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1、高考阅读理解技巧高考阅读理解技巧一、阅读理解题选材一、阅读理解题选材高考阅读理解题选材,一般遵循三个原则:1.文章一般为 3 篇(含信息匹配题),阅读量在 1100 单词左右;2.题材广泛,包括科普、社会、文化、政治、经济等多方面内容;3.体裁多样,包括记叙文、描写文、说明文、议论文、应用文等。二、英语阅读文体类型二、英语阅读文体类型学会分析体裁的能力对我们做好阅读理解来说是非常重要的。由于不同的文体有不同的段落组织方式和脉络层次,所以我们可以根据这种特点来快速分析文章的体裁:记叙文往往按时间顺序时间顺序展开段落,文章有明显表示时间先后的词语。阅读时抓住时间这条主线,弄清 who、what、w
2、here、why 与 how。文章主旨要透过体察所揭示的人物、事件来进行提炼。描写手法大多按时间跨度、空间顺序、上下顺序来展开。阅读记叙文体应采取 略读和扫读略读和扫读的方法,快速抓住文中描写的主要内容,从整体上去把握文章的连贯性,进而大体上揣测出作者的写作意图及情感主线。高考阅读就记叙文设题大多以 细节细节理解为主。描写文通过细节的描写以画面的方式来反应事物的特征、性质。对这种文章要迅速弄清其主题,主题词往往出现在各个句子里,贯穿文章的始末;紧围绕这个主题进行阅读,找到文章与之有关的信息,并确定信息与主题的关系。说明文用以解释或揭示事物的状态、特征、演变、结果及其相互之间的关系,这类文体的文
3、章,首句往往是主首句往往是主题句,题句,开门见山开门见山,说明文章的关注对象:弄清作者的思路和段落组织的方式;把握次要信息及其与主题的关系。英语说明文的总体结构通常为三部份,说明对象、说明过程和归纳总结。常见的说明方法:1,定义与诠释说明;2,举例与引用说明;3,分类与图表说明;4,比较与比喻说明;5,分析与综合说明;就高考英语说明文的阅读而言,首先要抓住文章说明的要点,也就是要抓住被说明对象的实质性特征;弄清作者从哪个角度、哪个层面开始说明;并明白文章最后的说明结论。高考说明文阅读材料通常介绍 最新科技、重最新科技、重大成就、生活时尚、流行现象大成就、生活时尚、流行现象等。了解说明文的写作手
4、法、说明方法,理清短文结构及段落中心思想写作手法、说明方法,理清短文结构及段落中心思想是答题关键。议论文通常为三段式,即“论点、论据、结论”三部份组成。首先借助某一现象引出论点,然后通过一定论据从各个层面上加以推理论证,最后得出结论。议论文体主要考查学生对论点及论据的把握。因此,遇到议论文体时,应采取抓主题句的方法来把握文章主旨,弄清作者的观点。一般来说,作者的论点通常在文章首段被引出,接着是对这一论点的逻辑推理和论证,最后为结论。还应注意的是:在对论点论证的过程中,每一段的首句都是该段的主题句。把握全文论点、弄清论证各段的主题句、理解文章层次、找出中心论点的位置把握全文论点、弄清论证各段的主
5、题句、理解文章层次、找出中心论点的位置 是理解议论文的关键。就议论文而言,其论证的常见结构方式有:1,总分式总-分;分-总;总-分-总;2,并列式几个论据之间属于平等关系;3,递进式几个论据之间属于递进关系;4,对照式把两种事物加以对比,以彰显其中一种。应用文属于实用型文体,如书信、通知、日记、广告等。应用文阅读要注意文中具体细节的把握与理解,弄清作者所传达的实际信息及表达的具体内容。阅读时采取 速读与精读速读与精读相结合的方法,力求快速精确地查出试题所设置的关键内容。1 培养孩子终生学习动力1 文章的结构往往很容易把握,用主题句开门见山。作者往往通过信号词(signal words 或 tr
6、ansitional words)和关联词(referents 来组织段落、文章.对信号词的迅速反应和对关联词的准确判断是至关重要的;要特别注意区分作者的观点与文章里所提到的人物的观点,同时注意作者所使用的表示赞同、反对等感情色彩的词汇。三、阅读解题步骤三、阅读解题步骤1、第一步:先读题2、第二步:读文章3、第三步:解题四、阅读理解答题技巧四、阅读理解答题技巧高考阅读理解常见的设题形式有:词义猜测题、细节理解题、推断题、作者态度题和主旨大意题词义猜测题、细节理解题、推断题、作者态度题和主旨大意题。题型不同,答题技巧也就有差异。下面就不同题型的答题技巧作一点简分析。1 1、词义猜测技巧。、词义猜
7、测技巧。此类考题目要求考生能根据上下文确定某一特定的词或短语的准确含义。一般提问方式如下:1)The word“ABC”in the passage probably means _.2)The underlined word“ABC”in the passage refers to/meansmeans _.3)Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word in the second paragraph?4)The underlined sentence in the last paragraph me
8、ans _5)The word it(them)in the first paragraph refers to _这种题型要求对文章中的划线生词进行词义猜测。这类题型不仅要求具备一定构词法,而且也要求对上下文具有比较全面的理解。做词意猜测时,应注意划线生词后面的定语从句、同位语从句。定语从句、同位语从句通常用来解释生词的词意。另外,还要应注意生词后的标点符号,如逗号、破折号、引号、括号都可用于提示词意。有时,词意隐藏在全文或某一段中,这就需要把握文段的意境来加以透知该词的含义。在高考阅读题中,考生遇到的最大障碍往往有两个:一是被已认识的单词的某一熟知含义所误导;二是被完全不认识的单词的意思所
9、阻碍,从而出现理解偏差或理解困难,影响阅读的速度。其实解决这两个困难的一个重要法宝是考生在心目中树立起上下文观念,要学会顺藤摸瓜,通过构词,语法,定义,同位,对比,因果,常识,上下文等线索确定词义。在阅读解题时要注意从以下七个方面着手:在阅读解题时要注意从以下七个方面着手:1 1)根据定义或解释、说明猜测生词的词义)根据定义或解释、说明猜测生词的词义在 be,be called,call 等判断词出现的判断句中,或定语从句及标点符号,可以根据已知部分,猜测生词的含义。例如:The herdsman,who looks after sheep,earns about 650 yuan a yea
10、r.通过理解定语从句的意思,能猜出herdsman 是“牧人”。2 2)根据对比关系猜测生词的词义)根据对比关系猜测生词的词义在 but,however,yet,otherwise,though 这些表示意义转折的连词出现的句子中,其前后的词有明显对比关系,根据已知的内容,通过这种对比关系,就很容易猜出生词的词义了。例如:Though Toms face has been washed quiteclean,his neck still remains grubby.和 clean 意思相对的便是“肮脏的”了,因此可猜出句中 grubby 的意思是“肮脏的”。3 3)通过因果关系猜测词义)通过
11、因果关系猜测词义because,since与as是连接原因状语从句的从属连词,so是连接表示结果的状语从句的连词,so.that与such.that中的 that 是连接结果状语从句的。当这些信息词出现在有生词的句子中,通过因果关系,依据已知部分就能猜出生词的词义。例如:She wanted the hairdresser to trim her hair a bit because it was too long.根据 because 从句所讲的意思,我们就可推测 trim 就是“修剪”之意。4 4)根据生活常识猜测词义)根据生活常识猜测词义运用逻辑推理能力,自身的生活经验及生活常识。再联系
12、上下文能读懂的部分,可以正确猜出词义。例如:Most of the roses are beginning to wither because of the cold.根据句子意思及生活经验,wither 表示“枯萎”。5 5)根据同等关系猜测词义)根据同等关系猜测词义1 培养孩子终生学习动力2同等关系,指的是一个词,一组词或短语在句中作同一成分,而且它们的词义都属于同一范畴。明显的标志是,这样的词组或短语中间常常用并列连词and 或 or 来连接。例如:At forty-two he was in his prime and always full ofenergy.从“年龄 42 岁”以及
13、与 prime 具有同等关系的 full of energy 可以猜出 prime 的意思是“盛年时期”。6 6)根据列举的事例猜测词义)根据列举的事例猜测词义You can take any of the periodicals:“The World of English”.“Foreign Language Teaching in Schools”,or“EnglishLearning”.从后面列举的例子中,可以猜出periodical 是“期刊,杂志”的意思。7 7)根据构词法知识猜测词义)根据构词法知识猜测词义根据学过的构词法知识,知道词根和前缀或后缀的意义,就可猜出由它们组成的新词词
14、义。2 2、细节题型的答题技巧。、细节题型的答题技巧。此类考题主要针对文章的细节,一般提问方式如下:1)Which of the following is right?2)Which of the following is NOT true according to the information in the passage?3)Which of the following statements is correct according to the passage?4)Which of the following is Not True in the passage?5)Which of
15、the following is not mentioned?6)Which of the following is mentioned in the passage?7)The author mentions all of the following except.8)The writer mentions all of the items listed below except _.9)What is the example of.as described in the passage?10)Choose the right order of this passage.11)Accordi
16、ng to the passage,when(where,why,how,who,etc.).12)The reason for.is.13)From this passage we know that _.14)In the passage,the author states that _.细节题的破解一般采用寻读法,即先看试题,再读文章。对有关信息进行快速定位,再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比,有根有据地排除干扰项,选出正确答案。此法加强了阅读的针对性,提高了做题的准确率,节省了宝贵的时间。寻读法还特别适用于对图形表格类题材的理解。做此类型的题目还要特别注意句子的逻辑关系。英语中有许
17、多功能词,如:表因果关系的 because,since,as 等;表转折关系的 but,however,on the contrary,on the otherhand 等等。Some animals are in danger because they are hunted.Alarmingly,thethe populationpopulation ofof tigerstigers hashas alreadyalready fallenfallen bybyninetyninety-five percentfive percent.Other species are in danger
18、 because of a lack of food.For example,there are fewer than 1300 giantpandas left in the wild.28.According to the passage the worlds tiger population _.A.will rise by 5%next yearB.is relatively stableC.is 95%smaller than in the pastD.has fallen to 95%3 3、推断题型答题技巧。、推断题型答题技巧。此类考题一般针对短文内容和考生应有的常识,文章中虽然
19、没有明确的答案,但考生在理解全文的基础上可以进行推理和判断其答案。一般提问方式如下:1)We can guess the writer of the letter may be a _.2)We can infer from the text that _.3)It can be inferred from the text that _.4)From the letters weve learned that its very _ to know something about American social customs.5)From the story we can guess _.6
20、)It may be concluded from the passage that 7)Which of the following statements does the passage support?8)The story implies that _.1 培养孩子终生学习动力39)The paragraph following the passage will most probably be _.10)The author implied(suggested)that 推理是在既有信息的基础上得出合乎文章内容的内涵意义,即某一问题、某一观点没有直接表述,而寓意在文章的字里行间,要求
21、通过文中信息分析推出某种符合作者思想、符合文章逻辑的内涵意义。推断则是指通过对文章进行符合逻辑的综合分析,推出文章未直接陈述的言外之意。推断题推断得正确与否,很大程度上取决于是否能正推断题推断得正确与否,很大程度上取决于是否能正确把握作者潜隐在字里行间的语气及观点。确把握作者潜隐在字里行间的语气及观点。To argue that zoos imprison animals is to misunderstand what zoos are about.To argue that zoos imprison animals is to misunderstand what zoos are ab
22、out.Without zoos many of the creatureswe love and admire would no longer exist.Every single day,over one hundred animal species vanish.Scientists predict thatas early as 2050 one quarter of the Earths species will become extinct.26.Whats the writers attitude towards zoos?A.He shows no opinion either
23、 for or against them.B.He thinks that they are unnecessary and cruel.C.He believes they play an important environmental role.D.He expresses a desire that more of them be built.4 4、作者态度题的技巧、作者态度题的技巧此类题目的主要提问方式是一般提问方式如下:1)How did the writer feel?2)The author seems to think that _.3)The writer writes t
24、his text to _.4)The writer believes that _.5)The writer suggests that _.6)The author wants to appeal to _.7)The writer is trying to present a point of view in _.8)The authors style is _.9)The authors tone would be best described as _.10)What is the authors opinion of _?11)What is the authors main pu
25、rpose in the passage?这一类考题大都要求考生就作者对论述对象持什么样的态度做出推断,如作者对所陈述的观点是赞同、反对,还是犹豫不定,对记述或描写的人、物或事件是赞颂、同情、冷漠,还是厌恶。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩不一定直接表述出来,而往往隐含在字里行间。因此,进行这种推断时,我们既要依靠短文的主题思想作为推力的前提,又要注意作者的措辞,尤其是形容词一类的修饰语。确定作者态度,可以有两种思路:确定作者态度,可以有两种思路:1、问全文主体事物的(包括主题),可以根据阐述主题或有关主体事物的相关句中的形容词、副词或动词确定作者的态度;2、如果问的是对某一具体事物的态度,则可以
26、定位到具体相关句,然后确定答案。英语阅读理解中表示作者态度的词汇英语阅读理解中表示作者态度的词汇一一 赞同赞同1.positiveadj.肯定的,积极的,确实的2.favorableadj.赞成的,有利的3.approvaln.赞成,承认,正式批准4.supportiveadj.支持的,支援的5.enthusiasticadj.热心的,热情的6.defensive 为而辩护,防卫的7.practical 实际的8.logical 符合逻辑的9.reasonable 合理的10.rational 理性的1 培养孩子终生学习动力4二二 否定否定11.negativeadj.否定的,消极的,负的,阴
27、性的12.disapproval 不赞成13.objection 异议,反对/objective 反对的14.opposition 反对15.critical 批评的16.worriedadj.闷闷不乐的,焦虑的17.impractical不实际的18.illogical adj.不合逻辑的19.irrelevant 不相关的20.radicaladj.激进的21.biased 有偏见的22.prejudiced 有成见的;偏颇的23.conservative adj.保守的三三 怀疑怀疑24.suspicionn.猜疑,怀疑25.suspiciousadj.(of)可疑的,怀疑的26.dou
28、btfuladj.可疑的,不确的,疑心的27.puzzling/puzzled adj.使迷惑的,使莫明其妙的28.confused 困惑的四四 客观客观(即好的坏的都说,选的可能性极大即好的坏的都说,选的可能性极大)29.objectiveadj.客观的30.neutraladj.中立的31.impartialadj.公平的,不偏不倚的32.impersonaladj.不带个人色彩的33.unbiasedadj.没有偏见的34.unprejudicedadj.公平的,无偏见的35.factualadj.事实的,实际的,根据事实的五五 主观主观36.subjective adj.主观的,个人的
29、37.tolerancen.宽容,容忍,忍受38.tolerant 宽容的/intolerable39.sensitive 敏感锐的,易受伤害的40.scaredadj.恐惧的 scary 可怕的41.reservedadj.保留的42.moderateadj.中等的,适度的,适中的v.缓和43.mildadj.温和的,温柔的,淡味的,适度的44.amazedadj.吃惊的,惊奇的45.concernedadj.关心的,有关的46.amused 可笑的47.humorous 幽默的48.fascinated 迷人的49.curious 好奇的50.unforgiving 不可饶恕的1 培养孩子
30、终生学习动力551.pitiful 可怜的,令人同情的52.stressful 有压力的53.merciful 仁慈的54.innocent 无辜的,无罪的55.sociable 好交际的,友善的六六 积极积极56.active 主动的,积极的57.positive 积极的,肯定的,58.optimisticadj.乐观的59.confidentadj.自信的,确信的60.interestedadj.感兴趣的,61.impressiveadj.给人深刻印象的,感人的62.respective 尊敬的63.persuasive 令人信服的,有说服力的64.convinced 信服的/convin
31、cing 令人信服的七七 消极的消极的65.passive被动的,消极的66.negative 消极的67.pessimistic 悲观的68.depressed 消沉的,压抑的,抑郁的69.frustrated 失意的,挫败的70.disappointed 失望的/disappointing 令人失望的71.gloomy adj.黑暗的,阴沉的,阴郁的72.indifferent 漠不关心的73.unconcerned 不关心的74.blue 忧郁的5 5、抓主旨大意的技巧。、抓主旨大意的技巧。这种题型要求考生能够把握文章的总体,并真正理解主题和中心;要求能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等
32、逻辑思维方法解题,难度较大,属于高层次题。一般主旨大意题可以分为两类:一般主旨大意题可以分为两类:1 1确定文章的标题和主题确定文章的标题和主题(title or topic)(title or topic)标题位于文章之首,用来高度概括文章内容,点明文章主题。它可以是单词,短语,也可以是句子。要确定文章标题,首先,要在阅读原文的基础上,考虑标题是否与主题密切相关;其次,看标题是否能概括全文内容。不能只概括短文中的某些事实或细节;然后,要注意标题范围不应太大或太小;最后,标题应简练并能吸引读者。即:1、独特新颖 2、概括性强 3、短小精炼。常见的标题型题干:常见的标题型题干:1)The bes
33、t title/headline for this passage might be_.2)The text(passage)could be entitled _.3)What is the best title for the passage?4)Whats the topic of the article?如:In the 1930s,a lot of people in the USA were out of work.Among these people was a man named Alfred Butts.Healways had an interest in word gam
34、es and to fill his time he planned a game which he called“Lexico”.However,he was notcompletely satisfied with the game,so he made a number of changes to it and changed its name from“Lexico”to“Alph”and then to“Criss Cross”.He wanted to make some money from his new game but he didnt have any real comm
35、ercial(商业性的)success.1 培养孩子终生学习动力6Q:The text is mainly about_.A.LexicoB.Three men C.A word gameD.Alfred Butts.【解题思路】答案 A 和 C 以偏概全。因此此题的正确答案应为D。2.2.主题句(主题句(topic sentencetopic sentence)及主旨大意)及主旨大意(main idea)(main idea)的概括的概括一篇文章一般表达一个中心内容或主题。这个中心内容或主题通常用一个句子来概括。此句叫做主题句。一般来说,说明文和议论文都有主题句,而且多位于文章的开头,有时也
36、位于文章的中间或末尾。但有时不能在文中直接找到主题句,要求读者把握每段的主题句,弄清段于段之间逻辑关系的基础上自己归纳总结。主题句必须能简洁明了地概括全文的主要内容,具有高度的综合性和概括性。文章或段落的其他句子都是对主题句的进一步解释,说明,论证或扩展.常见的主题句和主旨型题干:常见的主题句和主旨型题干:1)What is the topic sentence of the passage?2)This article/text/passage mainly tells that _.3)Which of the following gives a general idea of the p
37、assage?4)Which of the following is the main idea of the passage?如:Joshua Bingham studied 4 years at the University of Paris and decided to leave his graduation.He transferred to theUniversity of Berlin and graduated with honors.Harvard Law School and,later,Boston College provided him with anexcellen
38、t legal background.He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami,Florida.Q:What is the main idea of the passage?A.How Joshua Bingham became a lawyer.B.Bingham is a diligent student.C.Joshua Bingham received an excellent education.D.A good lawyer needs good education.【解题思路】此文没有主题句。全篇共四句,只陈述了四个细节(deta
39、il)性的事实。因此就答案本身看,个个都对。读者只能将所有的 details 综合起来,进行逻辑推理,才能构成一个没有言明的主题思想(unstated main idea)。由于文中主要涉及了 Joshua Bingham 接受教育的情况,即作者想告诉我们的是:Joshua Bingham 接受过良好的教育,所以答案是。总之,阅读水平的提高不是一两天的阅读就可以见效的。想要提高阅读能力,一是要培养良好的阅读行为习惯;如:要用眼光看,不要用手指去点;要默读,不要小声读。二是要积累大量的词汇,把阅读中的高频难词熟记,每次阅读后要整理好生词,然后记住其意思。三是要广泛地做课后阅读,坚持每天读1-2
40、篇文章。四是不要一遇到生词就查字典,要先猜其意义,等做完题目后再查字典,以免影响阅读速度。五、题目类型五、题目类型A A 类题:类题:可以直接从原文中找到答案的题目A 类题为拿分题丢分原因:1)凭印象做题,准确率低。2)时间把握最容易出问题:忘记内容的时候往往会回到文章中去找答案,一篇文章往往要读好几遍。A 类题解题技巧:看清题目所问的内容之后,要在原文中划出原句,并标上题号。这样做的目的:1)做到万无一失,保证把该拿到的分数拿到手。2)减少阅读文章的次数,争取宝贵的时间。B B 类题:类题:不能够从原文中直接找到答案的题需要经过分析、判断、推理之后才能解答的题。该类题是失分题,往往是出题人用
41、来拉开学生梯度和层次的题。B 类题包括:文章主题和中心大意等,一般都是主旨题。B 类题解题技巧:1、以原文为依据,不参杂个人意见,要客观不要主观。2、答案是比出来的。答案不选对的,只选最好的。1 培养孩子终生学习动力7因为,有时候四个答案都是对的。所以,当看到第一答案是正确的时候,也要看后面的答案。遇到这种情况,往往有学生钻牛角尖。老师给学生解释的时候,也可以这样说:你的答案没错,但是另一个答案更好,更全面。答案不选对的,只选最好的。比答案的原则是:好的不知道的;不知道的不对的。3、注意绝对化的词。如果答案选项中出现绝对化的词,比如:all,always,never,nothing,every
42、 等等,除非文章当中使用了该类词汇,否则,一般都要排除。比如,原文中出现了这样一个句子:Almost everyone likes the music.答题时,要你判断如下这个句子正误(True or False):Everyone likes the music.该句子应该是错误的。4、答案要避免以点带面,以偏盖全。尤其是多个选项都有道理,难以挑选正确答案的时候,要注意选择最符合题目要求的一个。5、“傻瓜”原则。文章中没有提到的就当时不知道,不要枉自猜测,自作聪明。一切以文章内容为准。六、阅读练习六、阅读练习(A A 篇练习)篇练习)On Thursday afternoon Mrs.Cla
43、rke,dressed for going out,took her handbag with her money and her key in it,pulledthe door behind her to lock it and went to the over 60s Club.She always went there on Thursdays.It was a nice outing foran old woman who lived alone.At six oclock she came home,let herself in and at once smelt cigarett
44、e smoke.Cigarette smoke in her house?How?How?Had someone got in?She checked the back door and the windows.All were locked or fastened,as usual.There wasno sign of forced entry.Over a cup of tea she wondered whether someone might have a key that fitted her front door-“a master key”perhaps.So she stay
45、ed at home the following Thursday.Nothing happened.Was anyone watching her movements?On theThursday after that she went out at her usual time,dressed as usual,but she didnt go to the club.Instead she took a shortcut home again,letting herself in through her garden and the back door.She settled down
46、to wait.It was just after four oclock when the front door bell rang.Mrs.Clarke was making a cup of tea at the time.The bellrang again,and then she heard her letter-box being pushed open.With the kettle of boiling water in her hand,she movedquietly towards the front door.A long piece of wire appeared
47、 through the letter-box,and then a hand.The wire turned andcaught around the handle on the door-lock.Mrs.Clarke raised the kettle and poured the water over the hand.There was ashout outside,and the skin seemed to drop off the fingers like a glove.The wire fell to the floor,the hand was pulled back,a
48、nd Mrs.Clarke heard the sound of running feet.65.Mrs.Clarke looked forward to Thursday because _.65.Mrs.Clarke looked forward to Thursday because _.A.she worked at a club on the dayB.she had visitors on ThursdayC.she visited a club on ThursdayD.a special visitor came on Thursday66.What does the expr
49、ession“66.What does the expression“a master keya master key”in Paragraph 3 most probably mean?”in Paragraph 3 most probably mean?A.A key to all the doors.B.A key only to the womans door.C.A key only its master can use.D.A key not everyone can use.67.On the third Thursday Mrs.Clarke went out _.67.On
50、the third Thursday Mrs.Clarke went out _.A.because she didnt want to miss the club againB.to see if the thief was wandering outsideC.to the club but then changed her mindD.in an attempt to trick the thief68.The lock on the front door was one which _.68.The lock on the front door was one which _.A.ne