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1、Medical MicrobiologyDepartment of Microbiology,HMUDepartment of Microbiology,HMU第37章 肝炎病毒Hepatitis viruses微生物学教研室微生物学教研室 凌凌 虹虹第二篇 致病性细菌 教学大纲n n掌握内容n n肝炎病毒的种类肝炎病毒的种类 n n乙型肝炎病毒形态结构、致病性、预防原则乙型肝炎病毒形态结构、致病性、预防原则n n熟悉内容n n丁型肝炎病毒结构特征及致病特点丁型肝炎病毒结构特征及致病特点n n戊型肝炎病毒传播途径及致病特点戊型肝炎病毒传播途径及致病特点问题n n肝炎病毒有哪些?肝炎病毒有哪些?
2、n n甲型肝炎病毒甲型肝炎病毒的传播方式、致病特点和预防原则的传播方式、致病特点和预防原则n n简述简述乙型肝炎病毒乙型肝炎病毒的生物学性状、的生物学性状、抗原抗体组成抗原抗体组成及检出的意义、传播方式、致病特点及预防原则及检出的意义、传播方式、致病特点及预防原则n n丙型肝炎病毒丙型肝炎病毒的生物学特点和致病特点的生物学特点和致病特点n n丁型肝炎病毒丁型肝炎病毒(HDVHDV)的概念)的概念n n简述简述戊型肝炎病毒戊型肝炎病毒传播方式和致病特点传播方式和致病特点肝炎病毒(Hepatitis virus)n n以侵害肝脏为主引起病毒性肝炎的病毒以侵害肝脏为主引起病毒性肝炎的病毒n n种类:
3、种类:n n甲型肝炎病毒(甲型肝炎病毒(HAVHAV)、乙型肝炎病毒()、乙型肝炎病毒(HBVHBV)、)、丙型肝炎病毒(丙型肝炎病毒(HCVHCV)、丁型肝炎病毒()、丁型肝炎病毒(HDVHDV)、)、戊型肝炎病毒(戊型肝炎病毒(HEVHEV)、)、GBV-C/HGVGBV-C/HGV、TTVTTVn n其他病毒其他病毒n n黄热病毒、黄热病毒、CMVCMV、EBVEBV、风疹病毒等、风疹病毒等 Viral Hepatitis-Historical PerspectivesA“Infectious”“Serum”Viral hepatitisEntericallytransmittedPar
4、enterallytransmittedF,G,TTV?otherENANBNANBB DCHepatitis A virusn n1973年Feinstonen n应用免疫电镜技术从急性肝炎患者粪便发现应用免疫电镜技术从急性肝炎患者粪便发现n n生物学性状与肠道病毒一致n n19821982年国际病毒命名委员会将它分类为小核糖年国际病毒命名委员会将它分类为小核糖核酸病毒科肠道病毒属核酸病毒科肠道病毒属7272型型Anti-HAV PrevalenceAnti-HAV PrevalenceHighIntermediateLowVery LowGeographic Distribution of
5、 HAV infection生物学性状生物学性状n nHAV为球形颗粒,直径2732nm,无包膜。基因组为线状单正链RNAn n由由VP1VP14 4四种多肽组成四种多肽组成n nVP1VP1是主要衣壳蛋白和中和抗原,能中和所有是主要衣壳蛋白和中和抗原,能中和所有HAVHAVn n细胞培养:细胞培养:HAVHAV可用猴肾、人胚肾细胞等进行增可用猴肾、人胚肾细胞等进行增殖和传代,但不引起殖和传代,但不引起CPECPEn n易感动物有黑猩猩、南美洲猴、猕猴等易感动物有黑猩猩、南美洲猴、猕猴等n n接种后可出现急性肝炎接种后可出现急性肝炎n n抵抗力:较强抵抗力:较强n n对乙醚、酸、热(对乙醚、酸
6、、热(6060o oC C)稳定。高压、紫外、煮沸等)稳定。高压、紫外、煮沸等可灭活可灭活流行病学n n传染源n n患者和隐性感染者患者和隐性感染者n n传播方式:粪口途径n n污染食物、水源、海产品引起暴发或散发流行污染食物、水源、海产品引起暴发或散发流行 n n隐性感染率高n n成人成人HAVHAV抗体阳性率高达抗体阳性率高达70%90%70%90%致病性n n非溶细胞型病毒,不直接杀伤细胞n n病毒复制量与症状严重程度不一致,故认为免病毒复制量与症状严重程度不一致,故认为免疫应答参与损伤过程疫应答参与损伤过程n n病后期粪便可检出sIgA抗体n n无慢性病例n n典型的甲肝是自限过程,大
7、约三个月典型的甲肝是自限过程,大约三个月 甲型肝炎血清学变化过程Sources of HAV Infection Sources of HAV Infection 1983-931983-93Percentage of CasesPercentage of CasesPercentage of CasesSource:CDC,Viral Hepatitis Surveillance ProgramYearYearYearPersonal Personal Personal contactcontactcontactDay care centerDay care centerDay care c
8、enterForeign travelForeign travelForeign travelOutbreakOutbreakOutbreakDrug useDrug useDrug use40302010019831984198519861987198819891990199119921993Concentration of HAV in Various Body Fluids Source:Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease 1984;9-22J Infect Dis 1989;160:887-890FecesFecesSerumSerumSalivaSal
9、ivaUrineUrine1001021041061081010Infectious Doses per mlInfectious Doses per mlAge-specific Incidence of Age-specific Incidence of Hepatitis A 1983-93Hepatitis A 1983-93Source:CDC,National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance SystemYearYearYearReported Cases(per 100,000)Reported Cases(per 100,000)Reporte
10、d Cases(per 100,000)198319841985198619871988198919901991199219930510152025 5-14 years5-14 years5-14 years 15-24 years15-24 years15-24 years 25-39 years25-39 years25-39 years 0-4 years0-4 years0-4 years 40+years 40+years 40+years EndemicityDiseaseRatePeak Ageof InfectionTransmission PatternsHighLow t
11、o HighEarly childhoodPerson to person;outbreaks uncommonModerateHighLate childhood/young adultsPerson to person;food and waterborne outbreaksLowLowYoung adultsPerson to person;food and waterborne outbreaksVery lowVery lowAdultsTravelers;outbreaks uncommonGlobal Patterns of Hepatitis A Virus Transmis
12、sion诊断(Laboratory Diagnosis)n nAcute infection is diagnosed by the detection of HAV-IgM in serum by EIAn nPast Infection i.e.immunity is determined by the detection of HAV-IgG by EIA 防治原则防治原则n n加强食品卫生管理,水源n n减毒疫苗株H2株和L1株已投放市场n n基因工程疫苗也正在研究之中基因工程疫苗也正在研究之中n n应急预防可用丙种球蛋白n nMany cases occur in community
13、-wide outbreaksMany cases occur in community-wide outbreaksn nno risk factor identified for most casesno risk factor identified for most casesn nhighest attack rates in 5-14 year oldshighest attack rates in 5-14 year oldsn nchildren serve as reservoir of infectionchildren serve as reservoir of infec
14、tionn nPersons at increased risk of infectionPersons at increased risk of infectionn ntravelerstravelersn nhomosexual menhomosexual menn ninjecting drug usersinjecting drug users Hepatitis A Vaccination StrategiesEpidemiologic Considerationsn nPre-exposurePre-exposuren ntravelers to intermediate and
15、 high HAV-endemic regionstravelers to intermediate and high HAV-endemic regionsn nPost-exposure(within 14 days)Post-exposure(within 14 days)RoutineRoutinen nhousehold and other intimate contactshousehold and other intimate contactsSelected situationsSelected situationsn ninstitutions(e.g.,day care c
16、enters)institutions(e.g.,day care centers)n ncommon source exposure(e.g.,food prepared by infected food common source exposure(e.g.,food prepared by infected food handler)handler)Hepatitis A Prevention-Immune GlobulinGroupAgeNo.DosesEL.U.*(ml)Schedule(months)Children and adolescents2-18 years3360(0.
17、5)0,1,6-12Adults18 years21,440(1.0)0,6-12DosesHAVRIX*ELISA unitsRecommended Doses&Schedules of HAV VaccinationHapatitis B Virusn n1963年Blumberg在多次输血的血友病患者中发现澳抗,1968年确与血清型肝炎高度相关,1970年Dane在电镜下看到具有传染性的42nm病毒颗粒n nHBV在亚洲广泛流行,在中国约10%人口携带该病毒,全球约3.5亿n n19831983年将年将HBVHBV及与其分子结构、生物学特性相似的土拨及与其分子结构、生物学特性相似的土拨鼠
18、肝炎病毒鼠肝炎病毒(woodchuck hepatitis virus,WHV)(woodchuck hepatitis virus,WHV)、地松鼠肝、地松鼠肝炎病毒炎病毒(ground squirrel hepatitis virus,GSHV)(ground squirrel hepatitis virus,GSHV)及鸭肝炎病及鸭肝炎病毒毒(duck hepatits virus,DHV)(duck hepatits virus,DHV)归纳起来独立命名为归纳起来独立命名为嗜肝病嗜肝病毒科(毒科(HepadnaviridaeHepadnaviridae)HBsAg Prevalence
19、8%-High 2-7%-Intermediate 2%-LowGeographic Distribution of Chronic HBV Infection形态与结构n n电镜检查血清标本可见小球电镜检查血清标本可见小球形颗粒(形颗粒(22nm22nm)、管形颗)、管形颗粒(粒(22nmx50700nm22nmx50700nm)、)、大球形颗粒(大球形颗粒(42nm42nm)n n完整的HBV颗粒亦称Dane颗粒,颗粒直径为42nmn n具有双层衣壳结构。外壳相当于包膜,由脂质双层和乙肝表面抗原(HBsAg)、多聚人血清白蛋白受体(PHSA-r)和前S抗原(Pre-S)组成。内部有28nm
20、的核心,表面相当于内衣壳,含有乙型肝炎核心抗原(HBcAg)和乙型肝炎e抗原(HBeAg)。内部有HBV的DNA和DNA多聚酶HBV 基因组n nDNA是由3.2KB的长链 L(-)和短链 S(+)(约为L链的50%至85%长)组成的不完全双链环状DNA,长链载有病毒蛋白质的全部密码,有4个开放读码框架(ORF),分别称为S、C、P和X区HBV复制周期HBV Replication HBVHBV2.4 KB2.4 KB3.5 KB3.5 KBProvirusProvirusRTRTReplicateReplicateNuclearNuclear2.1 KB2.1 KB 抗原组成n nHBVHB
21、V表面抗原(表面抗原(HBsAgHBsAg)n n是机体受是机体受HBVHBV感染的标志感染的标志n n226AA226AA,由,由S S基因编码基因编码n nHBsAgHBsAg有有1 1个共同抗原决定簇个共同抗原决定簇a a和和2 2组互相排斥的亚型组互相排斥的亚型抗原决定簇抗原决定簇d/yd/y和和w/rw/rn n4 4种亚型:种亚型:adradr、adwadw、ayrayr、ayw aywn n我国内地和沿海各省汉族主要为我国内地和沿海各省汉族主要为adradr型,欧美为型,欧美为adw adw n n抗抗HBsHBsn n能与能与HBVHBV表面结合,使其失去感染性,具有保护作用表
22、面结合,使其失去感染性,具有保护作用n nHBV核心抗原(HBcAg)n n在肝细胞核中才能检出在肝细胞核中才能检出n n分子量分子量22KD22KD,由,由C C基因编码,病毒内衣壳蛋白基因编码,病毒内衣壳蛋白n n一般方法在血中检测不到一般方法在血中检测不到n n抗HBcn n无中和作用无中和作用n n检出高效价抗检出高效价抗HBcHBc,特别是抗,特别是抗HBc IgMHBc IgM表示表示HBVHBV再肝内处于增殖状态再肝内处于增殖状态n nHBVe抗原(HBeAg)n n由由PreCPreC和和C C基因共同编码,基因共同编码,15KD15KDn nHBcAgHBcAg在细胞经蛋白酶
23、降解形成在细胞经蛋白酶降解形成n nHBVHBV复制及血清有传染性的标志复制及血清有传染性的标志n n抗Hben n对对HBVHBV感染有一定保护作用感染有一定保护作用n n前S抗原(Pre-S Ag)n n前前S2S2蛋白蛋白n nS+PreS2S+PreS2编码,编码,226+55=281AA226+55=281AAn n前前S1S1蛋白蛋白n nS+PreS2+PreS1S+PreS2+PreS1编码,编码,226+55+119=226+55+119=400AA400AAn n与与HBsAgHBsAg、HBV DNAHBV DNA检出相同,都说明病毒检出相同,都说明病毒在复制在复制n n
24、Pre-S2抗原n n和人肝细胞表面都具有和人肝细胞表面都具有PHSAPHSA受体,通过受体,通过PHSArPHSAr搭搭桥,桥,HBVHBV病毒易吸附于肝细胞表面病毒易吸附于肝细胞表面n n部分解释为什么部分解释为什么HBVHBV具有嗜肝细胞性具有嗜肝细胞性n n抗前S1和抗前S2抗体n n具有中和具有中和HBVHBV作用,有保护作用作用,有保护作用n n易感动物和细胞培养:只有黑猩猩对HBV易感,体外细胞培养尚未成功n n抵抗力:强n n对低温、干燥、UV、醚、氯仿、酚等均有抵抗性n n高压蒸汽灭菌、0.5%过氧乙酸、5%次氯酸钠、3%漂白粉液、0.2%新洁尔灭均可灭活病毒,但处理时间要稍
25、长Incubation period:Average 60-90 daysRange 45-180 daysClinical illness(jaundice):5 yrs,10%5 yrs,30%-50%Acute case-fatality rate:0.5%-1%Chronic infection:8%):45%of global populationHigh(8%):45%of global populationn nlifetime risk of infection 60%lifetime risk of infection 60%n nearly childhood infect
26、ions commonearly childhood infections commonn nIntermediate(2%-7%):43%of global Intermediate(2%-7%):43%of global populationpopulationn nlifetime risk of infection 20%-60%lifetime risk of infection 20%-60%n ninfections occur in all age groupsinfections occur in all age groupsn nLow(2%):12%of global p
27、opulationLow(2%):12%of global populationn nlifetime risk of infection 20%lifetime risk of infection 20%n nmost infections occur in adult risk groupsmost infections occur in adult risk groupsGlobal Patterns of Chronic HBV Infection HighModerateLow/NTbloodsemenurineserumvaginal fluidfeceswound exudate
28、s salivasweattearsbreastmilkConcentration of Hepatitis B Virus in Various Body Fluids Modes of Transmission of HBVn nSexual Sexual n nsexual and homosexuals are particular at risksexual and homosexuals are particular at riskn nParenteral Parenteral n nIntravenous drug abuse(IVDA),Health Workers are
29、Intravenous drug abuse(IVDA),Health Workers are at increased riskat increased riskn nPerinatalPerinataln nMothers who are HBeAg positive are much more Mothers who are HBeAg positive are much more likely to transmit to their offspring than those who are likely to transmit to their offspring than thos
30、e who are not not n nPerinatal transmission is the main means of Perinatal transmission is the main means of transmission in high prevalence populationstransmission in high prevalence populationsn n传染源:急、慢性乙肝患者及无症状携带者传染源:急、慢性乙肝患者及无症状携带者n n传播途径:传播途径:非胃肠道途径非胃肠道途径n n血液、血制品传播血液、血制品传播n n输血、丙种球蛋白输血、丙种球蛋白n
31、 n医源性传播:注射(吸毒)、手术、采血、针刺、医源性传播:注射(吸毒)、手术、采血、针刺、拨牙、内窥镜检查、纹身等拨牙、内窥镜检查、纹身等n n接触传播:公共卫生洁具、剃刀、吸血昆虫接触传播:公共卫生洁具、剃刀、吸血昆虫n n母婴传播母婴传播n n宫内感染相对少(宫内感染相对少(10%10%)n n母亲母亲HBeAgHBeAg阳性婴儿感染机会大(阳性婴儿感染机会大(90%90%)n nHBeAgHBeAg阴性、抗阴性、抗HBeHBe阳性婴儿感染机率小(阳性婴儿感染机率小(10%10%15%15%)*Includes sexual contact with acute cases,carrie
32、rs,and multiple partners.Source:CDC Sentinel Counties Study of Viral HepatitisHeterosexual*(41%)Homosexual Activity(9%)Household Contact(2%)Health Care Employment(1%)Other(1%)Unknown(31%)InjectingDrug Use(15%)Risk factors for Acute Hepatitis B1992-1993 USASource:CDC Viral Hepatitis Surveillance Prog
33、ram0-1415-1920-2930-3940+0510152025Rate of Reported Hepatitis B by Age Group USA 1990Age Group(years)Rate(/100,000)ExposureInfectionDeath 1%FulminanthepatitisRecovery90%-95%ImmuneAsymptomatic CarrierPersistent InfectionChromic hepatitisChronic active hepatitisCirrhosisHepatocellular carcinoma致病机理n n
34、尚未完全明了尚未完全明了n nHBVHBV不直接损害肝细胞,通过宿主的免疫应答引起肝不直接损害肝细胞,通过宿主的免疫应答引起肝细胞的损伤和破坏细胞的损伤和破坏n n细胞免疫损伤细胞免疫损伤n n细胞免疫强弱与临床过程轻重与转归密切相关细胞免疫强弱与临床过程轻重与转归密切相关n n免疫力过强可出现重症肝炎,过低则是慢性肝炎免疫力过强可出现重症肝炎,过低则是慢性肝炎n n体液免疫损伤:体液免疫损伤:不十分重要不十分重要n n先天性无丙种球蛋白血症患者乙肝仍表现为典型的肝先天性无丙种球蛋白血症患者乙肝仍表现为典型的肝炎病变炎病变n n抗原抗体复合物超敏反应,造成了肝外症状表现抗原抗体复合物超敏反应,
35、造成了肝外症状表现n n自身免疫损伤自身免疫损伤n nHBVHBV感染后,肝细胞自身表面抗原感染后,肝细胞自身表面抗原肝特异性脂蛋白肝特异性脂蛋白抗原(抗原(Liver specific protein,LSPLiver specific protein,LSP)暴露暴露HBV与原发性肝细胞癌n n乙肝患者原发性肝癌发生率比对照高乙肝患者原发性肝癌发生率比对照高n n原发性肝癌患者有原发性肝癌患者有HBVHBV感染标志者比自然人群多感染标志者比自然人群多n nHBVHBV感染者比阴性者发生原发性肝癌的危险性高感染者比阴性者发生原发性肝癌的危险性高217217倍倍n nWHVWHV可诱导土拨鼠肝
36、硬化及原发性肝癌可诱导土拨鼠肝硬化及原发性肝癌n n新生土拨鼠感染新生土拨鼠感染WHVWHV三年后三年后100%100%发生肝癌发生肝癌n n未感染鼠则无一只发生肝癌未感染鼠则无一只发生肝癌n n肝癌细胞肝癌细胞DNADNA整合有整合有HBV-DNAHBV-DNA免疫性n n体液免疫n nHBVHBV的中和抗体的中和抗体n n抗抗HBsHBsn n抗抗Pre-S2Pre-S2n n细胞免疫n nCTLCTL是清除细胞内病毒的主要机制是清除细胞内病毒的主要机制n n细胞免疫处于较低水平则易转为慢性细胞免疫处于较低水平则易转为慢性微生物学检查法微生物学检查法n n病毒核酸的检测病毒核酸的检测n n
37、斑点杂交法,斑点杂交法,PCRPCR,极敏感的方法,临床常规,极敏感的方法,临床常规n n对血清病毒对血清病毒DNADNA浓度可做动态监测浓度可做动态监测n nHBVHBV抗原、抗体的检测抗原、抗体的检测n n最敏感方法是最敏感方法是RIARIA、ELISAELISAn n检测项目检测项目n nHBsAgHBsAg和抗和抗-HBs-HBsn nHBeAgHBeAg和抗和抗-Hbe-Hben n抗抗-HBcIgM-HBcIgM和抗和抗HBc-IgGHBc-IgGSymptomsHBeAganti-HBeTotal anti-HBcIgM anti-HBcanti-HBsHBsAg04812162
38、02428323652100Typical Serologic CourseWeeks after ExposureTitreAcute Hepatitis B Virus Infection with RecoveryAcute Hepatitis B Virus Infection with RecoveryIgM anti-HBcTotal anti-HBcHBsAgAcute(6 months)HBeAgChronic(Years)anti-HBe048 12 16 20 24 28 32 3652YearsWeeks after ExposureTitreProgression to
39、 Chronic Hepatitis B Virus InfectionTypical Serologic Coursen nHBsAHBsA:表示机体感染了:表示机体感染了HBVHBVn n急性乙型肝炎潜伏期和急性期(急性乙型肝炎潜伏期和急性期(70%70%)n nHBVHBV所致的慢性肝病如慢性乙型肝炎、肝硬所致的慢性肝病如慢性乙型肝炎、肝硬化和原发性肝炎化和原发性肝炎n n无症状无症状HBsAgHBsAg携带者携带者n n抗抗HBsHBsn n机体曾感染过机体曾感染过HBVHBV,并获得对,并获得对HBVHBV的免疫力的免疫力n nHBcAg:常规方法难以检出,临床不做n n抗HBcn
40、n抗HBc IgM出现于急性乙型肝炎急性期n n抗HBc IgG阳性表示过去感染过HBV,少数也可能仍有HBV感染n nHBeAgHBeAg:体内:体内HBVHBV复制和血液传染性强复制和血液传染性强n n急性乙肝急性乙肝HBeAgHBeAg呈短暂阳性,如持续阳性提示转为慢呈短暂阳性,如持续阳性提示转为慢性,预后不良性,预后不良n n孕妇孕妇HBeAgHBeAg阳性,新生儿感染率高阳性,新生儿感染率高n n抗抗HbeHben n见于急性乙肝的恢复期,可持续较长时间见于急性乙肝的恢复期,可持续较长时间n n机体获得一定免疫力机体获得一定免疫力n nPre-S1、Pre-S2和PHSA受体n nH
41、BVHBV新感染的标志,检出表示新感染的标志,检出表示HBVHBV正在复正在复制制n n抗Pre-S1、抗Pre-S2n n中和病毒中和病毒n n出现于急性乙肝恢复早期出现于急性乙肝恢复早期n n消失较快消失较快Examples of Serology Test预防原则预防原则n n要采取切断传播途径为主的综合性措施要采取切断传播途径为主的综合性措施n n自动免疫:自动免疫:HBsAgHBsAg疫苗(血源或重组)疫苗(血源或重组)n n被动免疫:乙肝免疫球蛋白被动免疫:乙肝免疫球蛋白(HBIg)(HBIg)。接种者。接种者:n n医务人员或实验室工作人员医务人员或实验室工作人员n nHBsAg
42、HBsAg、HBeAgHBeAg阳性母亲的新生儿阳性母亲的新生儿n n发现已误用发现已误用HBsAgHBsAg阳性的血液或血制品者阳性的血液或血制品者n n与与HBsAgHBsAg、HBeAgHBeAg阳性者有密切性接触者阳性者有密切性接触者Elimination of HBV Transmissionn nPrevent perinatal HBV transmissionn nRoutine vaccination n nall infantsall infantsn nchildren in high-risk groupschildren in high-risk groupsn na
43、dolescentsadolescentsn nall unvaccinated children at 11-12 yearsall unvaccinated children at 11-12 yearsn nadults in high-risk groupsadults in high-risk groupsVaccinelicensedHBsAg screeningof pregnant women recommendedInfantimmunizationrecommendedAdolescent immunization recommendedDecline among homo
44、sexual men&HCWsDecline among injectingdrug users8070605040302010078 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95YearCases per 100,000 PopulationEstimated Incidence of Acute Hepatitis B,USA 1978-1995 Hepatitis C virusn n1978年WHO将非甲非乙型肝炎病毒按传播途径分为肠道传播的非甲非乙型病毒和肠道外传播的非甲非乙型肝炎病毒n n1989年进一步将前者命名为戊型肝炎病
45、毒(HEV),将后者命名为丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)n n目前拟将HCV和庚型肝炎病毒(HGV)列入黄病毒科(Flavivurus)Hepacivirus属生物学性状生物学性状n nHCV属于黄病毒科,电镜照片不清晰,似球形,直径5565 nm,有脂蛋白包膜,包膜上有短突起。核酸为+ssRNA,9.4Kbn n由于不能培养,故尚不能进行血清分型n n据基因序列同源性,分为据基因序列同源性,分为I VII VI六个基因型。六个基因型。中国和亚洲流行多中国和亚洲流行多型,欧美为型,欧美为I I 型型n n细胞培养未成功n n黑猩猩是唯一易感动物 hypervariableregioncapsidenv
46、elopeproteinprotease/helicaseRNA polymerasec225coreE1E2NS2NS333cNS4c-100NS53Hepatitis C Virus Genome HCV基因结构基因结构 Hepatitis C-Clinical Features潜伏期 平均6-7周(2-26周)急性表现(黄疸)轻微(20%)急性期死亡率 低慢性感染率75%-85%慢性肝炎70%肝硬化10%-20%慢性肝脏疾病导致死亡1%-5%Chronic Hepatitis C Infectionn nThe spectrum of chronic hepatitis C infect
47、ion is The spectrum of chronic hepatitis C infection is essentially essentially the same as chronic hepatitis B the same as chronic hepatitis B infectioninfectionn nAll the manifestations of chronic hepatitis B All the manifestations of chronic hepatitis B infection may be seeninfection may be seen,
48、albeit with a lower,albeit with a lower frequency i.e.chronic persistent hepatitis,frequency i.e.chronic persistent hepatitis,chronic active hepatitis,cirrhosis,and chronic active hepatitis,cirrhosis,and hepatocellular carcinomahepatocellular carcinoma病理n nHCV不直接杀伤细胞n n病理免疫和细胞凋亡是造成伤害原因Transmission o
49、f HCVn nPercutaneous n nIntravenous drug abusen nTransfusion,transplant n nTherapeutic(contaminated equipment,unsafe injection practices)n nPermucosaln nPerinataln nSexualSources of Infection forPersons with Hepatitis CSexual 15%Other*5%Unknown 10%Injecting drug use 60%Transfusion 10%(before screeni
50、ng)*Nosocomial;Health-care work;PerinatalSource:Centers for Disease Control and PreventionSource:Sentinel Counties,CDCHCV Prevalence by Selected Groups,USAHemophiliaInjecting drug usersSurgeons,PSWsHemodialysis Average Percent Anti-HCV PositiveGen population adultsMilitary personnelSTD clientsPregna