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1、1 英语基础语法知识整理There be 句型的讲解There be 句型是小学英语教学中的重要内容。表示某处存在某( 物) 人。基本结构为“ There be + 某物( 某人)+某地(某时) ”。Be动词的单复数必须依主语的变化而变化。单数is ,复数 are 如:There is a table in the room. 房间里有一张桌子。There are some birds on the tree. 树上有很多鸟。一、 There be 句型的结构:1. (一) There is+ 单数可数 +地点状语例:There is a ruler on the desk. 书桌上有一把尺。
2、(二) There are+ 复数主语 +地点状语例:There are four apples on the tree. 树上有四个苹果。There are some flowers in the park. 公园里有许多花。(三) there is + 不可数 名词+地点状语(即使有 some 也是 单数)例:There is some water in the bottle. 瓶子里有一些水。(水是不可数名词)2. There be选择就近原则:There be 句型的就近原则是There be 句型中语法项目的重点考点。There be句型中 be 动词的单复数形式由最挨近的一项的单复
3、数决定。如:There is a pen, two books and many pencils on the desk. 在本句中尽管有钢笔、书和铅笔,但是由于离be 动词最近的一项是单数a pen,因此, be 动词用单数 is 。二、There be 句型的 疑问句 及回答(一) There be 句型的疑问1. 在“There is/are.”的疑问句中 , 要把 Be动词放在 there 之前, 并将句号变问号。难点 : 句中出现的 some要改成 any。2. 肯定回答为: Yes, there is/are. 3. 否定回答为 : No, there isnt/aren t. 例
4、句可数名词单数 1. 肯定句 There is an apple on the tree. 疑问句 Is there an apple on the tree? 肯定回答 : Yes, there is. 否定回答 : No, there isnt. 可数名词复数 2. 肯定句 There are five pens on the desk. 疑问句 Are there five pens on the desk? 肯定回答 : Yes, there are. 否定回答 No, there arent. 不可数名词的时候 3. 肯定句 There is some water in the cu
5、p. (水是不可数名词)否定句Is there any water in the cup? 2 肯定回答 : Yes, there is. 否定回答 : No, there isnt. 三、There be 句型的否定形式(一)There be 句型的否定: 否定形式只要在 be 动词后面加 not 即可,is not =isn t are not= arent 但要注意的是句中如果出现some则改成 any. 1.There is a knife in the kitchen. 否定:There is not a knife in the kitchen. 2.There are five
6、apples on the tree. 否定 :There are not five apples on the tree. 3.There is some ink in the bottle. 否定:There is not any ink in the bottle. (ink 是墨水,不可数名词)4.There are some birds singing in the tree. 否定:There are not any birds singing in the tree. 不定式特殊用法不定式省 to 有四种情况:使役动词let,have,make 等后接不定式。如: Let him
7、 go! 让他走 ! would rather,had better后。如: You had better stay at home.你最好呆在家里。Why. / why not.后。如: Why not have a good rest on Sunday? 为什么星期天不好好休息一下呢? 感官动词 see, watch, look at, hear, listen to, smell,feel, find 等后作宾补,省 to 。如: I saw him dance. 我看见他跳舞。注意:这些情况在被动句中可千万不可省to !如:The boss made them work the wh
8、ole night. 变成被动句: They were made to work the whole night. 不定式的特殊用法:It 与不定式:动词不定式可以做主语,但如果动词不定式太长,显得头重脚轻的,那么我们就可用形式主语it代替,而把真正主语 ( 即不定式 ) 放于句尾。如: It is not difficult for me to study English well.(对我来说学好英语是可能的。 ) 不定式还可以充当句子的宾语,但有些动词,如find ,think ,believe 等,在语法上不能接受不定式作宾语,只有用it作形式宾语,从而把动词不定式置于句尾。这样的不定式
9、可继续充当其宾语的作用。如: I found it difficult to fall asleep.我发现很难入睡。还有一点:动词不定式,还可用在how ,when ,where,what,which 等疑问 代词或副词之后,与其共同作宾语。如:I dont know how to use a computer.我不知道怎样使用电脑。too.to.和 enough.to:too.to表达 太 . 一致于不能 .。enough . to 表达 足以.。不定冠词 (a,an) 的用法3 不定冠词放在名词前面,主要泛指一类人、 事物或同类事物中的某一个。不定冠词有 a 和 an 两种形式。 a 用
10、于以辅音音素开头的单词前,an 用于以元音音素开头的单词前。如:a tailorte? l ? 一个裁缝 an owl a?l 一个猫头鹰a boyb ? 一个男孩 an houra? 一小时a university? ju:n ? v?:s ?t ? 一所大学 an umbrella?mbrel ? 一把雨伞对于还没有掌握音标的同学来说, 区分单词是元音开头还是辅音开头可能比较困难,那可以先记语 a,e,i,o,u这五个元音字母, 一般以这五个字母开头基本是以元音音素开头,个别单词除外,如university的第一个字母 u 发音是 ju: 所以是辅音前面用 a。等以后掌握了音标就可以很清楚
11、的知道单词是否以元音或辅音开头了。不定冠词与 数词 one 同源,是 一(个)、每一(个)、任一 ( 个) 的意思。下面来看看它的具体用法:1、表示某类人或物不定冠词 a 或 an 表示一类人或一类事物,在翻译时a 或 an 不译成中文汉字。A tailor makes clothes. 裁缝做衣服。An owl can see in the dark. 猫头鹰在黑暗中能看见东西。A giraffe is taller than an elephant. 长颈鹿比大象更高。a tailor,an owl,a giraffe,an elephant在句中不是一位裁缝,一只猫头鹰,一只长颈鹿,一头
12、大象的意思,而是指这一类人或事物。2、表地数量“一”不定冠词 a 或 an 用于单数可数名字前,表示数量“一”。a book 一本书 an island 一座岛a knife 一把刀 an hour 一小时当名词前面有 形容词 修饰时,不定冠词a 或 an 要放在形容词前面,用a 还是用an 取决于这个形容词的读音。a book 一本书 - an old book 一本旧书a student 一个学生 - an honest student 一个诚实的学生an island 一坐岛 - a lonely island 一座岛an apple 一个苹果 - a red apple 一个红苹果例句
13、:I have a yellow umbrella. 我有一把黄色的伞。There is a fox and an elephent in the forest. 森林里有一只狐狸和一头大象。3、用于初次提及某人或物。当第一次提到某人或某事物,非特指时,用不定冠词a 或 an 起介绍作用。She is sitting on a chair. 她坐在一张椅子上。I bought a dictionary yesterday. 我昨天买了一本字典 . 4 Charlie bought a new motorbike. 查理买了一辆新的摩托车。I met an old woman on my way
14、 to school. 我在上学的路上碰到了一位老妇人。4、在计量词前表示“每一”不定冠词 a 或 an 用在表示时间或度量单位的名词前,具有“每一”的意思。sixty miles an hour 每小时六十英里two hundred yuan a month 每月二百元twice a day 每天两次ten pence a kilo 每公斤十便士A:How much is it? 这个多少钱?B:2 yuan a kilo. 一公斤两元钱。The snail can go 8 centimeters a minute. 这只蜗牛每分钟能爬八厘米。可数名词的复数变化规律名词复数有规律,一般词尾
15、加s;辅音字母 +y型,变 y 为 i ,es;ch,sh 真有趣, s,x,es;f ,fe 真小气,字母 v 来把它替, es 在后别忘记;字母 o 来真神奇,有生命来es,没有生命 +s. 中日好友来聚会,绵羊、鹿、鱼把家回。男士、女士 a 变 e;牙(齿)、脚双 o 变双 e;孩子们想去天安门,原形后面 r 、 e 、n;老鼠本来爱大米,mice,ice 和 rice. 注:中 Chinese,日 Japanese,好友 people. 绵羊 sheep,鹿 deer,鱼 fish (这些单词单复数一样 ) man-men woman-women tooth-teeth foot-fe
16、et child-children mouse-mice 基数词和序数词的用法1. hundred, thousand, million 与数字连用,表示一定量的具体数字,不用复数,但表示不定概念可用复数例:three hundred people, millions of people 2. 基数词表示时刻。例:7 点 seven oclock, 7:20 seven twenty 3. 给某些事物编号5 例:Lesson One=the first lesson Bus No. 2 7月 1日=July I (July Ist) 1996年 6 月 3日=June 3, 1996=June
17、 the third, nineteen ninety-six 4. 有关分数表示法。分子是基数词,分母是序数词。当分子大于1 时,分母就用复数。例:Ive read one-fifth of the books. Ive finished three-fifths of the words. 5. 有关倍数表示法两倍用 twice, 三倍以上用数词 +times, 要注意倍数在句子的位置。例:The door is three times the size of this. 6. 十位数字 (个位为零 ) 的基数词以复数形式出现时,表示年代、年龄例:She is a good-looking
18、 woman in her forties. (forties 指 40-49 岁之间) too to 句式用法详解too to 结构是初中英语中一个十分重要的结构,同时也是中考英语中一个十分重要的考点,同学们在学习或复习中应注意以下几点:一、基本结构特点too to 结构的基本形式为“too+形容词 或副词+to+动词原形” , 其意为 “太以至于不能”。如:He is too shy to speak to her. 他太害羞,不敢同她讲话。Its too cheap to be good. 这东西太便宜,好不了 ( 即便宜无好货 )。He is too young to know rig
19、ht from wrong. 他太小,还分不清是非。二、不定式的逻辑主语有时不定式前可以带有一个由介词 for 引出的逻辑主语。如:Its too expensive for her to buy. 太贵了,她买不起。The box is too heavy for the boy to carry. 这个箱子太重,这男孩提不起。The print is too small for me to read without glasses. 印刷字体太小,我不戴眼镜就看不清。三、不定式是否带宾语在通常情况下, tooto 结构中的不定式可根据其是否及物来确定它是否带宾语。如:He is too t
20、ired to go any further. 他太累了,不能再往前走了。( 不定式to go 不及物,无需带宾语 ) She is too poor to buy such a nice a dress. 她太穷,买不起那件漂亮的连衣裙。 ( 不定式 to buy 后带有宾语 such a nice a dress) 但是,若句子主语与其后不定式有动宾关系,那么,其后的及物动词不定式不能带宾语。如:The nice dress is too expensive for her to buy. 这件漂亮的连衣裙太贵了,她买不起。 (to buy在此虽为及物动词,但由于句子主语the nice
21、dress与该不定式 to buy 有动宾关系,故 to buy后不宜再接 代词 it作宾语 ) 注意:若句子主语与其后不定式有动宾关系,且其中的动词为不及物动词,此时6 应注意在其后加适当的介词。如:The room is too dirty to live in. 这房间太脏,不能住。 (句末的介词 in不可省略 ) 四、不定式是否用 被动语态上面讲到,若句子主语与其后不定式有动宾关系,其后作为及物动词的不定式不再带宾语。此时还需注意,该不定式通常也不用被动式,尽管意义上是被动的。如:The text is too difficult to understand. 这课文太难了,理解不了。
22、The text is too difficult for the students to understand. 这课文太难了,学生理解不了。但在某些特殊的语境,其中的不定式必须要用被动式。如:He spoke in a voice too low to be heard. 他说话的声音太低,听不见。He is too young to be sent to America for advanced study. 他太年轻,不能送到美国去深造。五、与 so such that 结构的转换1. The box is too heavy for me to carry. The box is s
23、o heavy that I cant carry it. It is such a heavy box that I cant carry it. 2. The child is too young to dress himself. The child is so young that he cant dress himself. He is such a young child that he cant dress himself. 注:有时还可与 not enough to 转换,但此时要注意把原句型中的形容词改为相对应的反义词。如:The child is too young to
24、dress himself. The child is not old enough to dress himself. 六、too to 有时可表示肯定意义在以下几种情况, too to 结构可以表示肯定意义,而不是否定意义:1. 当不定式前有否定词修饰时。比较:He is too foolish to understand this. 他太蠢,不会明白这一点。He is too clever not to understand this. 他太聪明,不会不明白这一点。2. 当副词 too 的前面有否定词修饰时。如:Never too old to learn. 活到老学到老。 ( 直译:永
25、远不会太老而不能学习) It s never too late to stop smoking. 戒烟何时都不算晚。 ( 直译:永远不会太迟而不能戒烟 ) 3. 当副词 too 后面修饰的形容词是glad, ready, pleased 等表示“积极”意义的词汇时。如:I m too glad to see you again. 又见到你我很高兴。We are too ready to help you. 我们很乐意帮助你。I shall be only too pleased to get home. 我要回到家里就非常高兴。no one, nobody与 none 的用法区别1. no o
26、ne与 nobody同义,均只能指人,不能指物;用作主语时,谓语动词一7 般用单数,且其后一般接表范围的of 短语。如:No one Nobody knows. 谁也不知道。No one Nobody likes it. 没人喜欢它。2. none 既可指人也可指物,其后通常接 of 短语;用作主语时,若指不可数名词,谓语只能用单数,若指可数名词,则谓语可用单数(较正式 ) 也可用复数 (用于非正式文体,但更符合惯用法)。如:None of the food was left. 一点食物都没留下。None of the books is are interesting. 没有一本书有趣。3.
27、none 往往暗示有一定的范围 ( 这种范围通常就表现在其后的 of 短语上 ),而no one 或 nobody 则不暗示这种范围。体会下面的两组对话:A:Did any of your friends come to see you? 你的朋友当中有谁来看过你吗? B:None. 一个也没来。A:Did anyone come to see you? 有人来看过你吗 ? B:No one Nobody. 谁也没来。4. none 有时暗示一种数量,即指数量上“一个也没有”,而 no one 或 nobody 则往往表示一种全面否定, 即指 “谁都没有”, 所以在回答 how many 或
28、how much 的提问时,通常用 none,而在回答 who 的提问时,通常用 no one 或 nobody 。体会:A:How many English books have you read? 你读过多少本英文书 ? B:None. 一本也没读。A:How much money did you give her? 你给了她多少钱 ? B:None. 一分也没给。A:Who went to see the film? 谁去看电影了 ? B:No one Nobody. 谁也没去。有关 would rather的五个重要句型一、后接 动词原形后接动词原形,表示“宁愿做某事”。如:Id ra
29、ther be told the truth than be lied to. 我宁愿听真话,不愿被欺骗。Ive already seen that film, so Id rather see another one. 我已经看过那部电影了,所以还是看部别的吧。Ill go if youre going. If not, Id rather stay at home. 你去我就去,否则我宁可待在家里。Id rather do it without anybodys help. 我宁愿不要任何人帮助,自己干这件事。“How about a drink?” “Id rather have som
30、ething to eat.”“喝一杯怎么样?”“我宁愿来点吃的。”注:would rather的否定式,通常要将not 置于 rather之后。如:Id rather not say anything. 我宁可什么也不说。二、后接完成式动词后接完成式动词,表示过去的想法,通常可译为“( 本来) 宁愿做某事”。如:We went by sea, but I d rather have gone by air. 我们是乘船去的,可我8 本想乘飞机去。“At that time, I would rather have been a factory worker than an animal ke
31、eper, ” he said. “那时,我宁愿做一个工厂工人,也不愿做动物饲养员,”他说道。三、后接从句后接从句时,从句谓语要用虚拟语气 。具体说来,有以下两种情况:1. 指现在或将来用过去时。如:I would rather you didnt mention the price. 我愿意你别提价钱。Id rather you knew that now, than afterwards. 我宁愿你现在知道而不是以后。Dont come and see me todayId rather you came tomorrow. 今天不要来看我我希望你们明天来。Tomorrows diffic
32、ult. Id rather yon came next weekend. 明天有困难。我希望你下周末来。“We might go for a swim” “No,ld rather we didnt.” “我们去游泳吧。”“不,我想我们最好不去。”“Shall I give you a cheque?” “I d rather you paid cash.” “我付给您支票行吗 ?”“我想您最好付现金。”Ann said that Bill wanted to go alone but that shed rather he went with a group. 安说比尔想一个人去,但她宁愿
33、他跟一大群人一起去。2. 指过去用 过去完成时 。如:Id rather he hadnt told me about it 我宁愿他未告诉我这件事。Kate went by car and Id rather she hadnt. 凯特是坐汽车去的,我倒愿意她不是坐汽车去的。Id rather she had asked me before borrowing the car. 我真希望她先问我一声再借车。注:有时用于虚拟语气语境中。如:If Id lived in 1400, Id rather have been a knight than a monk. 如果我生活在 1400 年,我
34、宁愿当骑士,不当修道士。If shed had a chance, shed rather have lived 100 years ago. 如果有机会她宁愿生活在 100 年前。四、用于 would ratherthan 结构此结构表示“宁愿 (做)而不愿 ( 做) ”。如:Id rather go hungry than eat that! 我宁可挨饿也不吃那种东西! I d rather pay his fine for him than let him go to prison. 我宁愿替他交罚款,也不愿让他蹲监狱。He would rather have the small one than (have) the large one. 他宁愿要小的那个,而不愿要大的。Id rather use my money than leave it lying in the bank. 我宁可把钱花了也不想存在银行里。Id rather have a room of my own. however small (it is), than share a room. 无论房间多么小,我宁愿一个人住一间,而不愿意与别人合住一个房间。五、用于口语表达Id rather not 口语中说 Id rather not,表示委婉的不同意,其意为“我宁愿不”。如: