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1、考点43 阅读理解词义猜测题高考频度：历年来高考试题中的生词量有增无减。教学大纲要求学生“读懂生词率不超过3%的传记、故事、记叙文、科普小品文和有关社会文史知识等不同题材的材料。”在英语阅读训练和测试中的生词障碍往往会成为学生理解的“绊脚石”，这些“绊脚石”的出现大致分五类：1旧词新义，考查词汇表中未出现的词义；如：Nearby is the Indianapolis race course, where the nations most famous car race is held each year on May 30th.我们学过 course的意思是“过程，课程”等，在此显然不符句意
2、。根据上下文 course是汽车赛举行的地方，可推断 course在该句是“车道”或“跑道”的意思。2合成词、转化词与派生词，如shoplifting，heartbroken，computer-literate，decision-thinking，imperfect等；3“灵活”的常用词增多，这些词必须根据具体的上下文语境才能正确理解；4“新鲜”的外国人名、地名、专有名称增多，这些词有些带有一定的文化背景5超纲生词。 有的学生在阅读训练和测试中存在着“生词恐惧心理”，一遇到生词就有读不下去的感觉。那么阅读理解时遇到大量生词该怎么办? 查词典当然是排除词义障碍的一种方法，当然这只有在平常的阅读训
3、练中才可以使用。但是，频繁的查阅词典既影响阅读速度，又容易破坏学生阅读的思路和兴趣。况且，一词多义是英语词汇的主要特点，词典不一定能为学生提供单词在特定的上下文中的具体或确切的含义。平时的练习中遇到生词不要马上查词典，可以通过一定的方法来猜测理解。猜测词义不仅是一项阅读技巧，也是高考阅读能力考查的一个方面，每年在高考阅读中都有猜测词义的试题。掌握正确方法快速而又准确地猜测出生词的含义，对提高阅读速度和答题效率相当重要。该类题常见的考查形式有：1. The phrase “”in the sentence could be replaced by _.2. The word “” in the
4、paragraph refers to _.3. What is the meaning of the underlined word in the paragraph? / What does the unlined word mean?4. Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the phrase “”?5. The word “” most nearly means _.对此类试题，考生应该进行大胆猜测，但这种猜测不是胡乱的，盲目的，而是有一定的方法和技巧。下面介绍几种常见的猜测词义的方法供同学们加以运用。1构词法猜词阅
5、读中常常会遇到一些由熟悉的单词派生或合成的新词。掌握构词法对猜测词义很有帮助。如：unforeseeable.这个词，可以根据构词法把它拆成un, fore, see , able；其中 see 是词根，fore是“先，前，预”的含义，un是否定，able是“能的，可的”，因此unforeseeable是“未能预见到的”意思。Baker concludes that people do not have the ability to sense when theyre being stared at. If people doubt the outcome of his two experim
6、ents, said Baker, “I suggest they repeat the experiments and see for themselves.” 70. The underlined word “outcome” in the last paragraph most probably means .A. value B. result C. performance D. connection【答案】B【解析】运用“构词法”进行猜测。动词词组come out 的意义为“露出、出现、显露出”。再根据句子的语境，可猜测出其意义是：(实验的)结果。2利用同义近义词猜词在生词所出现的上
7、下文中，有时会出现与之同义或近义的词语或结构，这时可从熟悉的词语中推知生词的含义。统称在词或短语之间有并列连词and或or，这些词语或短语在句中作相同的成分，并且and或or连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此确定同等关系中的某个生词所属的义域，甚至推出它的大致词义。Fermats Last Theorem（定理）, first put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Fermat in the seventeenth century, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest
8、 mathematical minds, including a French woman scientists who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecole Polytechnique. 65. Which of the following best explains the meaning of the word “baffle” as it is used in the text?A
9、. To encourage people to raise questions.B. To cause difficulty in understanding.C. To provide a person with an explanation.D. To limit peoples imagination.【答案】B【解析】由句中不难看出Fermat的定理使得最具有数学头脑的科学家绞尽脑汁（beat），并且在句中beaten和baffled处于同等的并列关系，根据这一信息可以推出baffle表示“使困惑、难倒、难以理解”的意思。3利用反义词猜词对比是描述，说明事物的常用方式。在对比中，对比
10、的事物是互为相反的，因此根据反义或对比关系可从已知推出未知。利用反义词来说明生词的意义，如反义词hot and cold, perfect and imperfect，甚至前、后句为肯定与否定或是与不是等，在句内词与词之间，在段内句与句之间的关系上起着互为线索的作用。A childs birthday party doesnt have to be a hassle ; it can be a basket of fun, according to Beth Anaclerio, an Evaston mother of two, ages 4 and 18 months. 74.What d
11、oes the underlined word “hassle” probably mean?A. A party designed by specialists.B. A plan requiring careful thought.C. A situation causing difficulty or trouble.D. A demand made by guests.【答案】C【解析】根据前句的否定doesnt与后句的肯定can be这一对比关系，可以判断出，为了庆祝孩子的生日，又不至于麻烦，可以买一个生日开心包。Hassle的意思应该与fun相反，而与difficulty, tro
12、uble相近。答案为C。4利用上下文语境猜词任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整整篇文章有关。利用上下文提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析进而推测词义，是阅读过程中的一大关键，这也是近年来高考考查的热点。【2019·天津卷，D】Would you BET on the future of this man？He is 53 years old. Most of his adult life has been a losing struggle against debt and misfortune. A war injury has made h
13、is left hand stop functioning，and he has often been in prison. Driven by heaven-knows-what motives，he determines to write a book.The book turns out to be one that has appealed to the world for more than 350 years. That former prisoner was Cervantes，and the book was Don Quixote（堂吉诃德）. And the story p
14、oses an interesting question: why do some people discover new vitality and creativity to the end of their days，while others go to seed long before？We've all known people who run out of steam before they reach life's halfway mark. I'm not talking about those who fail to get to the top. We
15、 can't all get there. I'm talking about people who have stopped learning on growing because they have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions that all too often come with passing years.52. What does the underlined part in Paragraph 3 probably mean？A. End one's struggle for liberty.B. Wa
16、ste one's energy taking risks.C. Miss the opportunity to succeed.D. Lose the interest to continue learning.【语篇解读】本文属于议论文，讲述要成功，就需要不断的学习，这样的生活才会有意义。52.D 【解析】词义猜测题。根据第三段Im talking about people who have stopped learning on growing because they have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions that all
17、too often come with passing years.故可知，作者谈论的不是那些没有到达巅峰的人，而是谈论那些不再学习成长的人，故可知run out of steam可知，停止学习，故选D。5利用定义和解释猜词有些文章，特别是科技文章，通常会对一些关键词给予定义，我们可以利用定义来猜测这些词的意思。释义法就是根据文章中的字里行间，对生词以定语（从句）、表语甚至用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明的方式。“Organic produce is always better, ” Gold said. “The food is free of pesticides (农药), a
18、nd you are generally supporting family farms instead of large farms. And more often than not it is locally (本地)grown and seasonal, so it is more tasty.” Gold is one of a growing number of shoppers buying into the organic trend, and supermarkets across Britain are counting on more like him as they gr
19、ow their organic food business.62. What is the meaning of “the organic trend” as the words are used in the text?A. Growing interest in organic food.B. Better quality of organic food.C. Rising market for organic food.D. Higher prices of organic food.【答案】A【解析】由Gold is one of a growing number of shoppe
20、rs buying something可以推断出，越来越多的顾客像Gold一样开始购买有机食物，其实也就是对这类食物产生了越来越浓厚的兴趣。答案为A。6根据语义转折猜词有时文章的作者为了增强表达效果，会用一些含有表示意思转折的连词，副词或短语。如：though, although, still, but, yet, instead, instead of, however, while, on the contrary, on the other hand, unlike, rather than, for one thing, for another等，我们可以根据转折意思猜测词义。Howe
21、ver obvious these facts may appear at first glance, they are actually not so obvious as they seem except when we take special pains to think about the subject.71. In Paragraph 3, “take special pains” probably means “_”.A. try very hard B. take our timeC. are very unhappy D. feel especially painful【答
22、案析】A【解析】由However从句当中的at first glance（乍一眼看上去），与下文中的take special pains进行对比，既然不是一眼就看出那么简单，那么自然要费力去想了。由此可以推断出A项为最佳选项。7利用经验和常识猜词“I was on the way to a personal-injury accident in West Nashville. As I got onto Highway 40, blue lights and sirens(警笛) going, I fell in behind a gold Pontiac Firebird that sudd
23、enly seemed to take off quickly down the highway. The driver somehow panicked at the sight of me. He was going more than a hundred miles an hour and began passing cars on the shoulder.”63. The meaning of “panicked” in Paragraph 2 is related to _ .A. shame B. hate C. anger D. fear 【答案】D【解析】根据本段内容描述，可
24、以知道panicked 意思是“惊慌”，相当于fear。题组一（2019年高考真题）Passage1(2019·新课标卷II，B) “You can use me as a last resort(选择), and if nobody else volunteers，then I will do it.” This was an actual reply from a parent after I put out a request for volunteers for my kids lacrosse(长曲棍球)club.I guess that there's proba
25、bly some demanding work schedule, or social anxiety around stepping up to help for an unknown sport. She may just need a little persuading. So I try again and tug at the heartstrings. I mention the single parent with four kids running the show and I talk about the dad coaching a team that his kids a
26、rent even on At this point the unwilling parent speaks up,“Alright. Yes, Ill do it.”Im secretly relieved because I know theres real power in sharing volunteer responsibilities among many. The unwilling parent organizes the meal schedule, sends out emails, and collects money for end-of-season gifts.
27、Somewhere along the way, the same parent ends up becoming an invaluable member of the team. The coach is able to focus on the kids while the other parents are relieved to be off the hook for another season. Handing out sliced oranges to bloodthirsty kids can be as exciting as watching your own kid s
28、core a goal.Still, most of us volunteers breathe a sigh of relief when the season comes to a close. That relief is coupled with a deep understanding of why the same people keep coming back for more: Connecting to the community(社区)as you freely give your time, money, skills, or services provides a re
29、al joy. Volunteering just feels so good.In that sense, Im pretty sure volunteering is more of a selfish act than Id freely like to admit. However, if others benefit in the process, and I get some reward too, does it really matter where my motivation lies?24. What can we infer about the parent from h
30、er reply in paragraph l？A. She knows little about the club.B. She isn't good at sports.C. She just doesn't want to volunteer.D. She's unable to meet her schedule.25. What does the underlined phrase“tug at the heartstrings”in paragraph 2 mean ?A. Encourage team work.B. Appeal to feeling.C
31、. Promote good deeds.D. Provide advice.26. What can we learn about the parent from paragraph 3?A. She gets interested in lacrosse.B. She is proud of her kids.C. Shell work for another season.D. She becomes a good helper.27. Why does the author like doing volunteer work?A. It gives her a sense of dut
32、y.B. It makes her very happy.C. It enables her to work hard.D. It brings her material rewards.Passage2(2019·北京卷，B)Alice Moore is a teenager entrepreneur(创业者), who in May 2015 set up her business AilieCandy. By the time she was 13，her company was worth millions of dollars with the invention of a
33、 super-sweet treat that could save kids' teeth，instead of destroying them.It all began when Moore visited a bank with her dad. On the outing, she was offered a candy bar. However, her dad reminded her that sugary treats were bad for her teeth. But Moore was sick of missing out on candies. So she
34、 desired to get round the warning, "Why can't I make a healthy candy that's good for my teeth so that my parents can't say no to it?" With that in mind, Moore asked her dad if she could start her own candy company. He recommended that she do some research and talk to dentists a
35、bout what a healthier candy would contain.With her dad's permission, she spent the next two years researching online and conducting trials to get a recipe that was both tasty and tooth-friendly. She also approached dentists to learn more about teeth cleaning. Consequently, she succeeded in makin
36、g a kind of candy only using natural sweeteners, which can reduce oral bacteria.Moore then used her savings to get her business of the ground. Afterwards, she and her father secured their first business meeting with a supermarket owner, who finally agreed to sell Moore's product-Cancandy.As CanC
37、andy's success grows, so does Moore's credibility as a young entrepreneur. Moore is enthusiastic about the candy she created, and she's also positive about what the future might bring. She hopes that every kid can have a clean mouth and a broad smile.Meanwhile, with her parents' help
38、, Moore is generally able to live a normal teenage life. Although she founded her company early on in life, she wasn't driven primarily by profit. Moore wants to use her unique talent to help others find their smiles. She donates 10% of AilicCandy's profits to Big Smiles. With her talent and
39、 determination, it appears that the sky could be the limit for Alice Moore.34. How did Moore react to her dad's warning?A. She argued with him.B. She tried to find a way out.C. She paid no attention.D. She chose to consult dentists.35. What is special about CanCandy?A. It is beneficial to dental
40、 health.B. It is free of sweeteners.C. It is sweeter than other candies.D. It is produced to a dentists' recipe.36. What does Moore expect from her business?A. To earn more money.B. To help others find smiles.C. To make herself stand out.D. To beat other candy companies.37. What can we learn fro
41、m Alice Moore's story?A. Fame is a great thirst of the young.B. A youth is to be regarded with respect.C. Positive thinking and action result in success.D. Success means getting personal desires satisfiedPassage3(2019·浙江卷，B)Money with no strings attached. Its not something you see every day
42、. But at Union Station in Los Angeles last month, a board went up with dollar bills attached to it with pins and a sign that read, "Give What You Can, Take What You Need."People quickly caught on. And while many took dollars, many others pinned their own cash to the board. “People of all a
43、ges, races, and socio-economic(社会经济的)backgrounds gave and took, ”said Tyler Bridges of The Toolbox, which created the project. "We even had a bride in her wedding dress come up to the board and take a few dollars." Most of the bills on the board were singles, but a few people left fives, t
44、ens and even twenties. The video clip(片段)shows one man who had found a $ 20 bill pinning it to the board.“What I can say for the folks that gave the most, is that they were full of smiles,” Bridges said. “Theres a certain feeling that giving can do for you and that was apparent in those that gave th
45、e most." Most people who took dollars took only a few, but Bridges said a very small number took as much as they could.While the clip might look like part of a new ad campaign, Bridges said the only goal was to show generosity and sympathy. He added that he hopes people in other cities might tr
46、y similar projects and post their own videos on the Internet.“After all, everyone has bad days and good days," he said. “Some days you need a helping hand and some days you can be the one giving the helping hand.”24. What does the expression "money with no strings attached" in paragra
47、ph 1 mean?A. Money spent without hesitation.B. Money not legally made.C. Money offered without conditions.D. Money not tied together.25. What did Bridges want to show by mentioning the bride?A. Women tended to be more sociable.B. The activity attracted various people.C. Economic problems were gettin
48、g worse.D. Young couples needed financial assistance.26. Why did Bridges carry out the project?A. To do a test on peoples morals.B. To raise money for his company.C. To earn himself a good reputation.D. To promote kindness and sympathy.Passage4(2019·北京卷，D)By the end of the century，if not sooner
49、，the world's oceans will be bluer and greener thanks to a warming climate，according to a new study.At the heart of the phenomenon lie tiny marine microorganisms(海洋微生物)called phytoplankton. Because of the way light reflects off the organisms，these phytoplankton create colourful patterns at the ocean surfa