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1、欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！.2012 年考研英语一真题原文及答案解析完整版 Section I Use of English Directions:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank a
2、nd mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently.The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians.Yet,in several instances,justices acted in ways that _3_
3、 the courts reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia,for example,appeared at political events.That kind of activity makes it less likely that the courts decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments.Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code.At
4、the very least,the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from
5、 politics.They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support.Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from ch
6、oices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property.When the court deals with social policy decisions,the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the courts legitimacy by
7、making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct.That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and,_20_,convincing as law.1.Aemphasize Bmaintain Cmodify D recognize 2.Awhen Blest Cbefore D unless 3.Arestored Bweakened Cestablished D eliminated 4.Achallenged Bcompromised Csusp
8、ected D accepted 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！.5.Aadvanced Bcaught Cbound Dfounded 6.Aresistant Bsubject Cimmune Dprone 7.Aresorts Bsticks Cloads Dapplies 8.Aevade Braise Cdeny Dsettle 9.Aline Bbarrier Csimilarity Dconflict 10.Aby Bas Cthough Dtowards 11.Aso Bsince Cprovided Dthoug
9、h 12.Aserve Bsatisfy Cupset Dreplace 13.Aconfirm Bexpress Ccultivate Doffer 14.Aguarded Bfollowed Cstudied Dtied 15.Aconcepts Btheories Cdivisions Dconceptions 16.Aexcludes Bquestions Cshapes Dcontrols 17.Adismissed Breleased Cranked Ddistorted 18.Asuppress Bexploit Caddress Dignore 19.Aaccessible B
10、amiable Cagreeable Daccountable 20.Aby all mesns Batall costs Cin a word Das a result Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1 Come on-Everybodys
11、doing it.That whispered message,half invitation and half forcing,is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure.It usually leads to no good-drinking,drugs and casual sex.But in her new book Join the Club,Tina Rosenberg contends 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！.that p
12、eer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure,in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg,the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize,offers a host of example of the social cure
13、in action:In South Carolina,a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool.In South Africa,an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a per
14、ceptive observer.Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on:they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits,and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.Dare to be different,please dont smoke!pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing sm
15、oking among teenagers-teenagers,who desire nothing more than fitting in.Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers,so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure,Rosenberg is less persuasive.Join the Club
16、 is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful.The most glaring flaw of the social cure as its presented here is that it doesnt work very well for very long.Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding
17、 was cut.Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.Theres no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior.An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via socia
18、l communication.This is a subtle form of peer pressure:we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain,however,is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions.Its like the teacher who breaks up the troub
19、lemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates.The tactic never really works.And thats the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside:in the real world,as in school,we insist on choosing our own friends.21.According to the first paragraph,peer pressure often emer
20、ges as A a supplement to the social cure B a stimulus to group dynamics C an obstacle to school progress D a cause of undesirable behaviors 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！.22.Rosenberg holds that public advocates should A recruit professional advertisers B learn from advertisers expe
21、rience C stay away from commercial advertisers D recognize the limitations of advertisements 23.In the authors view,Rosenbergs book fails to A adequately probe social and biological factors B effectively evade the flaws of the social cure C illustrate the functions of state funding Dproduce a long-l
22、asting social effect 24.Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors A is harmful to our networks of friends B will mislead behavioral studies C occurs without our realizing it D can produce negative health habits 25.The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is A
23、 harmful B desirable C profound D questionable Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions:欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！.Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1 Come on-Ev
24、erybodys doing it.That whispered message,half invitation and half forcing,is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure.It usually leads to no good-drinking,drugs and casual sex.But in her new book Join the Club,Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive for
25、ce through what she calls the social cure,in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg,the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize,offers a host of example of the social cure in action:In South Carolina,a state-spo
26、nsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool.In South Africa,an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer.Her critique of the la
27、meness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on:they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits,and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.Dare to be different,please dont smoke!pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers,who des
28、ire nothing more than fitting in.Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers,so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure,Rosenberg is less persuasive.Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant det
29、ail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful.The most glaring flaw of the social cure as its presented here is that it doesnt work very well for very long.Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut.Evidence that the LoveLife pro
30、gram produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.Theres no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior.An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication.This is a subtle form o
31、f peer pressure:we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain,however,is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions.Its like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing the
32、m with better-behaved classmates.The tactic never really works.And thats the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside:in the real world,as in school,we insist on choosing our own friends.21.According to the first paragraph,peer pressure often emerges as 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！
33、我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！.A a supplement to the social cure B a stimulus to group dynamics C an obstacle to school progress D a cause of undesirable behaviors 22.Rosenberg holds that public advocates should A recruit professional advertisers B learn from advertisers experience C stay away from commercial adve
34、rtisers D recognize the limitations of advertisements 23.In the authors view,Rosenbergs book fails to A adequately probe social and biological factors B effectively evade the flaws of the social cure C illustrate the functions of state funding Dproduce a long-lasting social effect 24.Paragraph 5show
35、s that our imitation of behaviors A is harmful to our networks of friends B will mislead behavioral studies C occurs without our realizing it D can produce negative health habits 25.The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is A harmful B desirable C profound D quest
36、ionable 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！.Text 3 In the idealized version of how science is done,facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work.But in the everyday practice of science,discove
37、ry frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route.We aim to be objective,but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience.Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience,what we think our experiences mean,and the subsequent actions we take.Opportunities for misinterpre
38、tation,error,and self-deception abound.Consequently,discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience.Similar to newly staked mining claims,they are full of potential.But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery.This is the credibility pr
39、ocess,through which the individual researchers me,here,now becomes the communitys anyone,anywhere,anytime.Objective knowledge is the goal,not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public,the discoverer receives intellectual credit.But,unlike with mining claims,the community takes control
40、 of what happens next.Within the complex social structure of the scientific community,researchers make discoveries;editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process;other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes;and finally,the public(including other sc
41、ientists)receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology.As a discovery claim works it through the community,the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individuals discovery claim into the communi
42、tys credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process.First,scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect.Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed.The goal i
43、s new-search,not re-search.Not surprisingly,newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers.Second,novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief.Nobel L
44、aureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as“seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views.Sometimes years are required for truly novel dis
45、covery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end,credibility“happens to a discovery claim-a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind.“We reason together,challenge,revise,and complete each others reasoning and each others conceptions o
46、f reason.31.According to the first paragraph,the process of discovery is characterized by its A uncertainty and complexity.欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！.B misconception and deceptiveness.C logicality and objectivity.D systematicness and regularity.32.It can be inferred from Paragra
47、ph 2 that credibility process requires A strict inspection.Bshared efforts.C individual wisdom.Dpersistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it A has attracted the attention of the general public.Bhas been examined by the scientific community.C has receive
48、d recognition from editors and reviewers.Dhas been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34.Albert Szent-Gy?rgyi would most likely agree that A scientific claims will survive challenges.Bdiscoveries today inspire future research.C efforts to make discoveries are justified.Dscientific work calls for a
49、 critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?A Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.BCollective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.C Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.DChallenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text 4 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系
50、删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！.If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today,he would probably represent civil servant.When Hoffas Teamsters were in their prime in 1960,only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union;now 36%do.In 2009 the number of unionists in Americas public sector passed