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1、发音语音学第1页，本讲稿共33页Articulatory phoneticsnHumans produce different kinds of sounds,not all related to language(e.g,coughing,burping)nMajor aspects of speech production:nairstreams mechanism nstate of the vocal cordsnstate of the velumnplace&manner of articulation 第2页，本讲稿共33页Speech Organs 第3页，本讲稿共33页Air
2、stream Mechanism nAll sounds are made with some movements of airnThe basic source of power is the lungsnThe air goes up the windpipe(trachea)and into the larynx and out of the body through the vocal tract(i.e.mouth or nose)pulmonic egressive(=from the lungs outwards)第4页，本讲稿共33页Airstream MechanismnPu
3、lmonic egressive-all human languagesnPulmonic ingressove-not foundnVelaric egressive-not foundnVelaric ingressive-e,g,ZulunGlottalic egressive-e.g,NavajonGlottalic ingressive-e.g,Sindhi 第5页，本讲稿共33页The vocal cords nTheir outer edges are attached to muscle in the larynx while their inner edges are fre
4、e.nIf the back end of the vocal folds are held apart,a triangular space opens up between them.nThe space is called glottis.第6页，本讲稿共33页The vocal cords第7页，本讲稿共33页State of the vocal cordsnAdjustments of the glottis is very crucial in speech production 3 positionsn1)Open glottis,i.e.the folds are apartn
5、normal breathingnvoiceless soundssssssssssss and ffffffffffffffffff第8页，本讲稿共33页State of the vocal cordsnOpen glottis第9页，本讲稿共33页State of the vocal cordsnOpen glottis第10页，本讲稿共33页State of the vocal cords cont.n2)Narrow glottis:i.e.held gently togethernThe air from the lungs forces its way through them c
6、ausing the folds to vibrate.qVoiced soundszzzzzzzz,vvvvvvvvv and iqTry it yourself!nSome consonants are voiced,but ALL vowels are voiced.第11页，本讲稿共33页State of the vocal cords cont.nNarrow glottis第12页，本讲稿共33页State of the vocal cords cont.n3)Closed glottis,i.e.vocal folds are firmly pressed together.nA
7、irstream is stopped completelyqGlottal stopnThe t in American English in words like buttonnArabic第13页，本讲稿共33页State of the vocal cords cont.nClosed glottis第14页，本讲稿共33页State of the vocal cords cont.nOther less common configurations:nWhen vocal cords open only at one end(creaky voice);e.g.(Hausa)nWhen
8、the vocal cords are apart;but force of air may still cause some vibration(breathy voice),or(murmured);e.g(Hindi)第15页，本讲稿共33页The VelumnVelum(soft palate):muscular flap at the back of the roof of the mouthnWhen velum is raised;air flows into the oral tract resulting in oral soundsnwhen velum is lowere
9、d,air flows into both mouth&nose resulting in nasal sounds as m,n 第16页，本讲稿共33页The Oral Tract nThe air passages above the larynx are known as vocal tractnThe shape of the vocal tract is very important in the production of speech.nMade up of:qOral cavity(mouth and pharynx)qNasal cavitynThe parts of th
10、e vocal tract that are used to form sounds are called articulators.nUpper and lower surface第17页，本讲稿共33页The Oral TractnContains:nActive articulators:lower lip&tongue nPassive articulators:upper surfaces of the oral tract(non-mobile parts)upper lip,teeth,pharynx wall&roof of the mouth which includes:q
11、Alveolar ridge-behind upper teethqHard palate-bony structureqSoft palate or velum-at the back of the mouth第18页，本讲稿共33页The Oral TractnTongue-five areas:1)Tip at the very front2)Blade below the alveolar ridge3)Front below the hard palate4)Back below the soft palate5)Root towards the rear wall of the p
12、harynx第19页，本讲稿共33页The Oral Tract(Tongue)第20页，本讲稿共33页Manner of articulation nHow close the active and passive articulators come to each other(stricture)?nRefers to the way in which the airstream is modified in the vocal tractqClosureqNarrowingqApproximation第21页，本讲稿共33页StopsnA complete closure at the
13、place of articulationnTwo types:oral and nasalnOral stopsqVelum is raisedqArticulators are close enough(in different points)to build pressure in the oral cavity.qAirstream is released with a burst of sound 第22页，本讲稿共33页FricativesnThink of frictionnAirstream partially obstructednHissing soundsn sibila
14、nts=high-pitched hissing sounds s and 第23页，本讲稿共33页AffricatesnAn affricate is a stop with an extended and controlled fricative phase following the obstruction na combination of stop+fricative):=voiceless post-alveolar affricate =voiced post-alveolar affricate第24页，本讲稿共33页ApproximantnArticulators appro
15、ach each other but do not touchnj in yes and w in wenAlways voiced第25页，本讲稿共33页Liquids,Glides&VowelsnFree passage of air through oral tractnVowels&glides y,w:articulators are wide apart&air flows unhindered(open approximation)nLiquids l,r:contact&free air passage 第26页，本讲稿共33页Place of articulation nWh
16、at parts of the vocal tract are used to produce a soundnName is based on passive articulatornTypes of obstruction required in the description of English consonants 第27页，本讲稿共33页Place of articulation 第28页，本讲稿共33页Place of articulationnRetroflex:tongue tip is curled towards the back of the mouth;t&d in
17、Indian EnglishnPharyngeal:moving root of the tongue towards back of the throat第29页，本讲稿共33页Place of articulation第30页，本讲稿共33页Speech Sound Classification nWe classify consonants according to:nVoicingnPlace of articulationnManner of articulation n&Vowels according to:npart of the tongue used nPosition o
18、f the tonguenLip rounding 第31页，本讲稿共33页Supra-segmental Structure nSyllable:not easy to define;can be countednAll syllables have vowels(obligatory)&may be preceded and/or followed by one or more consonantsnSome syllables carry more stress(produced with more muscular effort,louder&longer)n nasals&liqui
19、ds may form syllables without a vowel(syllabic)nSyllable structure:1.The vowel(peak,or nucleus)2.Consonants preceding nucleus(onset)3.Consonants following nucleus(coda)第32页，本讲稿共33页Consonants vs.vowelsnConsonants:there is obstruction in the oral tractnVowels:no hindrance to the outflow of airnLiquids&nasals:the air flows out freely nGlides dont form nuclei of syllables,but occur on the edges of syllablesnVowel:produced with open approximation and is a syllable nuclei(excluding glides,syllabic liquids&nasals)第33页，本讲稿共33页