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1、绝密启用前英英语语（科目代码：201）考生注意事项1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。2. 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。3. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。4. 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分必须使用 2B 铅笔填涂。5.考试
2、结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。（以下信息考生必须认真填写）考生编号考生姓名年全国硕士研究生招生考试备考2022Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points). Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency ( crimes committed
3、by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories _l_on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior 2 they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through _3 _ wit
4、h others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in _4 _to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status, middle-class values. -=5-_ as a rejection of Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, _ the fact
5、 that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes _7 lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are 8 to criticism. Changes in the social structure may indirectly 9 juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that 10 to
6、fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment .ll_ make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in _n lead more youths into criminal behavior. Families have also 13 changes these years. More families consist of one-parent households or two workin
7、g parents; 14 , children are likely to have less supervision at home 15 was common in the traditional family 16 . This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other 17 causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased 18 of d
8、rugs and alcohol, and the growing 19 of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, 2Q_a direct causal relationship has not yet been established. - 1 -备考20221. A acting2. A before3. A interaction4. A return5. A or6. A con
9、sidering7. A on8. A immune9. A affect10. A point11. A in general12. A case13. A survived14.A contrarily 15. A than16. A system17. A assessable18. A expense19. A incidence20. A providedPartA Directions: B relyingB unlessB assimilationB replyB but ratherB ignoringB inB resistantB reduceB leadB on aver
10、ageB shortB noticedB consequentlyB thatB structureB identifiableB restrictionB awarenessB sinceSection II C centeringD commentingC untilD becauseC cooperationD consultationC referenceD responseC butD or elseC highlightingD discardingC forD withC sensitiveD subjectC chockD reflectC comeD amountC by c
11、ontrastD at lengthC tumD essence C undertakenD experiencedC similarlyD simultaneouslyC whichD asC conceptD heritageC negligibleD incredibleC allocationD availabilityC exposureD popularityC althoughD supposingReading Comprehension Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by
12、 choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. ( 40 points) - 2 -Text 1 Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job database on the Internet. He searched it with no success but was attracted by the sites personal search agent. Its an intera
13、ctive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database. Redmon chose the keywords legal, intellectual property and Washington, D. C. Three weeks later, he got his first notification of an opening.
14、 I struck gold, says Redmon, who E-mailed his resume to the employer and won a position as in-house counsel for a company. With thousands of career-related sites on the Internet, finding prom1smg openmgs can he time-consuming and inefficient. Search agents reduce the need for repeated visits to the
15、databases. But although a search agent worked for Redmon, career experts see drawbacks. Narrowing your criteria, for example, may work against you: Every time you answer a question you eliminate a possibility, says one expert. For any job search, you should start with a narrow concept-what you think
16、 you want to do-then broaden it. None of these programs do that, says another expert. Theres no career counseling implicit in all of this. Instead, the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in a particular database; when you get E-mail, consider it a remi
17、nder to check thedatabase again. I would not rely on agents for finding everything that is added to a database that might interest me, says the author of a job-searching guide. Some sites design their agents to tempt job hunters to return. When CareerSites agent sends out messages to those who have
18、signed up for its service, for example, it includes only three potential jobs-those it considers the best matches. There may be more matches in the database; job hunters will have to visit the site again to find them-and they do. On the day after we send our messages, we see a sharp increase in our
19、traffic, says Seth Peets, vice president of marketing for CareerSite. Even those who arent hunting for jobs may find search agents worthwhile. Some use them to keep a close watch on the demand for their line of work or gather information on compensation to arm themselves when negotiating for a raise
20、. Although happily employed, Redmon maintains his agent at CareerBuilder. You always keep your eyes open, he says. Working with a personal search agent means having another set of eyes looking out for you. - 3 -21. How did Redmon find his job?A By searching openings in a job database.B By posting a
21、matching position in a database.C By using a special service of a database.D By E-mailing his resume to a database.22. Which of the following can be a disadvantage of search agents?A Lack of counseling.B Limited number of visits.C Lower efficiency.D Fewer successful matches.23. The expression tip se
22、rvice (Line 3, Paragraph 3) most probably means _ .A advisory.B compensation. C interaction.D reminder.24. Why does CareerSites agent offer each job hunter only three job options?A To focus on better job matches.B To attract more returning visits.CTo reserve space for more messages.D To increase the
23、 rate of success.25. Which of the following is true according to the text?A Personal search agents are indispensable to job-hunters.B Some sites keep E-mailing job seekers to trace their demands.C Personal search agents are also helpful to those already employed.D Some agents stop sending informatio
24、n to people once they are employed.- 4 -Text2 Over the past century, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or made illegal. But one insidious form continues to thrive: alphabetism. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those
25、whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet. It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories. Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in life over Zoe Zysman. Eng
26、lish names are fairly evenly spread between the halves of the alphabet. Yet a suspiciously large number of top people have surnames beginning with letters between AandK. Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C respectively; and 26 of George Bushs predecesso
27、rs (including his father) had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half. Even more striking, six of the seven heads of government of the G7 rich countries are alphabetically advantaged (Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chretien and Koizumi). The worlds three top c
28、entral bankers (Greenspan, Duisenberg and Hayami) are all close to the top of the alphabet, even if one of them really uses Japanese characters. As are the worlds five richest men (Gates, Buffett, Allen, Ellison and Albrecht). Can this merely be coincidence? One theory, dreamt up in all the spare ti
29、me enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rot sets in early. At the start of the first year in infant school, teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front, to make it easier to remember their names. So short-sighted Zysman junior gets stuck in the back row, and is rarely aske
30、d the improving questions posed by those insensitive teachers. At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape. Yet the result may be worse qualifications, because they get less individual attention, as well as less confidence in speaking publicly. The humiliation
31、 continues. At university graduation ceremonies, the ABCs proudly get their awards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ. Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetical
32、ly, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them. - 5 -26. What does the author intend to illustrate with AAAA cars and Zodiac cars? A A kind of overlooked inequality. B A type of conspicuous bias. C A type of personal prejudice. D A kind of brand discrimination. 27. What can we in
33、fer from the first three paragraphs? A In both East and West, names are essential to success. B The alphabet is to blame for the failure of Zoe Zysman. C Customers often pay a lot of attention to companies names. D Some form of discrimination is too subtle to recognize. 28. The 4th paragraph suggest
34、s that _ _ A questions are often put to the more intelligent students B alphabetically disadvantaged students often escape from class C teachers should pay attention to all of their students D students should be seated according to their eyesight 29. What does the author mean by most people are lite
35、rally having a ZZZ (Lines 2, Paragraph 5)? A They are getting impatient. B They are noisily dozing off. C They are feeling humiliated. D They are busy with word puzzles. 30. Which of the following is true according to the text? A People with surnames beginning with N to Z are often ill-treated. B VI
36、Ps in the Western world gain a great deal from alphabetism. C The campaign to eliminate alphabetism still has a long way to go. D Putting things alphabetically may lead to unintentional bias. - 6 -Text3 When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isnt biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year
37、-old manicurist isnt cutting, filing or polishing as many nails as shed like to, either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. Im a good economic indicator, she says. I provide a service tha
38、t people can do without when theyre concerned about saving some dollars. So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillards department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. I dont know if other clients are going to abandon me, too, she says. Even before Alan Greens
39、pans admission that Americas red-hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenu
40、e between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time. Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last years pace. But dont sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only mildly concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the e
41、conomys long-term prospects even as they do some modest belt-tightening. Consumers say theyre not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good. Home prices are holding steady in most regions. In Manhattan, theres a new gold rush happening in the $4 mi
42、llion to $10 million range, predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses, says broker Barbara Corcoran. In San Francisco, prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets. Instead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get two or three, says John Tealdi, a Bay Area real-estate broker. And mos
43、t folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a job. Many folks see silver linings to this slowdown. Potential home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates. Employers wouldnt mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market. Many consumers seem to have been influenced b
44、y stock-market swings, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom. Diners might see an upside, too. Getting a table at Manhattans hot new Alain Ducasse restaurant used to be impossible. Not anymore. For that, Greenspan & Co. may still be worth toasting. - 7 -31. By El
45、len Spero isnt biting her nails just yet (Line 1, Paragraph 1 ), the author means _ . A Spero can hardly maintain her business. B Spero is too much engaged in her work. C Spero has grown out of her bad habit. D Spero is not in a desperate situation. 32. How do the public feel about the current econo
46、mic situation? A Optimistic. B Confused. C Carefree. D Panicked. 33. When mentioning the $4 million to $10 million range(Lines 3, Paragraph 3), the author is talking about -A gold market. B real estate. C stock exchange. D venture investment. 34. Why can many people see silver linings to the economi
47、c slowdown? A They would benefit in certain ways. B The stock market shows signs of recovery. C Such a slowdown usually precedes a boom. D The purchasing power would be enhanced. 35. To which of the following is the author likely to agree? A A new boom, on the horizon. B Tighten the belt, the single
48、 remedy. C Caution all right, panic not. D The more ventures, the more chances. - 8 -Text 4 Americans today dont place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education-
49、not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools arent difficult to find. Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual, says education writer Diane Ravitch. Schools could be a counterbalance. Rav
50、itchs latest book. Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits. But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind l