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1、2019 高考英语短文改错真题解题思路总结一一、从词法维度寻找错误从词法维度寻找错误分别从词法、句法和逻辑三个维度去审查。词法维度:词法维度:看名词单数、复数是否误用,代词是否错用、多余或缺失,冠词是否错用、多余或缺失,介词是否错用、多余或缺失,形容词与副词是否误用,基数词和序数词的使用是否有误,谓语动词和非谓语动词是否有误,一些固定搭配中的单词是否有误等。1.1.名词名词可数名词单复数的误用,不可数名词用了复数形式,名词普通格还是所有格的误用。【例 1】(2019 全国卷)To everyones surprising,the ball went into the net.答案解析:surp
2、risingsurprise。考查名词的固定搭配,toones surprise“令人惊讶的是”。【例 2】(2019 全国卷)All the football player on the playground cheered loudly,答案解析:playerplayers。考查名词的单复数,all 修饰可数名词的复数。【例 3】(2019 全国卷)Since I was a kid,I have considered different job I wouldlike to do.答案解析:jobjobs。different(不同的)修饰可数名词job,要用复数。2.2.代词代词代词的单
3、复数的误用、形容词性的物主代词与名词性的物主代词的误用、人称代词的主格和宾格的误用、人称代词与物主代词的误用、人称代词与反身代词的误用、不定代词的错误、代词的指代错误以及形容词性的物主代词的多余或缺失。【例 1】(2019 全国卷)From then on,I started to play my football withclassmates after school.答案解析:删除 my。考查固定搭配中是否用形容词性的物主代词,playfootball“踢足球”,是固定搭配,故删除 my。【例 2】(2019 全国卷)In the cafe,customers will enjoy you
4、rselves inthe historical environment that is created for them.答案解析:yourselvesthemselves。作宾语的反身代词在人称和数上要与主语customers(第三人称复数)保持一致。【例 3】(2018 全国卷)The first time I went there,they were living ina small house with dogs,ducks,and another animals.答案解析:anotherother。another“又一,再一”,后接单数可数名词;other“别的,其他的”,后跟复数
5、可数名词。句意“当我第一次到那里时,他们和狗、鸭和其他动物一起生活在一个小房子里。”根据句意,animals 复数形式没错,故把 another 改为 other。3.3.冠词冠词一看冠词是否错用,二看冠词是否多余,三看冠词是否缺失。【例 1】(2019 全国卷)Suddenly football fell just in front of me andalmost hit me.答案解析:football 前面加 a。考察冠词,a 用在单数可数名词前表“一”的意思。【例 2】(2019 全国卷)Each of my cafes will have a different theme anda
6、n unique style.答案解析:ana。unique 是以辅音音素开头的单词。【例 3】(2018 全国卷)During my last winter holiday,I went to countrysidewith my father to visit my grandparents.答案解析:countryside 前加 the。goto the country“去农村,去乡下”,是固定搭配。4.4.介词介词一看搭配是否正确,二看是否多余或缺失。【例 1】(2019 全国卷)I want my cafe have a special theme such as like“Tang
7、 Dynasty”.答案解析:删除 like。such as 是固定搭配,后面直接跟列举的名词。【例 2】(2018 全国卷)When I studied chemistry hig school,I reconsideredmy goal anddecided to be a doctor.答案解析:chemistry 后加 in/at。in/at high school 在高中。5.5.形容词和副词形容词和副词一看-ing 形式的形容词和-ed 形式的形容词是否误用,二看形容词和副词是否误用;三查比较等级是否有误,四看有-ly 的副词和无-ly 的副词是否用错。【例 1】(2019 全国卷
8、)I became interesting in playing football thanks to a smallaccident.答案解析:interestinginterested。考查形容词的固定搭配,be/become interested in意为“对感兴趣”。【例 2】(2019 全国卷)I stopped the ball and kicked it hardly back to theplayground.答案解析:hardlyhard。考查副词,hardly“几乎不”,hard“狠狠地,使劲地”。句意“我狠狠地把它踢回到操场上”。【例 3】(2019 全国卷)I want
9、ed to be a fireman,whose uniform looked so coolly.答案解析:coollycool。本句中looked(看起来)是系动词,后面应跟形容词作表语。【例 4】(2019 全国卷)Then,when I was in the fifth grade,I wanted to be a teacherbecause I liked my English teacher too much.答案解析:toovery/so。句意“后来,当我上五年级时,我想当老师,因为我很喜欢我的英语老师。”too much过分;very/so much 很,十分。6.6.数词数
10、词基数词与序数词的误用。【例 1】(2019 全国卷)Then,when I was in the five grade,I wanted tobe a teacher because I liked my English teacher very much.答案解析:fivefifth。句意为“后来,当我上五年级时,我想当老师,因为我非常喜欢我的英语老师。”“五年级”的英语表达为:the fifth grade 或Grade Five。7.7.动词动词一看是否作谓语,若用作谓语动词,要考虑时态、语态和主谓一致,检查主从句时态是否呼应,并列谓语动词形式是否一致;若不作谓语,要看该动词充当何种句
11、子成分,根据句型和搭配检查动词的非谓语形式是否有误。(1 1)谓语动词)谓语动词【例 1】(2019 全国卷)One was that I was amazed at the fact that a sick personcould feel much better after seeing a doctor.And the other is that I wanted to helppeople in need.答案解析:iswas。前面讲的是高中时重新考虑目标,决定当医生。做这个决定有两个原因,一个原因是对病人看过医生后能够感觉好得多感到惊奇,另一个原因是想帮助有困难的人。叙述的是过去的事
12、,根据前面句子和后面表语从句的时态,这里应用一般过去时。【例 2】(2019 全国卷)Though it may appear simple,it required a lot of ideas andefforts.答案解析:requiredrequires。根据语境,主体时态为一般现在时。(2 2)非谓语动词)非谓语动词【例 1】(2019 全国卷)All the football players on the playground cheeredloudly,say that I had a talent for football.答案解析:saysaying。考查非谓语动词,say 与
13、前面谓语动词 cheered loudly用逗号隔开,说明这里不作谓语,它与句子主语 players 是主动关系,因此用现在分词作状语。【例 2】(2019 全国卷)Now my dream is to opens a cafe.答案解析:openopen。to open a cafe 是动词不定式作表语。【例 3】(2019 全国卷)I want my cafe have a special theme such as“TangDynasty”.答案解析:have 前加 to。want sb./sth.to do sth.是固定表达。二、从句法角度寻找错误二、从句法角度寻找错误句法维度:主要
14、审查定语从句的关系词是否有误,名词性从句的连接词是否有误,引导状语从句的从属连词是否有误,主谓是否一致,虚拟语气的使用是否有误,there be 句型是否正确使用等。1.1.定语从句关系词的误用和缺失定语从句关系词的误用和缺失【例 1】(2019 全国卷)One afternoon where I was in primary school,Iwas walking by the school playground.答案解析:wherewhen。考查定语从句的关系词,先行词是 one afternoon,定语从句基本成分完整,故用关系副词 when。【例 2】(2019 全国卷)In the
15、cafe,customers will enjoy themselves inthe historical environment what is created for them.答案解析:whatthat/which。分析句子结构可知,先行词 environment 后面跟定语从句,关系词在定语从句中作主语。【例 3】(2018 全国卷)They also had a small pond which they raised fish.答案解析:whichwhere 或 which 前加 in。代指先行词 pond 的关系词在定语从句中作状语,因此用 where 或 in which。2.
16、2.名词性从句引导词的误用名词性从句引导词的误用【例 1】(2016 全国卷)My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to that I live.答案解析:thatwhere。close to 后接宾语从句,从句缺地点状语,故用where 引导。【例 2】(2016 全国卷)My classmate and I are talking about how to do during theholiday.答案解析:howwhat。分析句子结构可知,talking about 后跟“疑问词+不定式”作宾语,因为不定式中 do 缺宾语,故用连接代词w
17、hat。3.3.状语从句连接词的误用状语从句连接词的误用【例 1】(2018 全国卷)The games my parents taught me where I was a child turnedout tobe very useful later in my life.答案解析:wherewhen。句意“当我小的时候父母教我玩的游戏结果证明在我后来的人生中很有用。”故此处用 when 引导时间状语从句。4.4.主谓不一致主谓不一致【例 1】(2018 全国卷)The classroom is a place for learning and thatinclude learningfro
18、m textbooks,and mistakes as well.答案解析:includeincludes。该句为一般现在时,主语that 指代 learning,故谓语动词应用单数形式。5.5.虚拟语气的表达错误虚拟语气的表达错误【例 1】(2016 全国卷)Some classmates suggest we can go to places of interest nearby.答案解析:canshould 或去掉 can。句意“有些同学建议去附近的名胜。”suggest 作“建议”讲时,后面的宾语从句要用虚拟语气,从句谓语动词形式是“should+动词原形”,should 也可以省略。
19、6.there be6.there be 句型的误用句型的误用【例 1】(2016 全国卷)They were two reasons for the decision.答案解析:TheyThere。句意为“做出这个决定有两个原因。”这是个存在句,要用 there be 句型。三、从逻辑角度寻找错误三、从逻辑角度寻找错误逻辑维度:要熟记一些并列连词的用法,如:顺承关系用 and,选择关系用 or,转折关系用 but(yet/however),表示原因用 for(because/since/as),表示结果用 so,表示对比用 while。熟练掌握一些固定搭配,如:bothand,notbut,
20、eitheror,neithernor,not onlybut also等。【例 1】(2019 全国卷)Suddenly a football fell just in front of me but almost hitme.答案解析:butand。考查连词,句意“一个足球落在我面前,差点砸到我。”两个动作是顺承关系,而不是转折关系,故用and。【例 2】(2019 全国卷)When I studied chemistry in high school,I reconsidered mygoal or decided to be a teacher.答案解析:orand。“我重新考虑我的目
21、标”和“决定当医生”之间是顺承关系,不是选择关系。【例 3】(2018 全国卷)Everyone was silent,waiting to see who would be called uponto read his and her paragraph aloud.答案解析:andor。句意“每个人都默不作声,等着看会叫到谁读他或她的段落。”这里是选择关系,不是并列关系。高考全国卷短文改错题的命题规律高考全国卷短文改错题的命题规律:设题可能一句中没有错误,也可能一句中有一处或两处错误,但不会出现一句中有三处错误的情况,也不会出现一句中相邻的两个单词都要修改的情况。词汇考查以实词为主,兼顾虚
22、词。词汇考查以实词为主,兼顾虚词。涉及词法、句法及行文逻辑等方面的错误。解高考全国卷短文改错题还要坚持五个基本原则:解高考全国卷短文改错题还要坚持五个基本原则:一是以改动最少为原则(用一个正确的词去替换一个错误的词)二是实词以改变词形为原则三是虚词以添加或删除为原则四是以保持句子的原意不变为原则五是“118”原则(添“118”原则(添 1 1 词、删词、删 1 1 词、改词、改 8 8 个词)。个词)。备考全国卷短文改错要做到以下三点:第一,多读多背增强语感。第二,紧密结合高考试题、教材、通过语境呈现和反复循环操练,牢固掌握词汇、语法知识,夯实语言基本功。第三,在明确解题思路的基础上,反复训练提升能力,突破短文改错这一难题。