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1、考点 44 阅读理解记叙文高考频度：记叙文类文章描述的是一件具体事情的发生、发展和结局，通常有时间、地点、人物、事件等。有些文章是按事件发展的经过为主线叙述的，在叙述的过程中有详有略；有些文章是按时间的顺序叙述的，有顺叙、倒叙等。从总体上来讲，文章的难度通常不大，在阅读过程中，我们一直在某个线索的引导下，随着作者的思路去了解一个故事或一件事情的始末，因此会感到比较轻松。命题往往从故事的情节、人物或事件之间的关系、作者的意图和态度、故事的前因和后果等方面入手，考查学生对细节的辨认能力以及推理判断能力。阅读此类文章应特别注意：（1）若是一般故事性文章，应读懂故事的发生、发展、高潮和结局； （2）若
2、是哲理故事，要理解故事所蕴含的哲理意义；（3）若是逸闻趣事，应体会对话的风趣性，进而才能感受幽默的精髓。二、命题方式考向一细节事实理解一篇文章必然是由许多具体的细节、具体的内容构成的，所有这些信息以某种顺序（时间、空间、情感变化等）排列起来，来进一步解释或阐释主题，体现文章的主旨大意。细节理解题目主要考查学生对文章具体事实和细节的理解能力，属于表层理解题范畴，难度较小，但在整个阅读理解题中所占比例最大，细节理解题多从文章的某个具体事实或细节出发来设计题目。此类题通常根据文章具体内容来设问，也常使用下列方式来提问：4.According to the passage, when/where/wh
3、y/how/how/what/which,etc.？1. 直接事实题在解答这类问题时要求学生抓住题干文字信息，采用针对性方法进行阅读，因为这类题的答案在文章中可以直接找到。A giant dam was built many years ago to control the Colorado River in the U.S. This dam was built to protect the land and houses around the river. This huge dam is in the Black Canyon. It is possible to drive a car
4、 from one side of the river to the other on a road, which is on the top of the dam. This dam is so big that there is an elevator inside. The elevator goes down forty-four stories from the road to the bottom. There is enough concrete in this dam to build a highway from New York to San Francisco. Thou
5、sands of people worked on this dam for five years. This huge dam was called Boulder Dam when it was finished in 1936.Later it was renamed Hoover Dam in honor of a president of the United States. Hoover Dam, one of the highest dams in the world, is situated between the states of Arizona and Nevada. Q
6、：Hoover Dam lies_ . A. between Arizona and Nevada B. in the Black Canyon C. between New York and San Francisco D. both A and B 【解析】由第二段的第一句话和最后一段的最后一句话可得出正确答案是D项。 zx*xk 【答案】 D 2. 间接事实题解答此类题，需要结合上下文提供的语境和信息进行简单的概括和判断或者要进行简单的计算。Invited by Mr.Ye Huixian, host of the well-received TV programme Stars Ton
7、ight ， Miss Luo Lin, Miss Asia of 1991, appeared as the guest hostess on the Shanghai TV screen last Sunday. Born in Shanghai and taken to Hongkong when she was only six years old, Luo Lin has never dreamed of being Miss Asia. Her childhood dream was to be an air hostess. Before she took part in the
8、 competition, she had been an airhostess in Cathay Airline for seven years. However, it still took her three months to learn the art of walking on the stage, dancing, singing, making-up and other proper manners, designed by the Asia TV Station. It s really a hard job for m e. I won t enter for such
9、competition any more. Anyhow, I am quite lucky. I am also glad to have had more chance to work for the social welfare since I won the title. This time, in Shanghai, I d love to make a deep impression on my TV audience，said Luo Lin with a sweet smile. Q：Which of the following is NOT true? A. Luo Lin
10、is a native of Shanghai. B. Luo Lin moved to Hongkong with her parents. C. Luo Lin won the title of Miss Asia in 1991. D. Asia TV Station helped Luo Lin to become Miss Asia. 【答案】3. 数据推算。If you register both the VIEW qualification course and the Forum at the same time, you will save_ . A. $100 B.$300
11、 C.$350 D.$400 这类题目要求学生就文章提供的数据，以及数据与文中其他信息的关系做简单计算和推断。在做此类题时：1. 要抓住并正确理解与数据有关的信息含义。2. 弄清众多信息中那些属于有用信息，那些属于干扰信息。3. 不要孤立看待数字信息，而要抓住一些关键用语的意义。考向二主题理解或写作意图推断一、主旨阅读理解题考查的内容1. 短文的标题（title,headline）；2. 短文或段落的主题（subject ）；3. 中心思想 (main idea)；4. 作者的写作目的(purpose) 。二、此类题的设问方式考向三推理推断推理题要求考生根据文章提供的事实和线索进行逻辑推理，推
12、断出作者没有提到或者没有明说的事实或者可能发生的事实。这类题旨在考查学生透过词语的字面意义去理解作者的言外之意或弦外之音的能力，属于深层理解题。此类题的设问常常包括infer, imply, suggest, conclude 等词，这类题的设问方式主要有：5.The author suggests in this para7.It can be inferred that_9.On the whole, 114.When the writer talks about, 15.Whats the writ考向四词义、句义猜测。词义猜测阅读理解题考查对文中关键词语的理解。在阅读理解题中，所考查的
13、词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，要根据语境来判断。此类题的设问方式主要有1.The word .2.As used in the passage, the phrase . sugg3.From the passage, we can infer that the word/phrase .4.The word . is closest in meaning to. 猜词是应用英语的重要能力，也是高考中常用的题型。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。我们要学会顺藤摸瓜，通过构词、语法、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、上下文等线索确定词义。1. 定义法
14、。如：Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly. 句子给予annealing 以明确的定义，即退火。It will be very hard but also very brittle that is,it will break easily. 从后面的解释中我们可以了解到brittle是脆的意思。The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year. 定语从句中 looks
15、after sheep 就表明了 herdsman 的词义为牧人。2. 同位法。如：They traveled a long way and at last got to a castle,a large building in old times. 同位语部分a large building in old times 给出了 castle 的确切词义，即城堡。We are on the night shiftfrom midnight to 8 A. m.this week. 两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明night shift 是夜班的意思。3. 对比法。如：She is usually
16、 prompt for all her class,but today she arrived in the middle of her first class. but一词表转折，因此but 前后的意思正相反。后半句的意思是她今天第一节 上了一半才来，因此反向推理，可得出她平时一向准时的结论。4. 构词法 (前缀、后缀、复合、派生等) 。如：Perhaps, we can see some possibilities for next fifty years.But the next hundred? possibility 是 possible的同根名词，据此可以判断定possibilit
17、y 意思是可能性。5. 因果法。如：The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken. Sometimes the weakness was permanent. So the player could never play the sport again. 从后面的结果永远不能再运动中，可以推测 permanent 的意思为永远的，永久。【解题技巧】高考阅读理解体裁纷繁多样，但每套试卷通常包含一到两篇记叙文。在所有的阅读体裁中，记叙文的难度相对是比较低的。如果掌握了阅读的技巧，多多实践，阅读能力就有可能大大提高。要熟练掌握记叙文的阅读技巧，了
18、解记叙文的写作特点与命题特点也是有必要的。一、 记叙文写作特点记叙文是一种记载和叙述事件由来，描绘事物和人物情景状态、过程及发展的文体。消息、通讯、传记、游记、小说、童话、寓言以及记叙性的散文等文体，都属于记叙文的范畴。就写作顺序而言，记叙文要么是按时间顺序，要么是按事件的重要性的顺序来展开。不管是哪种叙述方法，最后经常会有一两句话抒发作者的情绪与感悟，这是记叙文的精华所在，也是阅读的难点所在，可谓一篇之妙，在于落句。二、 记叙文命题特点从命题形式上看，常见的有细节理解、词义猜测、主旨大意、推理判断、作者意图等题型。除了推论或词义辨识题，记叙文命题的顺序一般都会按照文章的脉络和故事发展的顺序层
19、层推进，否则就会觉得别扭，逻辑不通。同时，记叙文需要事件的发展过程作支撑，一半以上的题目都会用来检测考生对故事的了解，因此，我们必须弄明白整件事情的发展脉络。而其余像主旨大意、作者意图之类的题目，则取决于文章的落句，集中考查对作者所发的感触的理解。总之，细节题是记叙文命题的主流题型。而寓意之类的题则是高一层次的题，有一定的难度和区分度，它们是拉开距离的题，答对了这些题，你才有可能成功地跻身高分之列。综上所述，记叙文的应对策略即：不漏细节，奠定基础；把准寓意，方能成功。三、 记叙文答题技巧一把钥匙开一把锁。要解答好记叙文阅读理解题，就应该有一套针对性强的方法和技巧。下面是我们在阅读教学中积累下来
20、的一点心得体会，希望能对大家有所帮助。No.1 顺藤摸瓜记叙文中有大量的事件发展过程中的细节，包括记叙文的5W （what, who, when, where, why）要素。因此我们作答细节题的时候，就没有那么复杂，一般只需要由前到后，从上到下，一题一题地做就可以了。No.2 左顾右盼在做题过程中，我们大都不能在文中找到与题干一字不差的词语或句子。这时我们需要认真研究问题，抓住题干中的关键词语，然后到文中准确地找到与之相关的语句，或是疑似语句的位置，接着去左顾，或右盼，在前句或后句寻找线索。No.3 刨根问底如前所述，主旨大意题或推理判断、作者意图题等实际上是同一类型的问题，或者说是可用同种
21、方法解答的题型。在解答此类题目的时候，不可被题干的表象所迷惑，要像剥洋葱一样，一层一层地剥；在四个可选项中， 一个一个地去证实， 去排除。特别是解答推论或暗指类的题目，比如 What can be inferred from ?或是What does the author imply in?之类的题目，文中所陈述的往往不是答案。我们要在文前文后去查找，在字里行间里去寻觅。有时还少不了借助自己的生活经验和常理来体会这言外之意。No.4 拨云见日每年的高考阅读题中，特别是记叙文的阅读题，都会出现一至两道词义猜测题。而这些词汇往往是你素昧平生的，或者和你有点头之交，在文中却另有新意的，总之，猜的是那
22、些在高考词汇表要求之外的词汇。小小的一个词，一个短语，考核的不是你的语法的熟练程度，也不是你的记忆力，而是你对文章通篇或者一个段落的整体把握和变通能力。这时，你不仅需要左顾右盼，还需要在几句话，一个段落，乃至整篇文章的字里行间中快速搜寻，看看前面、后面都发生了些什么；反复琢磨人物、事物，或者人物与事物之间的内在联系，才可能在最后拨开团团迷雾，从四个选项中选出正确答案。题组一（ 2017 年高考真题）Passage1(2017 全国新课标卷I ，C) I work with Volunteers for Wildlife, a rescue and education organization
23、at Bailey Arboretum in Locust Valley. Trying to help injured, displaced or sick creatures can be heartbreaking; survival is never certain. However, when it works, it is simply beautiful.I got a rescue call from a woman in Muttontown. She had found a young owl( 猫头鹰 ) on the ground. When I arrived, I
24、saw a 2-to 3-week-old owl. It had already been placed in a carrier for safety. I examined the chick(雏鸟 ) and it seemed fine. If I could locate the nest, I might have been able to put it back, but no luck. My next work was to construct a nest and anchor it in a tree. The homeowner was very helpful. A
25、 wire basket was found. I put some pine branches into the basket to make this nest safe and comfortable. I placed the chick in the nest, and it quickly calmed down. Now all that was needed were the parents, but they were absent. I gave the homeowner a recording of the hunger screams of owl chicks. T
26、hese advertise the presence of chicks to adults; they might also encourage our chick to start calling as well. I gave the owner as much information as possible and headed home to see what news the night might bring. A nervous night to be sure, but sometimes the spirits of nature smile on us all! The
27、 homeowner called to say that the parents had responded to the recordings. I drove over and saw the chick in the nest looking healthy and active. And it was accompanied in the nest by the greatest sight of all LUNCH! The parents had done their duty and would probably continue to do so. 24. What is u
28、navoidable in the authors rescue work according to paragraph 1? A. Efforts made in vain. B. Getting injured in his work. C. Feeling uncertain about his future. D. Crea tures forced out of their homes. 25. Why was the author called to Muttontown? A. To rescue a woman. B. To take care of a woman. C. T
29、o look at a baby owl. D. To cure a young owl. 26.What made the chick calm down? A. A new nest. B. Some food. C. A recording. D. Its parents. 27.How would the author feel about the outcome of the event? A. It sunexpected. B. It sbeautiful. C. It shumorous. D. It sdiscouraging. Passage2(2017 全国新课标卷II
30、，B) I first met Paul Newman in 1968, when George Roy Hill, the director of Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, introduced us in New York City. When the studio didnt want me for the filmit wanted somebody as well known as Paul he stood up for me. I dont know how many people would have done that; they
31、 would have listened to their agents or the studio powers. The friendship that grew out of the experience of making that film and The Sting four years later had its root in the fact that although there was an age difference, we both came from a tradition of theater and live TV. We were respectful of
32、 craft（技艺） and focused on digging into the characters we were going to play. Both of us had the qualities and virtues that are typical of American actors: humorous, aggressive, and making fun of each other but always with an underlying affection. Those were also at the core（核心） of our relationship o
33、ff the screen. We shared the brief that if youre fort unate enough to have success, you should put something back he with his Newman s Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill, and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival. Paul and I didnt see each other all
34、that regularly, but sharing that brought us together. We supported each other financially and by showing up at events. I last saw him a few months ago. Hed been in and out of the hospital. He and I both knew what the deal was, and we didn t talk about it. Ours w as a relationship that didnt need a l
35、ot of words. 24.Why was the studio unwilling to give the role to author at first? A. Paul Newman wanted it. B. The studio powers didnt like his agent.C. He wasnt famous enough.D. The director recommended someone else. 25.Why did Paul and the author have a lasting friendship? A. They were of the same
36、 age. B. They worked in the same theater. C. They were both good actors. D. They have similar characteristics. 26.What does the underlined word that in paragraph 3 refer to? A. Their belief. B. Their care for children. C. Their success. D. Their support for each other. 27.What is the authors purpose
37、 in writing the text? A. To show his love of films. B. To remember a friend. C. To introduce a new movie. D. To share his acting experience. Passage3(2017 全国新课标卷III，B) Minutes after the last movie ended yesterday at the Plaza Theater, employees were busy sweeping up popcorns and gathering coke cups.
38、 It was a scene that had been repeated many times in the theater s 75-year history. This time, however, the cleanup was a little different. As one group of workers carried out the rubbish, another group began removing seats and other theater equipment in preparation for the buildings end.The film cl
39、assic The Last Picture Show was the last movie shown in the old theater. Though the movie is 30 years old, most of the 250 seats were filled with teary-eyed audience wanting to say good-bye to the old building. Theater owner Ed Bradford said he chose the movie because it seemed appropriate. The movi
40、e is set in a small town where the only movie theater is preparing to close down. Bradford said that large modern theaters in the city made it impossible for the Plaza to compete. He added that the theaters location(位置) was also a reason. This used to be the center of town, he said. Now the area is
41、mostly office buildings and warehouses.Last week some city officials suggested the city might be interested in turning the old theater into a museum and public meeting place. However, these plans were abandoned because of financial problems. Bradford sold the building and land to a local development
42、 firm, which plans to build a shopping complex on the land where the theater is located. The theater audience said good-bye as Bradford locked the doors for the last time. After 75 years the Plaza Theater had shown its last movie. The theater will be missed. 24. In what way was yesterdays cleanup at
43、 the Plaza special?A. It made room for new equipment. B. It signaled the closedown of the theater. C. It was done with the help of the audience. D. It marked the 75th anniversary of the theater. 25. Why was The Last Picture Show put on? A. It was an all-time classic. B. It was about the history of t
44、he town. C. The audience requested it. D. The theater owner found it suitable. 26. What will probably happen to the building? A. It will be repaired. B. It will be turned into a museum. C. It will be knocked down. D. It will be sold to the city government. 27. What can we infer about the audience? A
45、. They are disappointed with Bradford. B. They are sad to part with the old theater. C. They are supportive of the city officials. D. They are eager to have a shopping center. Passage4(2017 北京卷， B) It was a cold March day in High Point, North Carolina. The girls on the Wesleyan Academy softball were
46、 waiting for their next turns at bat during practice, stamping their feet to stay warm. Eighth-grader Taylor Bisbee shivered(发抖 ) a little as she watched her teammate Paris White play. The two didnt know each other well Taylor had just moved to town a month or so before. Suddenly, Paris fell to the
47、ground, Paris s eyes rolled back, Taylor says. She started shaking. I knew it was an emergency. It certainly was, Paris had suffered a sudden heart failure. Without immediate medical care, Paris would die. At first, no one moved. The girls were in shock. Then the softball coach shouted out, Does any
48、one know CPR? CPR is a life-saving technique. To do CPR, you press on the sick person s chest so that blood moves through the body and takes oxygen to organs. Without oxygen the brain is damaging quickly. Amazingly, Taylor had just taken a CPR course the day before. Still, she hesitated. She didn t
49、think she knew it well enough. But when no one else came forward, Taylor ran to Paris and began doing CPR. It was scary. I knew it was the difference between life and death, says Taylor. Taylor s swift action helped her teammates calm down. One girl called 911. Two more ran to get the school nurse,
50、who brought a defibrillator, an electronic devices(器械 ) that can shock the heart back into work. Luck stayed with them: Paris heartbeat returned. I know I was really lucky, Paris says now. Most people dont survive this. My team saved my life.Experts say Paris is right: For a sudden heart failure, th