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1、2012 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）1 2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways tha
2、t _3_ the court s reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court s decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethi
3、cs code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authori
4、ty apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_.Constitutional law is political because it
5、results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the cour
6、t s legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _20_, convincing as law.1. Aemphasize Bmaintain Cmodify D recognize2. Awhen Blest Cbefore D unless3. Arestored Bweakened Cestablished D eliminated4. Achallen
7、ged Bcompromised Csuspected D accepted 2012 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）2 5. Aadvanced Bcaught Cbound Dfounded 6. Aresistant Bsubject Cimmune Dprone 7. Aresorts Bsticks Cloads Dapplies 8. Aevade Braise Cdeny Dsettle 9. Aline Bbarrier Csimilarity Dconflict 10. Aby Bas Cthough Dtowards 11. Aso Bsince Cprovided
8、 Dthough 12. Aserve Bsatisfy Cupset Dreplace 13. Aconfirm Bexpress Ccultivate Doffer 14. Aguarded Bfollowed Cstudied Dtied 15. Aconcepts Btheories Cdivisions Dconceptions 16. Aexcludes Bquestions Cshapes Dcontrols 17. Adismissed Breleased Cranked Ddistorted 18. Asuppress Bexploit Caddress Dignore 19
9、. Aaccessible Bamiable Cagreeable Daccountable 20. Aby all mesns Batall costs Cin a word Das a result Come on Everybody s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs
10、and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club , Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word. Rose
11、nberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young pe
12、ople to promote safe sex among their peers. The idea seems promising ，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psych
13、ology . ” Dare to be different, please don t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues 2012 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）3 convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers,
14、 so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw
15、of the social cure as it s presented here is that it doesn t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our b
16、ehavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day. Far less certain, however, is how successfully
17、 experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that s the problem with a social cure engine
18、ered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends. 21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges asA a supplement to the social cureB a stimulus to group dynamicsC an obstacle to school progressD a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rose
19、nberg holds that public advocates shouldA recruit professional advertisersB learn from advertisers experienceC stay away from commercial advertisersD recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author s view, Rosenberg s book fails toA adequately probe social and biological factorsB effect
20、ively evade the flaws of the social cure C illustrate the functions of state fundingDproduce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviorsA is harmful to our networks of friends 2012 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）4 B will mislead behavioral studiesC occurs without our realizi
21、ng it D can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is A harmfulB desirableC profoundD questionableA deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justifi
22、ed outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations. Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont s rules in the federal court, as part o
23、f a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It s a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the compa
24、ny agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant s license be subject to Vermont legislature s approval. Then, too, the company went along. Either Entergy never really intended to live by those
25、commitments, or it simply didn t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious quest ions about both Vermont Yankee s safety and Entergy s management especially a
26、fter the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension. Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal gove
27、rnment has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Ce
28、rtainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point. The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting lef
29、t to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic 2012 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）5 trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company h
30、as applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase “ reneging on” (Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to A condemning.B
31、reaffirming.C dishonoring.D securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to A obtain protection from Vermont regulators.B seek favor from the federal legislature.C acquire an extension of its business license .D get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragrap
32、h 4, Entergy seems to have problems with itsA managerial practices. B technical innovativeness.C financial goals. D business vision29. In the author s view, the Vermont case will testA Entergy s capacity to fulfill all its promises.B the mature of states patchwork regulations.C the federal authority
33、 over nuclear issues .D the limits of states power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph thatA Entergy s business elsewhere might be affected.B the authority of the NRC will be defied.C Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.D Vermont s reputation might be damage
34、d.In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route.
35、We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound. 2012 年全国硕士
36、研究生入学统一考试英语（一）6 Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through whi
37、ch the individual researcher s me, here, now becomes the community s anyone, anywhere, anytime . Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point. Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of
38、 what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including othe
39、r scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual s discovery claim into the
40、 community s credible discovery. Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believ
41、ed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provoke
42、s disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “ seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are req
43、uired for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility “ happens ” to a discovery claim a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “ We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other s rea
44、soning and each other s conceptions of reason.”31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by itsA uncertainty and complexity.B misconception and deceptiveness.C logicality and objectivity. D systematicness and regularity.2012 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）7 32. It can be in
45、ferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requiresA strict inspection. Bshared efforts.C individual wisdom. Dpersistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after itA has attracted the attention of the general public.Bhas been examined by the scientific comm
46、unity.C has received recognition from editors and reviewers.Dhas been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Gy?rgyi would most likely agree thatA scientific claims will survive challenges.Bdiscoveries today inspire future research.C efforts to make discoveries are justified.Dscientif
47、ic work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?A Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.BCollective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.C Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.DChallenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.If the trade unio
48、nist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America s public sector passed that of their fellow member
49、s in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized. There are three reasons for the public- sector unions thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are m
50、ostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader