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1、欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！山西硕成启航考研 2012 年考研英语一真题及答案解析 2012年考研英语一真题及答案解析 2012年考研英语一真题原文及答案解析完整版 Section I Use of English Directions:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)Read the following text.Choo
2、se the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently.The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians.Yet,in sever
3、al instances,justices acted in ways that _3_ the courts reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia,for example,appeared at political events.That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court s decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments.Part of the problem is that
4、the justices are not _5_by an ethics code.At the very least,the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution e
5、nvisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics.They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support.Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_.Constitutiona
6、l law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property.When the court deals with social policy decisions,the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来
7、源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！山西硕成启航考研 The justices must _18_ doubts about the court s legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct.That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and,_20_,convincing as law.1.Aemphasize Bmaintain Cmodify D recognize 2.Awhen B
8、lest Cbefore D unless 3.Arestored Bweakened Cestablished D eliminated 4.Achallenged Bcompromised Csuspected D accepted 5.Aadvanced Bcaught Cbound Dfounded 6.Aresistant Bsubject Cimmune Dprone 7.Aresorts Bsticks Cloads Dapplies 8.Aevade Braise Cdeny Dsettle 9.Aline Bbarrier Csimilarity Dconflict 10.A
9、by Bas Cthough Dtowards 11.Aso Bsince Cprovided Dthough 12.Aserve Bsatisfy Cupset Dreplace 13.Aconfirm Bexpress Ccultivate Doffer 14.Aguarded Bfollowed Cstudied Dtied 15.Aconcepts Btheories Cdivisions Dconceptions 16.Aexcludes Bquestions Cshapes Dcontrols 17.Adismissed Breleased Cranked Ddistorted 1
10、8.Asuppress Bexploit Caddress Dignore 19.Aaccessible Bamiable Cagreeable Daccountable 20.Aby all mesns Batall costs Cin a word Das a result 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！山西硕成启航考研 2012年考研英语一真题及答案解析 网盘下载 mp3 音频 Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions:Read the following four
11、 texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1 Come on-Everybodys doing it.That whispered message,half invitation and half forcing,is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure.It usually leads to no good-dr
12、inking,drugs and casual sex.But in her new book Join the Club,Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure,in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the w
13、ord.Rosenberg,the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize,offers a host of example of the social cure in action:In South Carolina,a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool.In South Africa,an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young
14、people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer.Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on:they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits,and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psycholo
15、gy.”Dare to be different,please dont smoke!”pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers,who desire nothing more than fitting in.Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers,so skilled at applying peer pressure.
16、But on the general effectiveness of the social cure,Rosenberg is less persuasive.Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful.The most glaring flaw of the social cure as its presented here
17、is that it doesnt work very well for very long.Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut.Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.Theres no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior.An emerging body of research shows tha
18、t positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！山西硕成启航考研 through networks of friends via social communication.This is a subtle form of peer pressure:we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain,however,is how successf
19、ully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions.Its like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates.The tactic never really works.And thats the problem with a social cure enginee
20、red from the outside:in the real world,as in school,we insist on choosing our own friends.21.According to the first paragraph,peer pressure often emerges as A a supplement to the social cure B a stimulus to group dynamics C an obstacle to school progress D a cause of undesirable behaviors 22.Rosenbe
21、rg holds that public advocates should A recruit professional advertisers B learn from advertisers experience C stay away from commercial advertisers D recognize the limitations of advertisements 23.In the authors view,Rosenbergs book fails to A adequately probe social and biological factors B effect
22、ively evade the flaws of the social cure C illustrate the functions of state funding Dproduce a long-lasting social effect 24.Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors A is harmful to our networks of friends 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！山西硕成启航考研 B will mislead behavioral stu
23、dies C occurs without our realizing it D can produce negative health habits 25.The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is A harmful B desirable C profound D questionable 2012年考研英语一真题及答案解析 网盘下载 mp3 音频 Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions:Read the follo
24、wing four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1 Come on-Everybodys doing it.That whispered message,half invitation and half forcing,is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure.It usually leads to n
25、o good-drinking,drugs and casual sex.But in her new book Join the Club,Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure,in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possi
26、bly the word.Rosenberg,the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize,offers a host of example of the social cure in action:In South Carolina,a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool.In South Africa,an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recrui
27、ts young people to promote safe sex among their peers.欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！山西硕成启航考研 The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer.Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on:they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits,
28、and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.”Dare to be different,please dont smoke!”pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers,who desire nothing more than fitting in.Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to t
29、ake a page from advertisers,so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure,Rosenberg is less persuasive.Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerfu
30、l.The most glaring flaw of the social cure as its presented here is that it doesnt work very well for very long.Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut.Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.Theres no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous
31、 influence on our behavior.An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication.This is a subtle form of peer pressure:we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain,however,is how
32、 successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions.Its like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates.The tactic never really works.And thats the problem with a social cur
33、e engineered from the outside:in the real world,as in school,we insist on choosing our own friends.21.According to the first paragraph,peer pressure often emerges as A a supplement to the social cure B a stimulus to group dynamics C an obstacle to school progress D a cause of undesirable behaviors 2
34、2.Rosenberg holds that public advocates should A recruit professional advertisers B learn from advertisers experience 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！山西硕成启航考研 C stay away from commercial advertisers D recognize the limitations of advertisements 23.In the authors view,Rosenbergs book f
35、ails to A adequately probe social and biological factors B effectively evade the flaws of the social cure C illustrate the functions of state funding Dproduce a long-lasting social effect 24.Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors A is harmful to our networks of friends B will mislead behav
36、ioral studies C occurs without our realizing it D can produce negative health habits 25.The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is A harmful B desirable C profound D questionable Text 3 In the idealized version of how science is done,facts about the world are waiti
37、ng to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work.But in the everyday practice of science,discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route.We aim to be objective,but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience
38、.Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience,what we think our experiences mean,and the subsequent actions we take.Opportunities for misinterpretation,error,and self-deception abound.欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！山西硕成启航考研 Consequently,discovery claims should be thought
39、 of as protoscience.Similar to newly staked mining claims,they are full of potential.But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery.This is the credibility process,through which the individual researcher s me,here,now becomes the community s an
40、yone,anywhere,anytime.Objective knowledge is the goal,not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public,the discoverer receives intellectual credit.But,unlike with mining claims,the community takes control of what happens next.Within the complex social structure of the scientific communit
41、y,researchers make discoveries;editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process;other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes;and finally,the public(including other scientists)receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology.As a discov
42、ery claim works it through the community,the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individuals discovery claim into the communitys credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process.First
43、,scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect.Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed.The goal is new-search,not re-search.Not surprisingly,newly published discovery claims and cre
44、dible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers.Second,novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief.Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as“seeing wha
45、t everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.”But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views.Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end,credibility“happens”to a di
46、scovery claim-a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind.“We reason together,challenge,revise,and complete each other s reasoning and each other s conceptions of reason.”31.According to the first paragraph,the process of discovery is charact
47、erized by its A uncertainty and complexity.B misconception and deceptiveness.C logicality and objectivity.D systematicness and regularity.欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！山西硕成启航考研 32.It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires A strict inspection.Bshared effor
48、ts.C individual wisdom.Dpersistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it A has attracted the attention of the general public.Bhas been examined by the scientific community.C has received recognition from editors and reviewers.Dhas been frequently quoted by
49、peer scientists.34.Albert Szent-Gy?rgyi would most likely agree that A scientific claims will survive challenges.Bdiscoveries today inspire future research.C efforts to make discoveries are justified.Dscientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the
50、test?A Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.BCollective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.C Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.DChallenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text 4 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！山西硕成启航考研 If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive