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1、Chapter 2Introduction to articulatory phonetics PHONOLOGY(Lane 335)Articulatory phoneticsnHumans produce different kinds of sounds,not all related to language(e.g,coughing,burping)nMajor aspects of speech production:-airstreams mechanism-state of the vocal cords-state of the velum-place&manner of ar
2、ticulation Speech Organs Airstream Mechanism nAll sounds are made with some movements of airnThe basic source of power is the lungsnThe air goes up the windpipe(trachea)and into the larynx and out of the body through the vocal tract(i.e.mouth or nose)pulmonic egressive(=from the lungs outwards)Airst
3、ream MechanismnPulmonic egressive-all human languagesnPulmonic ingressove-not foundnVelaric egressive-not foundnVelaric ingressive-e,g,ZulunGlottalic egressive-e.g,NavajonGlottalic ingressive-e.g,Sindhi The vocal cords nTheir outer edges are attached to muscle in the larynx while their inner edges a
4、re free.nIf the back end of the vocal folds are held apart,a triangular space opens up between them.nThe space is called glottis.The vocal cordsState of the vocal cordsnAdjustments of the glottis is very crucial in speech production 3 positionsn1)Open glottis,i.e.the folds are apartnnormal breathing
5、nvoiceless soundssssssssssss and ffffffffffffffffffState of the vocal cordsnOpen glottisState of the vocal cordsnOpen glottisState of the vocal cords cont.n2)Narrow glottis:i.e.held gently togethernThe air from the lungs forces its way through them causing the folds to vibrate.qVoiced soundszzzzzzzz
6、,vvvvvvvvv and iqTry it yourself!nSome consonants are voiced,but ALL vowels are voiced.State of the vocal cords cont.nNarrow glottisState of the vocal cords cont.n3)Closed glottis,i.e.vocal folds are firmly pressed together.nAirstream is stopped completelyqGlottal stopnThe t in American English in w
7、ords like buttonnArabicState of the vocal cords cont.nClosed glottisState of the vocal cords cont.nOther less common configurations:-When vocal cords open only at one end(creaky voice);e.g.(Hausa)-When the vocal cords are apart;but force of air may still cause some vibration(breathy voice),or(murmur
8、ed);e.g(Hindi)The VelumnVelum(soft palate):muscular flap at the back of the roof of the mouthnWhen velum is raised;air flows into the oral tract resulting in oral soundsnwhen velum is lowered,air flows into both mouth&nose resulting in nasal sounds as m,n The Oral Tract nThe air passages above the l
9、arynx are known as vocal tractnThe shape of the vocal tract is very important in the production of speech.nMade up of:qOral cavity(mouth and pharynx)qNasal cavitynThe parts of the vocal tract that are used to form sounds are called articulators.nUpper and lower surfaceThe Oral TractnContains:nActive
10、 articulators:lower lip&tongue nPassive articulators:upper surfaces of the oral tract(non-mobile parts)upper lip,teeth,pharynx wall&roof of the mouth which includes:qAlveolar ridge-behind upper teethqHard palate-bony structureqSoft palate or velum-at the back of the mouthThe Oral TractnTongue-five a
11、reas:1)Tip at the very front2)Blade below the alveolar ridge3)Front below the hard palate4)Back below the soft palate5)Root towards the rear wall of the pharynxThe Oral Tract(Tongue)Manner of articulation nHow close the active and passive articulators come to each other(stricture)?nRefers to the way
12、 in which the airstream is modified in the vocal tractqClosureqNarrowingqApproximationStopsnA complete closure at the place of articulationnTwo types:oral and nasalnOral stopsqVelum is raisedqArticulators are close enough(in different points)to build pressure in the oral cavity.qAirstream is release
13、d with a burst of sound FricativesnThink of frictionnAirstream partially obstructednHissing soundsn sibilants=high-pitched hissing sounds s and AffricatesnAn affricate is a stop with an extended and controlled fricative phase following the obstruction na combination of stop+fricative):=voiceless pos
14、t-alveolar affricate =voiced post-alveolar affricateApproximantnArticulators approach each other but do not touchnj in yes and w in wenAlways voicedLiquids,Glides&VowelsnFree passage of air through oral tractnVowels&glides y,w:articulators are wide apart&air flows unhindered(open approximation)nLiqu
15、ids l,r:contact&free air passage Place of articulation nWhat parts of the vocal tract are used to produce a soundnName is based on passive articulatornTypes of obstruction required in the description of English consonants Place of articulation Place of articulationnRetroflex:tongue tip is curled tow
16、ards the back of the mouth;t&d in Indian EnglishnPharyngeal:moving root of the tongue towards back of the throatPlace of articulationSpeech Sound Classification nWe classify consonants according to:nVoicingnPlace of articulationnManner of articulation n&Vowels according to:npart of the tongue used n
17、Position of the tonguenLip rounding Supra-segmental Structure nSyllable:not easy to define;can be countednAll syllables have vowels(obligatory)&may be preceded and/or followed by one or more consonantsnSome syllables carry more stress(produced with more muscular effort,louder&longer)n nasals&liquids
18、 may form syllables without a vowel(syllabic)nSyllable structure:1.The vowel(peak,or nucleus)2.Consonants preceding nucleus(onset)3.Consonants following nucleus(coda)Consonants vs.vowelsnConsonants:there is obstruction in the oral tractnVowels:no hindrance to the outflow of airnLiquids&nasals:the air flows out freely nGlides dont form nuclei of syllables,but occur on the edges of syllablesnVowel:produced with open approximation and is a syllable nuclei(excluding glides,syllabic liquids&nasals)