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1、绝密启用前英英语语（科目代码：201）考生注意事项1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。2. 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。3. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。4. 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分必须使用 2B 铅笔填涂。5.考试
2、结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。（以下信息考生必须认真填写）考生编号考生姓名年全国硕士研究生招生考试备考2022全全国国硕硕士士研研究究生生入入学学统统一一考考试试英英语语试试题题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonie
3、s had become independent nations. The roughly 20 million 1 of these nations looked 2 to the future. Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian colonialism, many of the leaders of independence 3 the ideals of representative government, careers 4 to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the 5 t
4、o private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. 6 there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a 7 set of laws.On the issue of 8 of religion and the position of the Church, 9 ,
5、 there was less agreement 10 the leadership. Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one 11 by the Spanish crown. 12 most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism 13 the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the 14 of other faiths. The defense of the Church became
6、a rallying 15 for the conservative forces.The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equality of everything. Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had 16 in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere excep
7、t Spain s 17 colonies. Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much 18 because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies 19 . Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was 20 self-rule and democracy.- 1 -备考2
8、0221.A nativesB inhabitantsC peoplesD individuals2.A confusedlyB cheerfullyC worriedlyD hopefully3.A sharedB forgotC attainedD rejected4.ArelatedB closeC openD devoted5.A accessB successionC rightD return6.A PresumablyB IncidentallyC ObviouslyD Generally7.A uniqueB commonC particularD typical8.A fre
9、edomB originC impactD reform9.A thereforeB howeverC indeedD moreover10.A withB aboutC amongD by11.A allowedB preachedC grantedD funded12.A SinceB IfC UnlessD While13.A asB forC underD against14.A spreadB interferenceC exclusionD influence15.A supportB cryC pleaD wish16.A urgedB intendedC expectedD p
10、romised17.A controllingB formerC remainingD original18.A slowerB fasterC easierD tougher19.A createdB producedC contributedD preferred20.A puzzled byB hostile toC pessimistic aboutD unprepared forSection IIReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions belo
11、w each text by choosingA, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)- 2 -Text 1If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006sWorld Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccerplayers are more likely to have been born in t
12、he earlier months of the year than in thelater months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed theWorld Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to beeven more pronounced.What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: a)cert
13、ain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b) winter-born babies tend tohave higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parentsare more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania;d) none of the above.Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-
14、old psychology professor at Florida State University,says he believes strongly in “none of the above.” Ericsson grew up in Sweden, andstudied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity toconduct his own research if he switched to psychology. His first experiment, nearly30 y
15、ears ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and then repeat a randomseries of numbers. “With the first subject, after about 20 hours of training, his digitspan had risen from 7 to 20,” Ericsson recalls. “He kept improving, and after about200 hours of training he had risen to over 80numbers.
16、”This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is notgenetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is moreof a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborndifferences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memori
17、ze, those differencesare swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information. And the best wayto learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a processknown as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating atask. Rather, it involves setti
18、ng specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback andconcentrating as much on technique as on outcome.Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in awide range of pursuits, including soccer. They gather all the data they can, not justperformance statistics and biographic
19、al details but also the results of their ownlaboratory experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a rather startlingassertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way,expertperformerswhetherinmemoryorsurgery,balletorcomputerprogrammingare nearly always made,
20、 not born.- 3 -21. The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned toA stress the importance of professional training.B spotlight the soccer superstars in the WorldCup.C introduce the topic of what makes expertperformance.D explain why some soccer teams play better thanothers.22. The
21、 word “mania” (Line 4, Paragraph 2) most probably meansA fun.B craze.C hysteria.D excitement.23.According to Ericsson, good memoryA depends on meaningful processing of information.B results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.C is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.D
22、requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.24. Ericsson and his colleagues believe thatA talent is a dominating factor for professional success.B biographical data provide the key to excellentperformance.C the role of talent tends to be overlooked.D high achievers owe their succe
23、ss mostly to nurture.25. Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries toconvey?A “Faith will move mountains.”B “One reaps what one sows.”C “Practice makes perfect.”D “Like father, like son.”- 4 -Text 2For the past several years, the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has
24、featureda column called “Ask Marilyn.” People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savant, whoat age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old; that gave her anIQ of 228the highest score ever recorded. IQ tests ask you to complete verbal andvisual analogies, to envision paper after i
25、t has been folded and cut, and to deducenumerical sequences, among other similar tasks. So it is a bit confusing when vosSavant fields such queries from the average Joe (whose IQ is 100) as, Whats thedifference between love and fondness? Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence?It s not obvious
26、 how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numericalpatterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets andphilosophers.Clearly, intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test. Just what does itmean to be smart? How much of intelligence can be specified
27、, and how much can welearn about it from neurology, genetics, computer science and other fields?The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, eventhough IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be. The test comes primarily intwo forms: the Stanford-Binet Intellig
28、ence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales(both come in adult and children s version). Generally costing several hundred dollars,they are usually given only by psychologists, although variations of them populatebookstores and the World Wide Web. Superhigh scores like vos Savant s are no longerp
29、ossible, because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution amongage peers, rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age andmultiplying by 100. Other standardized tests, such as the Scholastic Assessment Test(SAT)and the Graduate Record Exam (GRE), capture t
30、he main aspects of IQ tests.Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary tosucceed in school and in life, argues Robert J. Sternberg. In his article “HowIntelligent Is Intelligence Testing?”, Sternberg notes that traditional tests best assessanalytical and verbal skill
31、s but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge,components also critical to problem solving and life success. Moreover, IQ tests do notnecessarily predict so well once populations or situations change. Research has foundthat IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low
32、-stressconditions, but under high-stress conditions, IQ was negatively correlated withleadershipthat is, it predicted the opposite. Anyone who has toiled through SATwilltestify that test-taking skill also matters, whether its knowing when to guess or whatquestions to skip.- 5 -26. Which of the follo
33、wing may be required in an intelligencetest?A Answering philosophical questions.B Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.C Tellingthe differences between certain concepts.D Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.27. What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph3?
34、A People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.B More versions of IQ tests are now available on theInternet.C The test contents and formats for adults and children may bedifferent.D Scientists have defined the important elements of humanintelligence.28. People nowadays can no longe
35、rachieve IQ scores as high as vos Savants becauseA the scores are obtained through different computationalprocedures.B creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasizednow.C vos Savant s case is an extreme one that will notrepeat.D the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.29. Wecan c
36、onclude from the last paragraph thatA test scores may not be reliable indicators of one sability.B IQ scores and SATresults are highly correlated.C testing involves a lot of guesswork.D traditional tests are out ofdate.30. What is the author s attitude towards IQtests?A Supportive.B Skeptical.C Impa
37、rtial.D Biased.- 6 -Text 3During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once couldcount on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has beentransformed by economic risk and new realities. Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, ora disappearing spouse can reduce a fami
38、ly from solidly middle class to newly poor ina few months.In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, transformingbasic family economics. Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes havedebated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect
39、:family risk has risen as well. Today s families have budgeted to the limits of theirnew two-paycheck status. As a result, they have lost the parachute they once had intimes of financial setbacka back-up earner (usually Mom) who could go into theworkforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell s
40、ick. This “added-worker effect”could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disabilityinsurance to help families weather bad times. But today, a disruption to familyfortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-homepartner.During the same period,
41、families have been asked to absorb much more risk intheir retirement income. Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the autoindustry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates, stockmarket fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement
42、money.For much of the past year, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to asavings-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed paymentsfor payments depending on investment returns. For younger families, the picture isnot any better. Both the absolute cost of heal
43、thcare and the share of it borne byfamilies have risenand newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading fromlegislative halls to Wal-Mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large newdose of investment risk for families future healthcare. Even demographics areworking against the middl
44、e class family, as the odds of having a weak elderlyparentand all the attendant need for physical and financial assistancehave jumpedeightfold in just one generation.From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looksfar less like an opportunity to exercise more financial r
45、esponsibility, and a good dealmore like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto theiralready overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun, and the politicalfallout may not be far behind.- 7 -31. Today s double-income families are at greater financial risk
46、inthatA the safety net they used to enjoy hasdisappeared.B their chances of being laid off have greatlyincreased.C they are more vulnerable to changes in familyeconomics.D they are deprived of unemployment or disabilityinsurance.32.As a result of President Bush s reform, retired people mayhaveA a hi
47、gher sense of security.B less secured payments.C less chance to invest.D a guaranteed future.33.According to the author, health-savings planswillA help reduce the cost of healthcare.B popularize among the middle class.C compensate for the reduced pensions.D increase the families investment risk.34.
48、It can be inferred from the last paragraph thatA financial risks tend to outweigh political risks.B the middle class may face greater political challenges.C financial problems may bring about political problems.D financial responsibility is an indicator of political status.35. Which of the following
49、 is the best title for thistext?A The Middle Class on theAlertB The Middle Class on the CliffC The Middle Class in ConflictD The Middle Class in Ruins- 8 -Text 4It never rains but it pours. Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out theirworst accounting and compliance troubles, and improved
50、their feeble corporationgovernance, a new problem threatens to earn themespecially in Americathesort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: datainsecurity. Left, until now, to odd, low-level IT staff to put right, and seen as aconcern only of data-rich indus