grass in _6_. People say it is a refreshing color. In general, people _7_ two groups of colors: warm colors and cool colors. The warm colors are red, orange and _8_. Where there are warm color and a lot of light, people usually want to be _9_. Those who like to be with _10 _ like red. T
39、he cool colors are _11_ and blue. Where are these colors, people are usually worried. Some scientists say that time seems to _12 _ more slowly in a room with warm colors. They suggest that a warm color is a good _13_ for a living room or a _14_ . People who are having a rest or are eating do not wan
40、t time to pass quickly. _15 colors are better for some offices if the people working there want time to pass quickly.1. A. sadnessB. angerC. administrationD. smile2. A. roads B. ways C. danger D. places 3. A. landB. leaves C. grass D. mountains4. A. lively B. dark C. noisy D. frightening 5. A. moonl
41、ight B. light C. sunlight D. stars 6. A. summer B. spring C. autumnD. winter 7. A. speak B. say C. talk about D. tell 8. A. greenB. yellow C. white D. gray 9. A. calm B. sleepy C. active D. helpful 10. A. the other B. another C. other one D. others 11. A. blackB. green C. golden D. yellow 12. A. go
42、round B. go by C. go off D. go along 13. A. one B. way C. fact D. matter 14. A. factory B. classroom C. restaurant D. hospital 15. A. Different B. Cool C. Warm D.All 2For several years, Americans have enjoyed teleshopping-watching TV and buying things by phone. Now teleshopping is starting in Europe
43、. In some _1_ countries, people can turn on their _2_ and shop for clothes, jewelry, food, toys and _3_ things.Teleshopping is becoming popular in Sweden. _4_, the biggest Swedish company sells different kinds of things on TV in fifteen European countries, and in one year, it makes $10 million. In F
44、rance, there are two teleshopping channels, and the French _5_ about $ 20 million a year in buying things through those channels.In Germany, _6_ last year teleshopping was only possible on one channel for one hour every day. Then the government allowed more teleshopping. Other channels can _7_ for t
45、elebusiness, including the largest American teleshopping company and a 24-hour teleshopping company. German _8_ are hoping these will help them sell more things.Some people like teleshopping because it allows them to do their shopping without _9_. With all the traffic problems in cities, going shopping is not an easy thing. But at the same time, other Europeans _10_ like this new way of buying things. They call _11_ “junk on the air.” Many Europeans usually worry about the quality of the things _12_ on TV. They th