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1、绝密启用前英英语语（科目代码：201）考生注意事项1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。2. 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。3. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。4. 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分必须使用 2B 铅笔填涂。5.考试
2、结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。（以下信息考生必须认真填写）考生编号考生姓名年全国硕士研究生招生考试备考2022Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points). Teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes
3、that young adults experience. And they also need to give serious 1 to how they can best _2_ such changes. Growing bodies need movement and 3 but not just in ways that emphasize competition. _4 they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teena
4、gers are especially self-conscious and need the 5 that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are 6 by others. However, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be 7 to plan activities in which there are more winners than los
5、ers,_8_, publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews,_9 student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion clubs. A variety of small clubs can provide 10 opportunities for leadership, as well as for practice in successful 11 dynamics. Making friends is extremely important to teenagers
6、, and many shy students need the organization with a supportive adult 13 visible in the background. 12 of some kind of In these activities, it is important to remember that the young teens have _l_attention spans. A variety of activities should be organized 15 participants can remain active as long
7、as they want and then go on to 16 else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants l1_ . This does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibility. 18 they can help students acquire a sense of commitment by 19 for roles that are within their 20 and their attention spans and b
8、y having clearly stated rules.- 1 -备考20221. A thoughtB ideaC opinionD advice2. A strengthenB accommodate C stimulateD enhance3. A careB nutrition C exerciseD leisure4. A IfB AlthoughC WhereasD Because5. A assistanceB guidance C confidenceD tolerance6. A claimedB admiredC ignoredD surpassed7. A impro
9、perB riskyC fairD wise8. A in effectB as a resultC for exampleD in a sense9. A displayingB describing C creatingDexchanging10. A durableB excessiveC surplusDmultiple11. A groupB individual C personnelDcorporation12. A consentB insuranceC admissionD security13. A particularlyB barelyC definitelyD rar
10、ely14. A similarB long C differentD short15. A ifonlyB now thatC so thatD even if16. A everythingB anythingC nothingD something17. A offB downC outD alone18. A On the contraryB On the averageC On the wholeD On the other hand19. A makingB standingC planningD taking20. A capabilityB responsibilityC pr
11、oficiencyD efficiencySection II Reading Comprehension PartA Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. ( 40 points) - 2 -Text 1 Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Inter net. The American spymaster
12、 who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War II and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the great game of espionage -spying as a profession. These days the Net, which has already re-made such every
13、day pastimes asbuying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan s vocation as well. The latest revolution isnt simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemens e-mail. That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades. In the past three or four years, the World Wide Web has given
14、birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying. The spooks call it open source intelligence, and as the Net grows, it is becoming increasingly influential. In 1995 the CIA held a contest to see who could compile the most data about Burundi. The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia com
15、pany called Open-Source Solutions, whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world. Among the firms making the biggest splash in the new world is Straitford, Inc., a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas. Straitford makes money by selling the results of spying (cove
16、ring nations from Chile to Russia) to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International. Many of its predictions are available online at www.S. Straiford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and di
17、stribution, a spymasters dream. Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far comers of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine. As soon as that report runs, well suddenly get 500 new internet sign-ups from Ukraine, says Friedman, a former political science professor. And well
18、 hear back from some of them. Open-source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad. Thats where Straitford earns its keep. Friedman relies on a lean staff of 20 m Austin. Several of his staff members have military-intelligence backgrounds. He
19、 sees the firms outsider status as the key to its success. Straitfords briefs dont sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. Straitford, says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice. - 3 -21. The emergenc
20、e of the Net has _ _ A received support from fans like DonovanB remolded the intelligence servicesC restored many common pastimesD revived spying as a profession22. Donovans story is mentioned in the text to _ .A introduce the topic of online spyingB show how he fought for the USC give an episode of
21、 the information warD honor his unique services to the CIA23.The phrase making the biggest splash (line !,paragraph 3) most probably means _ .A causing the biggest troubleB exerting the greatest effortC achieving the greatest successD enjoying the widest popularity24. It can be learned from paragrap
22、h 4 that _ A straitfords prediction about Ukraine has proved trueB straitford guarantees the truthfulness of its informationC straitfords business is characterized by unpredictabilityD straitford is able to provide fairly reliable information25. Straitford is most proud of its _ A official statusB n
23、onconformist imageC efficient staffD military background- 4 -Text2 To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing. One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have ri
24、ghts ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on publ
25、ic funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal. For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was
26、distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals-no meat, no fur, no medicines. Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied, Then I would have to say ye
27、s. Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, Dont worry, scientists will find some way of using computers. Such well-meaning people just dont understand. Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way-in human terms, not in the language o
28、f molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmothers hip replacement, a fathers bypass operation, a babys vaccinations, and even a pets shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatmen
29、ts and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst. Much can be done. Scientists could adopt middle school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a decepti
30、ve appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen C
31、ooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing, there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress. - 5 -26.The author begins his article with
32、 Edmund Burkes words to _ A call on scientists to take some actionsB criticize the misguided cause of animal rightsC warn of the doom of biomedical researchD show the triumph of the animal rights movement27. Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is _ _A cruel but naturalB inhu
33、man and unacceptableC inevitable but viciousD pointless and wasteful28. The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the publics _ A discontent with animal researchB ignorance about medical scienceC indifference to epidemicsD anxiety about animal rights29. The author believes that, m face
34、of the challenge from animal rights advocates, scientistsshould -A communicate more with the publicB employ hi-tech means in researchC feel no shame for their causeD strive to develop new cures30. From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is _ A a well-known humanistB a medical practitionerC an ent
35、husiast in animal rightsD a supporter of animal research- 6 -Text3 In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into supersystems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles
36、moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail earners. Supporters of the new supersystems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated servi
37、ce. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat. The vast consolid
38、ation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such captive shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal
39、to the federal governments Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases. Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyones cost. If railroads
40、 charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. Its theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often
41、 leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper. Many captive shippers also wor
42、ry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortuning fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acq
43、uire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the $10.2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrails net railway operating income in 1996 was just $427 million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Whos going to pay for the rest o
44、f the bill? Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market. - 7 -31. According to those who support mergers, railway monopoly is unlikely because _ _,_ A cost reduction is based on competition.B services call for cross-trade coordination.C ou
45、tside competitors will continue to exist.D shippers will have the railway by the throat.32. What is many captive shippers attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry?A Indifferent.B Supportive. C Indignant.D Apprehensive.33. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that _ _,_A shippers will b
46、e charged less without a rival railroad.B there will soon be only one railroad company nationwide.C overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate relief.D a government board ensures fair play in railway business.34. The word arbiters(line 6,paragraph 4)most probably refers to those _ _,_A who
47、 work as coordinators.B who function as judges.C who supervise transactions.D who determine the price.35.According to the text, the cost increase in the rail industry is mainly caused by _ _A the continuing acquisition.B the growing traffic.C the cheering Wall Street.D the shrinking market.- 8 -Text
48、 4 It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional. Small wonder. Americans life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure. Such
49、advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago. But not even a great health-care system can cure death-and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours. Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to di
50、sintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions. We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved. Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if its useless. The most