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1、专题3完 形 填 空高考完形填空考查考生在短文所给语境中运用英语语言知识的能力,要求考生通读短文后掌握文章大意,结合语境和所学英语知识等,从所给的四个选项中选出最佳选项,使短文意思通顺、结构完整。该题要求考生能够透过句子层面选择答案,所以能较好地测试考生在阅读理解的基础上对英语语言知识的综合运用能力,特别是对词汇的运用能力。表1:20172019年全国卷完形填空题型比较题型试卷2019年卷2019年卷2019年卷2018年卷2018年卷2018年卷2017年卷2017年卷2017年卷句内层次题71111111010101311句组层次题926778855语篇层次题473232224表2:201
2、72019年全国卷完形填空主题比较试卷体裁和主题短文词数(短文/总) 语速要求(wpm)平均间距2019年卷说明文:保护乞力马扎罗山246/33822.9312.32019年卷记叙文:帮助陌生人找回小狗274/36224.613.72019年卷记叙文:挪威山谷小镇获得阳光243/32322.412.152018年卷记叙文:象棋大师传授人生技能271/35523.613.552018年卷记叙文:救助的人是自己的儿子267/35123.413.352018年卷记叙文:丹尼斯去医院看婴儿261/3452313.052017年卷记叙文:认真学好美式手语236/31821.211.82017年卷记叙文:
3、考生Freddy乐于助人237/31721.111.852017年卷记叙文:Jordan Axani免费赠送环球旅行的机票233/32321.511.65表3:20172019年全国卷完形填空考点比较试卷动词(短语)名词形容词和副词 代词介词(短语)连词2019年卷8750002019年卷9550102019年卷8570002018年卷10730002018年卷11350102018年卷11630002017年卷10550002017年卷9830002017年卷974000分析近3年的全国卷高考试题,我们不难发现,完形填空的文章体裁主要是记叙文。文章内容可读性较强。题型分为句子层面、句组层面、
4、语篇层面,多以句子层面题和句组层面题为主,语篇层面题为辅,较难的语篇层面题有3道左右。这就要求考生在做完形填空题时,心中始终有这三个层面,认真甄别每道题是属于哪种层面,然后再确定用哪种方法来解题。全国卷完形填空语篇基本控制在250词左右,但其中长难句增多,加大了完形填空的难度。记叙文的第一句通常把短文中故事发生的时间、地点、人物和事件等交代清楚,这是考生在解题时理解并掌握全文大意的基础。2019年全国卷再次出现首句设空的情况(The small town of Rjukan in Norway is situated between several mountains and does not
5、 get direct sunlight from late September to mid-March41 six months out of the year.)。这就给考生理解文章带来了麻烦,需要他们认真分析上下文。空格在短文中均衡分布,绝大多数空格之间的距离大致相当。 完形填空语篇逻辑严密,故事情节曲折但完整。文章使用明显的过渡词语来连接语篇,体现了“突出语篇”的命题风格与考查要求。完形填空考查名词、动词、形容词、副词等,2019年全国、卷没有考查虚词。词源方面,全国、卷主要考查初中词汇和高中必修词汇,全国、卷明显突出选修词汇,2019年全国卷还出现超纲词汇sun-star
6、ved。另外,高考对熟词生义的考查也是越来越重视,2019年全国卷中的face(基本义:脸;拓展义:外观)就是典型的例子。Passage 12019·全国Every year about 40,000 people attempt to climb Kilimanjaro, the highest mountain in Africa. They 41 with them lots of waste. The 42 might damage the beauty of the place. The glaciers (冰川) are disappearing, changing th
7、e 43 of Kilimanjaro. Hearing these stories, Im 44 about the placeother destinations are described as “purer” natural experiences. However, I soon 45 that much has changed since the days of disturbing reports of 46 among tons of rubbish. I find a 47 mountain, with toilets at camps
8、 and along the paths. The environmental challenges are 48 but the efforts made by the Tanzania National Park Authority seem to be 49. The best of a Kilimanjaro 50, in my opinion, isnt reaching the top. Mountains are 51 as spiritual places by many cultures. This 52 is especially eviden
9、t on Kilimanjaro as 53 go through five ecosystems (生态系统) in the space of a few kilometers. At the base is a rainforest. It ends abruptly at 3,000 meters, 54 lands of low growing plants. Further up, the weather 55low clouds envelope the mountainsides, which are covered with thick grass. I 56 twelve s
10、hades of green from where I stand.Above 4,000 meters is the highland 57: gravel(砾石), stones and rocks. 58 you climb into an arctic-like zone with 59 snow and the glaciers that may soon disappear. Does Kilimanjaro 60 its reputation as a crowded mountain with lines of tourists ruining the atmosph
11、ere of peace?I found the opposite to be true. 41.A.keepB.mixC.connectD.bring42.A.storiesB.buildingsC.crowdsD.reporters43.A.positionB.ageC.faceD.name44.A.silentB.skepticalC.seriousD.crazy45.A.discoverB.argueC.decideD.advocate46.A.equipmentB.grassC.campsD.stones47.A.remoteB.quietC.tallD.clean48.A
12、.newB.specialC.significantD.necessary49.A.paying offB.spreading outC.blowing upD.fading away50.A.atmosphereB.experienceC.experimentD.sight51.A.studiedB.observedC.exploredD.regarded52.A.viewB.qualityC.reasonD.purpose53.A.scientistsB.climbersC.localsD.officials54.A.holding on toB.going back toC.living
13、 up toD.giving way to55.A.changesB.clearsC.improvesD.permits56.A.matchB.imagineC.countD.add57.A.villageB.desertC.roadD.lake58.A.ObviouslyB.EasilyC.ConsequentlyD.Finally59.A.permanentB.littleC.freshD.artificial60.A.enjoyB.deserveC.saveD.acquire语篇解读本文介绍了非洲乞力马扎罗山的环境污染以及当地机构努力治理之后该地环境的改善。答案与解析41.D登山者带来了
14、大量的垃圾。42.C根据上文中的about 40,000 people attempt to climb Kilimanjaro可知,人群可能破坏了这一地区的美丽。43.C冰川正在消失,这改变了乞力马扎罗山的面貌。44.B破折号后的内容与作者听到的乞力马扎罗山受到污染的消息形成鲜明对比,作者对此感到怀疑。45.A作者很快发现,自从那些令人不安的报道说成吨的垃圾堆中有营地以来,情况已经发生了很大变化。46.C见上题解析。47.D根据下文提到的在营地和沿途中都有卫生间可知,作者发现这是一座干净的山。48.C环境保护的难度虽然巨大,但是坦桑尼亚国家公园管理局的努力似乎得到了回报。49.A见上题解析。
15、50.B攀登乞力马扎罗山最棒的体验并不在于登顶。51.D山在很多文化中被看作是精神圣地。52.A这种观点在乞力马扎罗山尤为明显,因为登山者在短短几公里的登山途中就可以经历五种生态系统。53.B见上题解析。54.D这五种生态系统,从下至上,在山脚是雨林,到海拔3000米的时候,雨林突然变成了大量的低矮植物。give way to本意为“给让路”,此处指“被替代”。55.A从山脚的雨林到海拔3000米的低矮植物,再往上变成了被低低的云团笼罩着的、长满茂密草丛的山坡。生态系统发生了变化,气候自然也要发生改变。56.C从作者所站的地方就能数出12种不同色度的绿色。57.B根据空后的描述可知,海拔400
16、0米以上就是高原荒漠。58.D最终你将进入一个类似北极的区域,这个区域终年积雪。59.A见上题解析。60.B乞力马扎罗山是否挤满了破坏其宁静气氛的游客呢?这一说法是否属实?deserve ones reputation意为“名不虚传;实至名归”。Passage 22019·全国Its about 250 miles from the hills of west-central Iowa to Ehlers home in Minnesota. During the long trip home, following a we
17、ekend of hunting, Ehlers 41 about the small dog he had seen 42 alongside the road. He had 43 to coax (哄)the dog to him but, frightened, it had 44. Back home, Ehlers was troubled by that 45 dog. So, four days later, he called his friend Greg, and the two drove 46. After a long and careful 47, G
18、reg saw, across a field, the dog moving 48 away. Ehlers eventually succeeded in coaxing the animal to him. Nervousness and fear were replaced with 49. It just started licking (舔) Ehlers face. A local farmer told them the dog sounded like one 50 as lost in the local paper. The ad had a
19、 51 number for a town in southern Michigan. Ehlers 52 the number of Jeff and Lisa to tell them he had 53 their dog. Jeff had 54 in Iowa before Thanksgiving with his dog, Rosie, but the gun shots had scared the dog off. Jeff searched 55 for Rosie in the next four days. Ehlers returned to Mi
20、nnesota, and then drove 100 miles to Minneapolis to put Rosie on a flight to Michigan. “Its good to know theres still someone out there who 56 enough to go to that kind of 57,” says Lisa of Ehlers rescue 58. “I figured whoever lost the dog was probably just as 59 t
21、o it as I am to my dogs,” says Ehlers. “If it had been my dog, Id hope that somebody would be 60 to go that extra mile.” 41.A.readB.forgotC.thoughtD.heard42.A.fighting B.tremblingC.eatingD.sleeping43.A.tried B.agreedC.promisedD.regretted44.A.calmed down B.stood upC.rolled overD.run of
22、f45.A.injured B.stolen C.lostD.rescued46.A.homeB.pastC.backD.on47.A.preparationB.explanationC.testD.search48.A.cautiouslyB.casuallyC.skillfullyD.angrily49.A.surpriseB.joyC.hesitationD.anxiety50.A.predictedB.advertisedC.believedD.recorded51.A.houseB.phoneC.streetD.car52.A.calledB.copiedC.countedD.rem
23、embered53.A.fedB.adoptedC.foundD.cured54.A.huntedB.skiedC.livedD.worked55.A.on purposeB.on timeC.in turnD.in vain56.A.caresB.seesC.suffersD.learns57.A.placeB.troubleC.wasteD.extreme58.A.serviceB.planC.effortD.team59.A.equalB.allergicC.gratefulD.close60.A.suitableB.proudC.wiseD.willing语篇解读Ehlers在打猎时在
24、路边发现了一只走失的小狗,他试图哄它到自己身边来,未能成功。回家后,Ehlers还是很担心这只小狗。四天后他和朋友又出去找到了这只小狗,并且联系上了它的主人。答案与解析41.C在打猎回家的路上,Ehlers想起了他在路边看到过的那只发抖的小狗。42.B见上题解析。43.AEhlers试图把小狗哄到他身边来,但是没有成功,小狗跑掉了。44.D见上题解析。45.C回到家后,Ehlers还在担心那只走失的狗。46.C四天后,Ehlers和他的朋友Greg开车返回到小狗出现过的地方去找它。47.D经过一番搜索之后,Greg看到那只小狗正小心地离开。48.A见上题解析。49.B小狗见到Ehlers很高兴
25、,之前的紧张和害怕都没有了。50.B根据下文中的the ad可知,此处选advertised。51.B广告上有电话号码。52.A根据下文中的to tell them he had可知,Ehlers给Jeff 和 Lisa打了电话,告诉他们他找到了他们的小狗。53.C见上题解析。54.A根据下文中的gun shots可知,Jeff在感恩节前带着他的小狗Rosie一起打猎。55.D小狗的主人Jeff曾经找过它,但是没有找到。56.A此处指Lisa很开心得知有人如此关心这只小狗。57.Btrouble意为“麻烦;额外的努力”,符合语境。58.C根据上文Lisa说的话可知,此处Lisa表达了对Ehle
26、rs救援行动的肯定。rescue effort “救援行动”。59.DEhlers认为不管是谁丢失了小狗,他们可能都与小狗的关系很亲密,就像他和自己的狗一样。60.DEhlers希望如果有一天他的狗走失了,有人能像他那样心甘情愿地、不怕麻烦地去寻找他的狗。Passage 32019·全国The small town of Rjukan in Norway is situated between several mountains and does not get direct sunlight from late September to mid-March41 six months
27、 out of the year. “Of course, we 42 it when the sun is shining,”says Karin Ro, who works for the towns tourism office. “We see the sky is 43, but down in the valley its darkerits like on a 44 day.” But that 45 when a system of high-tech 46 was introduced to re
28、flect sunlight from neighboring peaks (山峰) into the valley below. Wednesday, residents (居民) of Rjukan 47 their very first ray of winter sunshine: A row of reflective boards on a nearby mountainside were put to 48. The mirrors are controlled by a computer that 49 them to turn along with the sun throu
29、ghout the 50 and to close during windy weather. They reflect a concentrated beam (束) of light onto the towns central 51, creating an area of sunlight roughly 600 square meters. When the light 52, Rjukan residents gathered together. “People have been 53 there and standing there and tak
30、ing 54 of each other,” Ro says.“The town square was totally 55. I think almost all the people in the town were there.” The 3,500 residents cannot all 56 the sunshine at the same time. 57, the new light feels like more than enough for the towns 58 residents. “Its not very 59,
31、” she says, “but it is enough when we are 60.” 41.A.only B.obviouslyC.nearlyD.precisely42.A.fear B.believeC.hearD.notice43.A.empty B.blueC.highD.wide44.A.cloudyB.normalC.differentD.warm45.A.helpedB.changedC.happenedD.mattered46.A.computersB.telescopesC.mirrorsD.cameras47.A.rememberedB.forecaste
32、dC.receivedD.imagined48.A.repairB.riskC.restD.use49.A.forbidsB.directsC.predictsD.follows50.A.dayB.nightC.monthD.year51.A.libraryB.hallC.squareD.street52.A.appearedB.returnedC.fadedD.stopped53.A.drivingB.hidingC.campingD.sitting54.A.picturesB.notesC.careD.hold55.A.newB.fullC.flatD.silent56.A.blockB.
33、avoidC.enjoyD.store57.A.InsteadB.HoweverC.GraduallyD.Similarly58.A.nature-lovingB.energy-savingC.weather-beatenD.sun-starved59.A.bigB.clearC.coldD.easy60.A.tryingB.waitingC.watchingD.sharing语篇解读挪威山谷小镇Rjukan受地形影响,一年中有近六个月无阳光照射。当地政府在山顶架设巨镜,利用反光原理将光线反射到小镇中心广场,让民众能够享受到自然阳光。答案与解析41.C根据上文中的late September
34、to mid-March可知,Rjukan小镇一年中有将近六个月的时间没有阳光。42.D根据下文中的We see the sky is. but down in the valley its darker 可知,他们注意到了这一现象。43.B虽然天空很蓝,但是山谷下面却很暗。44.A根据上文中的but down in the valley its darker可知,光线很暗,就像阴天一样。45.B但当被引进的一套高科技的镜子系统将附近山峰的阳光反射到下面的山谷中时,情况有所改变。46.C见上题解析。47.CRjukan小镇的居民接收到了他们冬日的第一缕阳
35、光。48.D附近山坡上的一排反光板被投入使用。49.B反射镜是由电脑控制的,电脑会引导它们整天跟着太阳转。50.A见上题解析。51.C根据下文中的The town square was totally可知,反射镜将阳光反射到小镇的中心广场上。52.A当阳光出现的时候,Rjukan小镇的居民聚集在一起。53.D聚集在广场上的人们,或坐着,或站着,或互相拍照。54.A见上题解析。55.B小镇广场上几乎人山人海。56.C3500位居民不能同时享受阳光。57.B然而,对于镇上那些渴望阳光的居民来说,新的阳光已经足够了。58.D见上题解析。59.A阳光面积不是很大,但是足够大家共享。60.D见上题解析。
36、攻略一重视首句,把握开篇完形填空一般无标题,全文信息从首句开始。细读首句,可断定文章体裁,预测全文大意。突破首句,顺藤摸瓜,逐步弄清每个空格与上下文的关系,然后利用已知的信息顺利理解全文,以确定需要填入的内容。攻略二速读全文,掌握大意速读全文要一气呵成,尽管有空格、生词或不明白的地方,仍要快速读下去。速读时要注意找出关键词、中心词,画出某些表示人物和情节的词,以便形成思路。要注意不要在未掌握大意的基础上,边阅读边做题,这样速度慢、准确率低。攻略三瞻前顾后,灵活答题在一篇完形填空中,有时仅凭一句话很难确定正确的答案。如果继续读下去,并且兼顾上下文,就能发现与问题有关的信息词或信息句子出现,这些词
37、或句子往往直接或间接地提示出正确答案。完形填空要求考生不仅要有广博的语言知识,还要学会利用生活经历、常识或背景知识进行综合判断。攻略四复核全文,调整答案一篇完形填空做好后,可以再通读一遍进行核查,核查时要注意以下三点:1.上下文的一致性:时态、语态的一致;代词、名词、单复数的一致。2.从语法、习惯用法及固定搭配,甚至语感入手,看是否符合上下文的逻辑。3.段与段、句与句之间的衔接是否连贯。这次复核很重要,往往能纠正一两处甚至多处错误,同时对极难确定的答案,也要凭语感选一个,决不可不选。但是这一步往往被大多数考生忽视,造成不必要的失分。01完形填空之宏观把握架构做完形填空题,最大的禁忌就是急于求成
38、、贸然答题,不置于语篇大环境下而凭主观臆断,造成“只见树木,不见森林”的片面性错误。正确的做法:先通读全文和选项,对文意和题目有个大致了解,弄清楚主旨大意及思考方向后,再进行第二遍精读和答题。如何读文,如何做题,怎样才能高效,本讲将给予悉心宏观指导。策略1把握三大文体特征读文求快考生熟知各种文体特点,有利于从整体上把握文章的篇章逻辑和组织方式,为更好地理解文章大意打下良好的基础。为便于考生加深理解,在此,我们结合完形填空选文的具体特点再略述一二。(一)常考文体记叙文完形填空的文章体裁以记叙文为主,从叙事方式来看,故事内容基本都遵循“起承转合”的常见记叙文写作思路。从正负态度来解释,则可分为两种
39、模式:一种为“负正”,即故事开始就是“坏事”,后来转变为“好事”;另一种是“正负正”,即文章开始平静祥和,中间经历挫折、困难,最终迎来光明美好的结局。两种模式的共同点在于,无论故事如何开篇,过程都会经历曲折,结尾必然收获美好、充满希望。总之,完形填空的选材基本都是积极向上、引人向善的文章。了解这点有助于考生理解文章内容、把握主人公情感走向,进而帮助考生解题。(二)常考文体夹叙夹议文夹叙夹议类的文章通常采用叙议结合的写作方法,文章先进行叙述,然后在段落的结尾或文章的末尾展开议论,说明故事所包含的哲理或总结出作者的观点。阅读此类文章时,考生要重点关注议论的部分,从而总结出文章的主旨。(三)时考文体
40、说明文说明文是以说明为主要表达方式,用来说明事物、阐明事理的一种文体。它通过揭示概念来说明事物的特征、本质及其规律性,给人准确的科学知识或传递某种思想。其基本模式:观点说明总结。策略2掌握三步解题流程解题求稳策略3练就一项超人技能题文齐读什么是“题文齐读”为什么要“题文齐读”顾名思义就是一边读文,一边用眼睛的余光扫一下题目。二者并不是相互分散精力,而是协调配合、相互印证的。考生要做到双眼聚焦(一眼侧重于读文,一眼侧重于扫描对应的选项),眼脑共用(边读文边思考,对各空的选项有一个初判)。这项技能对考生的要求较高,运用此法时考生要保证注意力高度集中,并具备较强的聚合思维。考生在平时的训练中要多尝试
41、应用才能默化成规,内化于心(1)一篇约250词的短文存在20处的空格,信息的残缺不全造成文意理解的较大障碍。不看选项,不进行初判,“硬啃式”读文会造成越读越难,到后面甚至读得心烦意乱,从而造成文意理解的偏差。(2)完形填空大部分题目是送分或保分题目,考生通过边读边预判是能做正确大部分题的,随着一部分空格不断被填补还原,文意也就越来越明显,读文障碍会越来越小。“题文齐读”可大大缩减读文和答题时间2018·全国During my second year at the city college,I was told that the education department was off
42、ering a “free” course, called Thinking Chess, for three credits.I 41 the idea of taking the class because,after all,who doesnt want to42a few dollars?More than that, Id always wanted to learn chess. And,even if I werent43enough about free credits,news about our44was app
43、ealing enough to me. He was an international grandmaster,which45I would be learning from one of the games 46.I could hardly wait to47him. Maurice Ashley was kind and smart, a former graduate returning to teach, and this48was no game for him;he meant business. In his introduction, he m
44、ade it49that our credits would be hard-earned. In order to50the class,among other criteria, we had to write a paper on how we plan to51what we would learn in class to our future professions and,52,to our lives. I managed to get an A in that53and learned life lessons that have served me well beyond t
45、he54. Ten years after my chess class with Ashley, Im still putting to use what he55me:“The absolute most important56that you learn when you play chess is how to make good57.On every single move you have to58a situation,process what your opponent(对手)is doing and59the best move from amo
46、ng all your options.” These words still ring true today in my60as a journalist. 41.A.jumped at B.put forwardC.tried outD.turned down42.A.wasteB.earn C.save D.pay43.A.worriedB.excitedC.movedD.tired44.A.titleB.competitorC.instructorD.textbook45.A.urgedB.demandedC.heldD.meant46.A.fastestB.easiestC.bestD.rarest47.A.interviewB.meetC.challengeD.beat48.A.chanc