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1、考点44 阅读理解记叙文高考频度：记叙文类文章描述的是一件具体事情的发生、发展和结局，通常有时间、地点、人物、事件等。有些文章是按事件发展的经过为主线叙述的，在叙述的过程中有详有略；有些文章是按时间的顺序叙述的，有顺叙、倒叙等。从总体上来讲，文章的难度通常不大，在阅读过程中，我们一直在某个线索的引导下，随着作者的思路去了解一个故事或一件事情的始末，因此会感到比较轻松。命题往往从故事的情节、人物或事件之间的关系、作者的意图和态度、故事的前因和后果等方面入手，考查学生对细节的辨认能力以及推理判断能力。阅读此类文章应特别注意：（1）若是一般故事性文章，应读懂故事的发生、发展、高潮和结局；（2）若是哲
2、理故事，要理解故事所蕴含的哲理意义；（3）若是 逸闻趣事，应体会对话的风趣性，进而才能感受幽默的精髓。二、命题方式考向一 细节事实理解 一篇文章必然是由许多具体的细节、具体的内容构成的，所有这些信息以某种顺序（时间、空间、情感变化等）排列起来，来进一步解释或阐释主题，体现文章的主旨大意。细节理解题目主要考查学生对文章具体事实和细节的理解能力，属于表层理解题范畴，难度较小，但在整个阅读理解题中所占比例最大，细节理解题多从文章的某个具体事实或细节出发来设计题目。此类题通常根据文章具体内容来设问，也常使用下列方式来提问：1.Which of the following statements is(n
3、ot) true/correct?2.Which of the following is not mentioned?3.All of the following are true except.4.According to the passage, when/where/why/how/how/what/which,etc.？1.直接事实题 在解答这类问题时要求学生抓住题干文字信息，采用针对性方法进行阅读，因为这类题的答案在文章中可以直接找到。 A giant dam was built many years ago to control the Colorado River in the
4、U.S. This dam was built to protect the land and houses around the river.This huge dam is in the Black Canyon. It is possible to drive a car from one side of the river to the other on a road, which is on the top of the dam. This dam is so big that there is an elevator inside. The elevator goes down f
5、orty-four stories from the road to the bottom. There is enough concrete in this dam to build a highway from New York to San Francisco. Thousands of people worked on this dam for five years.This huge dam was called Boulder Dam when it was finished in 1936.Later it was renamed Hoover Dam in honor of a
6、 president of the United States. Hoover Dam, one of the highest dams in the world, is situated between the states of Arizona and Nevada. Q：Hoover Dam lies_ .A. between Arizona and NevadaB. in the Black CanyonC. between New York and San FranciscoD. both A and B【解析】由第二段的第一句话和最后一段的最后一句话可得出正确答案是D项。【答案】D
7、2.间接事实题 解答此类题，需要结合上下文提供的语境和信息进行简单的概括和判断或者要进行简单的计算。Invited by Mr.Ye Huixian, host of the well-received TV programme Stars Tonight，Miss Luo Lin, Miss Asia of 1991, appeared as the guest hostess on the Shanghai TV screen last Sunday.Born in Shanghai and taken to Hongkong when she was only six years old
8、, Luo Lin has never dreamed of being Miss Asia. Her childhood dream was to be an air hostess. Before she took part in the competition, she had been an airhostess in Cathay Airline for seven years. However, it still took her three months to learn the art of walking on the stage, dancing, singing, mak
9、ing-up and other proper manners, designed by the Asia TV Station.Its really a hard job for me. I wont enter for such competition any more. Anyhow, I am quite lucky. I am also glad to have had more chance to work for the social welfare since I won the title. This time, in Shanghai, Id love to make a
10、deep impression on my TV audience，said Luo Lin with a sweet smile.Q：Which of the following is NOT true?A. Luo Lin is a native of Shanghai.B. Luo Lin moved to Hongkong with her parents.C. Luo Lin won the title of Miss Asia in 1991.D. Asia TV Station helped Luo Lin to become Miss Asia. 【解析】A、C和D项都可在原文
11、找到答案，而B项原文所给的是：taken to Hongkong可判断不是moved to Hongkong with her parents，因此选B。 【答案】3. 数据推算。If you register both the VIEW qualification course and the Forum at the same time, you will save_ .A. $100B.$300C.$350D.$400 这类题目要求学生就文章提供的数据，以及数据与文中其他信息的关系做简单计算和推断。在做此类题时：1.要抓住并正确理解与数据有关的信息含义。2.弄清众多信息中那些属于有用信息
12、，那些属于干扰信息。3.不要孤立看待数字信息，而要抓住一些关键用语的意义。考向二 主题理解或写作意图推断 一、主旨阅读理解题考查的内容1.短文的标题（title,headline）；2.短文或段落的主题（subject）；3.中心思想(main idea)；4.作者的写作目的(purpose)。二、此类题的设问方式1.What would be the best title for the text?2.What does the second paragraph mainly discuss?3.What is the passage mainly about?4.The main purp
13、ose of announcing the above events is_.考向三 推理推断 推理题要求考生根据文章提供的事实和线索进行逻辑推理，推断出作者没有提到或者没有明说的事实或者可能发生的事实。这类题旨在考查学生透过词语的字面意义去理解作者的言外之意或弦外之音的能力，属于深层理解题。此类题的设问常常包括infer, imply, suggest, conclude 等词，这类题的设问方式主要有：1.We can infer from the Passage that_.2.What can be inferred from the Passage?3.Which of the fol
14、lowing can be inferred from the Passage?4.It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that_.5.The author suggests in this paragraph that_.6.The writer implies that_.7.It can be inferred that_.8.It can be concluded from the Passage that_.9.On the whole, we can conclude that_.10.From the text we can conclude
15、that_.11.After reading the Passage we may conclude that_.12.What conclusion can be drawn from the Passage?13.The author is inclined to think that_.14.When the writer talks about, what he really means is that_.15.Whats the writers attitude/feeling towards.?16.In the writers opinion,.考向四 词义、句义猜测。词义猜测阅
16、读理解题考查对文中关键词语的理解。在阅读理解题中，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，要根据语境来判断。此类题的设问方式主要有1.The word .in Line.means/can be replaced by.2.As used in the passage, the phrase .suggests.3.From the passage, we can infer that the word/phrase . is/referred to.来源:学科网4.The word . is closest in meaning to.猜词是应用英语的重要能力，也是高考中常用的题型。它不但
17、需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。我们要学会顺藤摸瓜，通过构词、语法、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、上下文等线索确定词义。1.定义法。如：Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly.句子给予annealing 以明确的定义，即 退火。It will be very hard but also very brittlethat is,it will break easily.从后面的解释中我们可以了解到brittle
18、是脆的意思。The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.定语从句中 looks after sheep 就表明了 herdsman 的词义为牧人。2.同位法。如：They traveled a long way and at last got to a castle,a large building in old times.同位语部分a large building in old times 给出了 castle 的确切词义，即城堡。We are on the night shiftfrom midnigh
19、t to 8 A. m.this week.两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明night shift 是夜班的意思。3.对比法。如：She is usually prompt for all her class,but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.but一词表转折，因此but 前后的意思正相反。后半句的意思是她今天第一节上了一半才来，因此反向推理，可得出她平时一向准时的结论。4.构词法(前缀、后缀、复合、派生等)。如：Perhaps, we can see some possibilities for next fifty
20、 years.But the next hundred?possibility 是 possible的同根名词，据此可以判断定possibility 意思是可能性。5.因果法。如：The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken. Sometimes the weakness was permanent. So the player could never play the sport again.从后面的结果永远不能再运动中，可以推测 permanent 的意思为永远的，永久。【解题技巧】高考阅读理解体裁纷繁多样，但每套试卷通常包含一到两篇记
21、叙文。在所有的阅读体裁中，记叙文的难度相对是比较低的。如果掌握了阅读的技巧，多多实践，阅读能力就有可能大大提高。要熟练掌握记叙文的阅读技巧，了解记叙文的写作特点与命题特点也是有必要的。一、记叙文写作特点记叙文是一种记载和叙述事件由来，描绘事物和人物情景状态、过程及发展的文体。消息、通讯、传记、游记、小说、童话、寓言以及记叙性的散文等文体，都属于记叙文的范畴。 就写作顺序而言，记叙文要么是按时间顺序，要么是按事件的重要性的顺序来展开。不管是哪种叙述方法，最后经常会有一两句话抒发作者的情绪与感悟，这是记叙文的精华所在，也是阅读的难点所在，可谓一篇之妙，在于落句。二、记叙文命题特点从命题形式上看，常
22、见的有细节理解、词义猜测、主旨大意、推理判断、作者意图等题型。除了推论或词义辨识题，记叙文命题的顺序一般都会按照文章的脉络和故事发展的顺序层层推进，否则就会觉得别扭，逻辑不通。同时，记叙文需要事件的发展过程作支撑，一半以上的题目都会用来检测考生对故事的了解，因此，我们必须弄明白整件事情的发展脉络。而其余像主旨大意、作者意图之类的题目，则取决于文章的落句，集中考查对作者所发的感触的理解。总之，细节题是记叙文命题的主流题型。而寓意之类的题则是高一层次的题，有一定的难度和区分度，它们是拉开距离的题，答对了这些题，你才有可能成功地跻身高分之列。综上所述，记叙文的应对策略即：不漏细节，奠定基础；把准寓意
23、，方能成功。三、记叙文答题技巧一把钥匙开一把锁。要解答好记叙文阅读理解题，就应该有一套针对性强的方法和技巧。下面是我们在阅读教学中积累下来的一点心得体会，希望能对大家有所帮助。No.1 顺藤摸瓜 记叙文中有大量的事件发展过程中的细节，包括记叙文的5W（what, who, when, where, why）要素。因此我们作答细节题的时候，就没有那么复杂，一般只需要由前到后，从上到下，一题一题地做就可以了。No.2 左顾右盼 在做题过程中，我们大都不能在文中找到与题干一字不差的词语或句子。这时我们需要认真研究问题，抓住题干中的关键词语，然后到文中准确地找到与之相关的语句，或是疑似语句的位置，接着
24、去左顾，或右盼，在前句或后句寻找线索。No.3 刨根问底 如前所述，主旨大意题或推理判断、作者意图题等实际上是同一类型的问题，或者说是可用同种方法解答的题型。在解答此类题目的时候，不可被题干的表象所迷惑，要像剥洋葱一样，一层一层地剥；在四个可选项中，一个一个地去证实，去排除。特别是解答推论或暗指类的题目，比如What can be inferred from ?或是What does the author imply in?之类的题目，文中所陈述的往往不是答案。我们要在文前文后去查找，在字里行间里去寻觅。有时还少不了借助自己的生活经验和常理来体会这言外之意。No.4 拨云见日 每年的高考阅读题
25、中，特别是记叙文的阅读题，都会出现一至两道词义猜测题。而这些词汇往往是你素昧平生的，或者和你有点头之交，在文中却另有新意的，总之，猜的是那些在高考词汇表要求之外的词汇。小小的一个词，一个短语，考核的不是你的语法的熟练程度，也不是你的记忆力，而是你对文章通篇或者一个段落的整体把握和变通能力。 这时，你不仅需要左顾右盼，还需要在几句话，一个段落，乃至整篇文章的字里行间中快速搜寻，看看前面、后面都发生了些什么；反复琢磨人物、事物，或者人物与事物之间的内在联系，才可能在最后拨开团团迷雾，从四个选项中选出正确答案。题组一（2018年高考真题）Passage1(2019·全国新课标卷I，B)Fo
26、r Canaan Elementarys second grade in Patchogue, N.Y.，today is speech day ,and right now its Chris Palaezs turn. The 8-year-old is the joker of the class. With shining dark eyes, he seems like the of kid who would enjoy public speaking.But hes, nervous.“Im here to tell you today why you should should
27、”Chris trips on the“-ld,”a. pronunciation difficulty for many non-native English speakers. His teacher ,Thomas Whaley ,is next to him, whispering support.“Vote for me ”Except for some stumbles, Chris is doing amazingly well. When he brings his speech to a nice conclusion ,Whaley invites the rest of
28、the class to praise him.A son of immigrants, Chris stared learning English a little over three years ago. Whaley recalls(回想起)how at the beginning of the year，when called upon to read，Chris would excuse himself to go to the bathroom.Learning English as a second language can be a painful experience. W
29、hat you need is a great teacher who lets you make mistakes. “It takes a lot for any student，” Whaley explains，“especially for a student who is learning English as their new language，to feel confident enough to say，I dont know，but I want to know.”Whaley got the idea of this second-grade presidential
30、campaign project when he asked the children one day to raise their hands if they thought they could never be a president. The answer broke his heart. Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public. He wants these kids to learn to boast(夸耀)about themselves.“Boast
31、ing about yourself，and your best qualities,” Whaley says，“is very difficult for a child who came into the classroom not feeling confident.”24. What made Chris nervous？A. Telling a story.B. Making a speech.C. Taking a test.D. Answering a question.25. What does the underlined word “stumbles” in paragr
32、aph 2 refer to?A. Improper pauses.B. Bad manners.C. Spelling mistakes.D. Silly jokes.26. We can infer that the purpose of Whaleys project is to _.A. help students see their own strengthsB. assess students public speaking skillsC. prepare students for their future jobsD. inspire students love for pol
33、itics27. Which of the following best describes Whaley as a teacher?A. Humorous.B. Ambitious.C. Caring.D. Demanding.Passage2(2019·全国新课标卷II，B)“You can use me as a last resort(选择), and if nobody else volunteers，then I will do it.” This was an actual reply from a parent after I put out a request fo
34、r volunteers for my kids lacrosse(长曲棍球)club.I guess that there's probably some demanding work schedule, or social anxiety around stepping up to help for an unknown sport. She may just need a little persuading. So I try again and tug at the heartstrings. I mention the single parent with four kids
35、 running the show and I talk about the dad coaching a team that his kids arent even on At this point the unwilling parent speaks up,“Alright. Yes, Ill do it.”Im secretly relieved because I know theres real power in sharing volunteer responsibilities among many. The unwilling parent organizes the mea
36、l schedule, sends out emails, and collects money for end-of-season gifts. Somewhere along the way, the same parent ends up becoming an invaluable member of the team. The coach is able to focus on the kids while the other parents are relieved to be off the hook for another season. Handing out sliced
37、oranges to bloodthirsty kids can be as exciting as watching your own kid score a goal.Still, most of us volunteers breathe a sigh of relief when the season comes to a close. That relief is coupled with a deep understanding of why the same people keep coming back for more: Connecting to the community
38、(社区)as you freely give your time, money, skills, or services provides a real joy. Volunteering just feels so good.In that sense, Im pretty sure volunteering is more of a selfish act than Id freely like to admit. However, if others benefit in the process, and I get some reward too, does it really mat
39、ter where my motivation lies?24. What can we infer about the parent from her reply in paragraph l？A. She knows little about the club.B. She isn't good at sports.C. She just doesn't want to volunteer.D. She's unable to meet her schedule.25. What does the underlined phrase“tug at the heart
40、strings”in paragraph 2 mean ?A. Encourage team work.B. Appeal to feeling.C. Promote good deeds.D. Provide advice.26. What can we learn about the parent from paragraph 3?A. She gets interested in lacrosse.B. She is proud of her kids.C. Shell work for another season.D. She becomes a good helper.27. Wh
41、y does the author like doing volunteer work?A. It gives her a sense of duty.B. It makes her very happy.C. It enables her to work hard.D. It brings her material rewards.Passage3(2019·北京卷II，B)Alice Moore is a teenager entrepreneur(创业者), who in May 2015 set up her business AilieCandy. By the time
42、she was 13，her company was worth millions of dollars with the invention of a super-sweet treat that could save kids' teeth，instead of destroying them.It all began when Moore visited a bank with her dad. On the outing, she was offered a candy bar. However, her dad reminded her that sugary treats
43、were bad for her teeth. But Moore was sick of missing out on candies. So she desired to get round the warning, "Why can't I make a healthy candy that's good for my teeth so that my parents can't say no to it?" With that in mind, Moore asked her dad if she could start her own ca
44、ndy company. He recommended that she do some research and talk to dentists about what a healthier candy would contain.With her dad's permission, she spent the next two years researching online and conducting trials to get a recipe that was both tasty and tooth-friendly. She also approached denti
45、sts to learn more about teeth cleaning. Consequently, she succeeded in making a kind of candy only using natural sweeteners, which can reduce oral bacteria.Moore then used her savings to get her business of the ground. Afterwards, she and her father secured their first business meeting with a superm
46、arket owner, who finally agreed to sell Moore's product-Cancandy.As CanCandy's success grows, so does Moore's credibility as a young entrepreneur. Moore is enthusiastic about the candy she created, and she's also positive about what the future might bring. She hopes that every kid ca
47、n have a clean mouth and a broad smile.Meanwhile, with her parents' help, Moore is generally able to live a normal teenage life. Although she founded her company early on in life, she wasn't driven primarily by profit. Moore wants to use her unique talent to help others find their smiles. Sh
48、e donates 10% of AilicCandy's profits to Big Smiles. With her talent and determination, it appears that the sky could be the limit for Alice Moore.34. How did Moore react to her dad's warning?A. She argued with him.B. She tried to find a way out.C. She paid no attention.D. She chose to consult dent