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1、2021年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题Section IUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short-term memory and the ability to think quickl
2、y, logically, and abstractly in order to solve new problems. It 1 in young adulthood, levels out for a period of time, and then 2 starts to slowly decline as we age. But 3 aging is inevitable, scientists are finding that certain changes in brain function may not be.One study found that muscle loss a
3、nd the 4 of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence. This suggests the 5 that lifestyle factors might help prevent or 6 this type of decline.The researchers looked at data that 7measurements of lean muscle and abdominalfat from more than 4,000 middle-to-older-
4、aged men and women and 8 that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six-year period. They found that middle-aged people9 higher measures of abdominal fat 10 worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years 11 .For women, the association may be 12 to changes in immunity that resul
5、ted from excess abdominal fat; in men, the immune system did not appear to be 13 . It is hoped that future studies could 14 these differences and perhaps lead to different 15 for men and women. 16 , there are steps you can 17 to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in o
6、rder to protect both your physical and mental 18 . The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your 19 of aerobic exercise and following a Mediterranean-style 20 that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods.1. A pauses2. A alternativelyB returnsB form
7、allyC peaksC accidentallyD fadesD generally3.A whileB sinceC onceD until4.A detectionB accumulationC consumptionD separation5.A possibilityB decisionC goalD requirement6.A delayB ensureC seekD utilize7.A modifiedB supportedC includedD predicted8.A devotedB comparedC convertedD applied9.A withB above
8、C byD against10. A livedB managedC scoredD played11. A ran outB set offC drew inD went by12. A superiorB attributableC parallelDresistant13. A restoredB isolatedC involvedD controlled14. A alterB spreadC removeD explain15. A compensationsB symptomsC demandsD treatments16. A LikewiseB MeanwhileC Ther
9、eforeD Instead17. A changeB watchC countD take18. A well-beingB processC formationDcoordination19. A levelB loveC knowledgeD space20. A designB routineC dietD prescriptionSection IIReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A
10、, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares? It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every January the cost of travelling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on t
11、hose who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise. This years rise, an average of 2.7 percent, may be a fraction lower than last years, but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index (CPI) measure of inflation.Successive governments have permitted such inc
12、reases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it, rather than the general taxpayer. Why, the argument goes, should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey? Equally,
13、there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East, many of whom will face among the biggest rises, have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North.However, over the past 12 months, those commuters hav
14、e also experienced some of the worst rail strikes in years. It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network, but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel. The responsibility for
15、the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions. However, there is a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so th
16、at, even when strikes occur, services can continue to operate. This should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britains railways. Yes, more investment is needed, but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped,
17、 unreliable services, punctuated by regular chaos when timetables are changed, or planned maintenance is managed incompetently. The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.21. T
18、he author holds that this years increase in rail passengers fares .A will ease train operations burdenB has kept pace with inflationC is a big surprise to commutersD remains an unreasonable measure22. The stockbroker in Para. 2 is used to stand for .A car driversB rail traverllersC local investorsD
19、ordinary tax payers23. It is indicated in Para. 3 that train operators .A are offering compensations to commutersB are trying to repair ralations with the unionsC have failed to provide an adequate sourceD have suffered huge losses owing to the strikes24. If unable to calm down passengers, the railw
20、ays may have to face .A the loss of investmentB the collapse of operationsC a reduction of revenueD a change of ownership25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A Who Are to Blame for the Strikes?B Constant Complaining Doesnt WorlkC Can Nationalization Bring Hope?D Ever-risin
21、g Fares Arent SustainableText 2Last year marked the third year in a row of when Indonesias bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace. One reason for the turnaround may be the countrys antipoverty program.In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents u
22、nder certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care. Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty. Theyre already used in dozens of countries worldwide. In
23、 Indonesia, the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.But CCT programs dont generally consider effects on the environment. In fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, says Paul
24、Ferraro, an economist at Johns Hopkins University.Thats because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty. However, those correlations dont prove cause and effect. The only previous study analyzing
25、causality, based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs, supported the traditional view. There, as people got more money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat, Ferraro says.Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though. Ferraro wanted t
26、o see if Indonesias poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates.Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012including during Indonesias phase-i
27、n of the antipoverty programin 7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces and multiple islands. The duo separated the effects of the CCT program on forest loss from other factors, like weather and macroeconomic changes, which were also affecting forest loss. With that, “we see that the program is a
28、ssociated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation,” Ferraro says.Thats likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather, Ferraro says. Typically, if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvest
29、s. With the CCTs, individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybodys guess. Ferraro suggests the importance of growing rice and market access. And regardless of transferability, the study shows that whats good for people may also
30、 be good for the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs.”26. According to the first two paragraphs, CCT programs aim to .A facilitate health care reformB help poor families get better offC improve local education systemsD lower defor
31、estation rates27. The study based on an area in Mexico is cited to show that .A cattle rearing has been a major means of livelihood for the poorB CCT programs have helped preserve traditional lifestylesC antipoverty efforts require the participation of local farmersD economic growth tends to cause e
32、nvironmental degradation28. In his study about Indonesia, Ferraro intends to find out .A its acceptance level of CCTsB its annual rate of poverty alleviationC the relation of CCTs to its forest lossD the role of its forests in climate change29. According to Ferraro, the CCT program in Indonesia is m
33、ost valuable in that .A it will benefit other Asian countriesB it will reduce regional inequalityC it can protect the environmentD it can boost grain production30. What is the text centered on?A The effects of a program.B The debates over a program.C The process of a study.D The transferability of a
34、 study.Text 3As a historian, whos always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past. Ive become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling (what better way to shatter the image of 19th-century prudery?). Ive found quite a few, andsi
35、nce I started posting them on Twitterthey have been causing quite a stir. People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh. They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through
36、 our common experience of laughter.Of course, I need to concede that my collection of “Smiling Victorians” makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stiffly in front of pain
37、ted backdrops, or staring absently into the middle distance. How do we explain this trend?During the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposure times were notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing an image on a silvered copper plate) could take several minut
38、es to complete, resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position or adjusted their limbs. The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate, and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.But exposure times were much quicker by the
39、1880s, and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by todays digital standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous. Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s, so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still
40、hesitated to smile.One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin. “Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth,” ran one popular Victorian maxim, alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry, mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene. A flashing s
41、et of healthy and clean, regular “pearly whites” was a rare sight in Victorian society, the preserve of the super-rich (and even then, dental hygiene was not guaranteed).A toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened gnashers) lacked class: drunks, tramps, prostitutes and buffoonish mus
42、ic hall performers might gurn and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carrolls gum-exposing Cheshire Cat, but it was not a becoming look for properly bred persons. Even Mark Twain, a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh, said that when it came to photographic portraits there could be “nothing more damning
43、than a silly, foolish smile fixed forever”.31. According to Paragraph 1, the authors posts on Twitter .A illustrated the development of Victorian photographyB highlighted social medias role in Victorian studiesC re-evaluated the Victorians notion of public imageD changed peoples impression of the Vi
44、ctorians32. What does the author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected?A They are rare among photographs of that age.B They show effects of different exposure times.C They mirror 19th-century social conventions.D They are in popular use among historians.33. What might have kept the Vict
45、orians from smiling for pictures in the 1890s?A Their inherent social sensitiveness.B Their tension before the camera.C Their distrust of new inventions.D Their unhealthy dental condition.34. Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures was .A a deep-root beliefB a misguid
46、ed attitudeC a controversial viewD a thought-provoking idea35. Which of the following questions does the text answer?A Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs?B Why did the Victorians start to view photographs?C What made photography develop slowly in the Victorian period?D How did smiling in photographs become a post-Vic