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1、药物分析诸论第1页,共115页,编辑于2022年,星期二Introduction第2页,共115页,编辑于2022年,星期二vDrugs are Drugs are specialspecial products used products used for prevention and therapy of for prevention and therapy of diseases,and for promotion of the diseases,and for promotion of the functionality of human body.functionality of h
2、uman body.DefinitionSafety Effectiveness第3页,共115页,编辑于2022年,星期二particularityofdrugvTheDualcharactervspecificityvExtremeimportance-qualitycontrolvProfessional第4页,共115页,编辑于2022年,星期二PharmaceuticalAnalysisvPharmaceutical analysis is an applied science dealing with the establishment and development of qua
3、lity control methods of drugs and their preparations.第5页,共115页,编辑于2022年,星期二ImportancevAnalysis of drugs and Quality control are very important means to guarantee their safe and effective use.第6页,共115页,编辑于2022年,星期二vThe relationship between Pharmaceutical Analysis and Analytical Chmistry.vThe key is a
4、nalysis.第7页,共115页,编辑于2022年,星期二Duties1.Total Quality Control of Drugsthe base duties:vStarting materials,intermediates,and productsvproduction process:quality control storage process:quality investigation 第8页,共115页,编辑于2022年,星期二Duties2.The new drug development-the important duties vestablishing and de
5、veloping methods of quality control of drugsvthe studies of stalibityvthe studies of pharmacokineticvthe studies of bioavailability第9页,共115页,编辑于2022年,星期二Duties3.Clinical usesprovide help for the related studies vTherapeutic Drug Monitoring(治疗药物监测)vClinical pharmacology(临床药理学)vBiopharmaceutics(生物药剂学)
6、第10页,共115页,编辑于2022年,星期二acid-basetitrationscomplexmetrictitrationoxidation-reductiontitrationprecipitationtitrationelectrochemicalanalysisphotochemicalanalysisChromatographic analysisSpectrum analysisgravimetric analysisvolumetricanalysisConductometry(电导)(电导)、potentiometry(电位),(电位),electrolytic analy
7、sis(电解)(电解)、coulometric analysis(库仑)(库仑)、polarography(极谱)(极谱)、voltammetry(伏安)(伏安).UV,IR,FIGC、LC、TLCNMR、MS2022/10/6第11页,共115页,编辑于2022年,星期二DifficulitiesvComplicatedingredient:ChinesetratidionalmedicinevTheamountisverysmall(microamount,traceamount)。第12页,共115页,编辑于2022年,星期二Thetendencyofmodernpharmaceutic
8、alanalysisv药品管理理念检验控制质量检验控制质量生产控制质量生产控制质量设计控制质量设计控制质量第13页,共115页,编辑于2022年,星期二v分析对象静态分析静态分析体外分析体外分析小样本小样本品质分析品质分析简单成分简单成分动态分析动态分析体内分析体内分析高通量高通量生物活性分析生物活性分析复杂体系复杂体系第14页,共115页,编辑于2022年,星期二v分析技术单一技术单一技术人工分析人工分析常量分析常量分析联用技术联用技术自动化分析、计算机辅助设计自动化分析、计算机辅助设计超微量分析超微量分析第15页,共115页,编辑于2022年,星期二 DrugStandardization
9、Pharmacopoeia of the Peoples Republic of China(,Chinese Pharmacopoeia,Ch.P)(中华人民共和国药典,简称中国药典)(中华人民共和国药典,简称中国药典)-National drug standardsMinisterial Drug Standards(国家药品标准,简称为局标准)(国家药品标准,简称为局标准)-as supplements to the national pharmacopoeia第16页,共115页,编辑于2022年,星期二Chinese PharmacopoeiavA legal technologic
10、al specification。vNine第17页,共115页,编辑于2022年,星期二 HistoryofCh.PvSince the founding of China,eight edition:1953、1963、1977、1985、1990、1995、2000,2005 and 2010.The ninth edition is 2005。v Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission。第18页,共115页,编辑于2022年,星期二HistoryofChpv1953年 531 monographs of drugsv 1963 1310 monographs(
11、Volume I and II)v 1977 1925 monographs v 1985 1489 monographs(English version)v 1990 1751 monographs(临床用稿须知,药品红外光谱集)v 1995 2375 monographs(中药彩图)v 2000 2691 monographs (首次收载指导原则)v 2005 3214 monographs,with 525 new admissions(Volume I,II and III)v2010 4567 monographs(volume I:2165;volume II:2271;volum
12、e III:131)第19页,共115页,编辑于2022年,星期二中国药典(2010版)vCh.P.(2010版)2010年1月出版,10月1日正式实施。第20页,共115页,编辑于2022年,星期二Other separate volumes:the Atlas of Infrared Spectra of Drugs (药品红外光谱集)(药品红外光谱集)Chinese Pharmacopoeia,English edition (中国药典英文版)(中国药典英文版)A Guide to Clinical Use of Drugs (临床用药需知临床用药需知)第21页,共115页,编辑于202
13、2年,星期二MainmethodsofsevenCh.P第22页,共115页,编辑于2022年,星期二历版药典含量测定中HPLC的使用情况药典版次1977版1985版1990版1995版2000版2005版2010采用次数0856113268491694增加数84857155223203每年增长率()1.09.611.431.044.640.6%第23页,共115页,编辑于2022年,星期二USPvThe Pharmacopoeia of the United States of American(USP)vThe newest edition is USP(34)-NF(29)(The Na
14、tional Formulary(NF)vPublication date:November1,2010vOfficialdate:May1,2011第24页,共115页,编辑于2022年,星期二TheBritishPharmacopoeiavTheBritishPharmacopoeiahasprovidedauthoritativestandardsforthequalityofsubstances,preparationsandarticlesusedinmedicineandpharmacyforalmost140years.vThe newest edition:BP2011(201
15、1-1)第25页,共115页,编辑于2022年,星期二European PharmacopoeiaEuropean Pharmacopoeia Ph.EupPh.Eup(European PharmacopoeiaEuropean Pharmacopoeia)The newest edition:Seventh edtion(EP 7)(20112011).第26页,共115页,编辑于2022年,星期二Japanese PharmacopoeiaJapanese PharmacopoeiavJapanese PharmacopoeiaJapanese Pharmacopoeia(JPJP)vT
16、he newest edition:JP(15)(2006)The newest edition:JP(15)(2006)第27页,共115页,编辑于2022年,星期二The International The International PharmacopoeiaPharmacopoeia Ph.IntPh.Int(The International PharmacopoeiaThe International Pharmacopoeia)thethe newestnewest:fouth edition(2006):fouth edition(2006)第28页,共115页,编辑于2022
17、年,星期二第29页,共115页,编辑于2022年,星期二vGood Laboratory PracticeGood Laboratory PracticeGLPGLPv Good Manufacture PracticeGood Manufacture Practice GMPGMPv Good Supply Practice Good Supply Practice GSPGSP v Good Clinical PracticeGood Clinical Practice GCPGCPvGood Agriculture Practice for Chinese Good Agricultur
18、e Practice for Chinese Rude drugs Rude drugs GAP GAP 第30页,共115页,编辑于2022年,星期二vICH(InternationalConferenceonHarmonisationofTechnicalrequirementsforregistrationofPharmaceuticalsforHumanUse,ICH)(人用药品注册技术国际协调会)vS()、Q()、E()、M()safetymultidisciplinaryqualityefficacy第31页,共115页,编辑于2022年,星期二Booksv安登魁主编,药物分析,济
19、南出版社,1992v安登魁主编,现代药物分析选论,中国医药科技出版社2001v马广慈主编,药物分析方法与应用,科学出版社2000v许瑞庭编著,实用药物分析化学,浙江科学技术出版社1992vSchirmer,RE,Modern Methods of Pharmaceutical Analysis,CRC Press,1982 vFlorey,K,Analytical Profiles of Drug Substances,Vo11-18,Academic Press,1972-1989第32页,共115页,编辑于2022年,星期二Journalsv药物分析杂志(ChineseJournalofP
20、harmaceuticalAnalysis)v中国医药工业杂志(ChineseJournalofPharmaceuticals)v中国药学杂志(ChinesePharmaceuticJournal)v药学学报(ActaPharmaceuticaSinica)v分析化学(AnalyticalChemistry)vAnalyticalChemistryvAnalyticaChimicaActavTheAnalystvJournalofpharmaceuticalSciencevTalanta第33页,共115页,编辑于2022年,星期二Requirementsofthecourse1.Pharma
21、copoeia2.Identification,Test,Assay3.Taketwelvecategoriesoftypicaldrugasexample,studytherulesandmethodofpharmaceuticalanalysis4.Analysisofpharmaceuticalpreparation5.Learnhowtoestablishthedrugstandard6.Moderntechnologyandmethod第34页,共115页,编辑于2022年,星期二Chapter1IntroduceofCh.P第35页,共115页,编辑于2022年,星期二1-1 Ch
22、.PvGeneralNotices(凡例)vMonographs(正文)vAppendices(附录)vIndex(索引)第36页,共115页,编辑于2022年,星期二vGenralNoticesserveasthebasicguidelinesfortheproperinterpretationandapplicationoftheChinesePharmacopoeiainqualitycontrol.Itappliestoanyarticles,appendicesandgeneralstatementsrelatedtoqualitycontrolofdrugssoastoobviat
23、ereplicationinthiscompendium.TherelatedrequirementsinGeneralNoticesareofficialinthePharmacopoeia.第37页,共115页,编辑于2022年,星期二凡例(凡例(General NoticesGeneral Notices):是解释和正确使用中):是解释和正确使用中国药典进行检定的基本原则,并把与正文品种、国药典进行检定的基本原则,并把与正文品种、附录及质量检定有关的共性问题加以规定,避免在附录及质量检定有关的共性问题加以规定,避免在全书中重复说明,凡例是标准的一部分,同样具有全书中重复说明,凡例是标准的
24、一部分,同样具有法律约束力。法律约束力。第38页,共115页,编辑于2022年,星期二ContentsofGeneralNoticesvTitle and arrangements(名称及编排名称及编排)vSpecifications(项目与要求项目与要求)vTesting Methods and Limits(检验方法与限度检验方法与限度)vReference Standards,Chemical Reference Subtances(标准标准品和对照品品和对照品)vUnits of Measurement(计量计量)vPrecision and Accuracy(精确度精确度)vReag
25、ents,Test solution and Indicators(试药、试液、指示剂试药、试液、指示剂)vAnimal Test(动物试验动物试验)vInsert sheet,Package and Labelling(说明书、包装、标签说明书、包装、标签)第39页,共115页,编辑于2022年,星期二The Chinese title of drugs:Chinese Approved Drug Names(中文药名中文药名:中国药品通用名称中国药品通用名称)The English title:International Nonproprietary Name(英文药名英文药名:国际非专利
26、药品国际非专利药品(INN)命名原则命名原则)Titles of organic chemical drugs:Guideline for the Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry(有机药物化学名有机药物化学名:有机化学命名原则有机化学命名原则)TitlesandArrangements第40页,共115页,编辑于2022年,星期二Specifications项目与要求项目与要求v Description(性状性状)v Identification(鉴定鉴定)v Test Section(检查检查)v Assay(含量测定含量测定)v Category(类别类
27、别)v Strength(制剂规格制剂规格)v Storage(贮藏贮藏)第41页,共115页,编辑于2022年,星期二1.Description(性状)v Appearance(外观外观):colour and external appearance(对药品的色泽和外表感官的描对药品的色泽和外表感官的描述述)v Solubility(溶解度溶解度):physical propertyv Physical constants and parameters(物理物理常数)常数)第42页,共115页,编辑于2022年,星期二2.Solubility(溶解度)vTesting methods:Unl
28、ess specified otherwise,weigh out finely powered sample or measure an amount of liquid sample,place the sample in a certain volume of the solvent at a temperature of 25C2C,shake strongly for 30 seconds at an interval of 5 minutes.Observe the solubility behavior for 30minutes.It is considered to comp
29、letely soluble,if one of the particle or droplet of the solute is observed.v除另有规定外,称取研成细粉的供试品或量取液体供试品,置于除另有规定外,称取研成细粉的供试品或量取液体供试品,置于25C2C一定容量的溶一定容量的溶剂中,每隔剂中,每隔5分钟强力振摇分钟强力振摇30秒种;观察秒种;观察30分钟内的溶解情况,如无目视可见的溶分钟内的溶解情况,如无目视可见的溶质颗粒或液滴时,则视为完全溶解。质颗粒或液滴时,则视为完全溶解。第43页,共115页,编辑于2022年,星期二Descriptive phrasessolute
30、Parts of Solvent RequiredVery soluble (极易溶解极易溶解)1g(ml)1 mlFreely soluble(易溶易溶)1g(ml)110mlSoluble(溶解溶解)1g(ml)1030mlSparingly soluble(略溶略溶)1g(ml)30100mlSlightly soluble(微溶微溶)1g(ml)1001000mlVery slightly soluble(极微溶解极微溶解)1g(ml)100010 000mlPractically insoluble,or Insoluble(几几乎乎不溶或不溶不溶或不溶)1g(ml)Greater
31、than or equal to 10,000第44页,共115页,编辑于2022年,星期二vrelative density(相对密度相对密度)vdistilling range(馏程馏程)vmelting point or melting range(熔点熔点)congealing point(凝点凝点)vspecific rotation(比旋度比旋度)vrefractive index(折光率折光率)vviscosity(粘度粘度)vspecific absorbance(吸收系数吸收系数)viodine value(碘值碘值)vsaponification value and aci
32、d value(皂化值和酸值皂化值和酸值)vetc;Physical constants or parameters(物物理常数理常数)第45页,共115页,编辑于2022年,星期二vIt is one of the chief criteria for appraisal and assessment of drug quality.第46页,共115页,编辑于2022年,星期二3.Storage(贮藏)vCool place(Cool place(阴凉处阴凉处):):refers to that the storage refers to that the storage temperat
33、ure is not exceeding 20temperature is not exceeding 20C CvCool and dark place(Cool and dark place(凉暗处凉暗处):):refers to that the container refers to that the container is kept in the dark place,protected from light and is kept in the dark place,protected from light and ambient temperature is not excee
34、ding 20ambient temperature is not exceeding 20CvCold place(Cold place(冷处冷处):):refers to that the container is kept refers to that the container is kept at ambient temperature of 2-10at ambient temperature of 2-10C;vNormal temperature(Normal temperature(常温常温):):refers to that the container is refers
35、to that the container is kept at ambient temperature of 10-30kept at ambient temperature of 10-30C。第47页,共115页,编辑于2022年,星期二 TestingmethodandLimits检验方法和限度The drug substances and preparation should be tested with official methods stated in the Pharmacopoeia.In calculating of testing result,the last eff
36、ective figures is measured in one decimal place more than the significant decimal place indicated in the requirements and round up or down to the specified decimal place by the role of commensuration,the value obtained is compared with the limits of the standard to determine the comformity with the
37、specified limits.(标准中规定的各种限度数值的规定标准中规定的各种限度数值的规定,最后一位为有效数字最后一位为有效数字,计算时计算时可多保留一位。可多保留一位。)The percentage of the drug substance is calculated by weight,unless specified otherwise.In case of no upper limit is stated,the upper limit is considered to be not more than the equivalent amount of 101.0%。第48页,
38、共115页,编辑于2022年,星期二 ReferenceStandards(标准品),ChemicalReferenceSubtances(对照品 refer to the standard materials used in testing of identification,test and assay.established,standardized,and distributed by the institution designated by the drug regulatory authority of the state council.(由专由专门的单位制备、标定和供应。门的
39、单位制备、标定和供应。)第49页,共115页,编辑于2022年,星期二vReference standardsReference standards(RSRS)are used for bioassay in assay are used for bioassay in assay of potency(content)of antibiotics or biochemical of potency(content)of antibiotics or biochemical drugs.The potency is expressed in units(or drugs.The potency
40、 is expressed in units(or g),g),standardized against International Reference Standard.standardized against International Reference Standard.vChemical referenceChemical reference substancessubstances(CRSCRS),unless specified,unless specified otherwise,are used by calculation on the basis of dried or
41、otherwise,are used by calculation on the basis of dried or anhydrous material.anhydrous material.vDistributed with appropriate instruction insert to state Distributed with appropriate instruction insert to state the method of usage,quality specification(including the method of usage,quality specific
42、ation(including water content etc),expiry date and amount or content of water content etc),expiry date and amount or content of the standard material concerned.the standard material concerned.第50页,共115页,编辑于2022年,星期二UnitsofmeasurementvTheunitsofmeasurements:Unitsoflength:meter(m),decimeter(dm)Unitsof
43、volume:liter(L),milliliter(mL),microliter(uL)Unitsofmass(weight):kilogram(kg),gram(g)第51页,共115页,编辑于2022年,星期二vNotes:1)“XXX volumetric solution(YYY mol/L)”is adopted for the volumetric solution which should be accurately standardized.2)“YYY mol/L XXX solution”is adopted for other purpose without speci
44、fic accuracy of their concentration.第52页,共115页,编辑于2022年,星期二vNotes:2010版药典使用的滴定液和试液浓度,版药典使用的滴定液和试液浓度,以以mol/L(摩尔摩尔/升)表示者,其浓度要求精密升)表示者,其浓度要求精密标定的滴定液用标定的滴定液用”XXX滴定液(滴定液(YYY mol/L)”来表示;作其它用途不需精密标定其浓度时,来表示;作其它用途不需精密标定其浓度时,用用YYY mol/L XXX溶液溶液”来表示,以示区别。来表示,以示区别。第53页,共115页,编辑于2022年,星期二TemperatureTemperature
45、is express in()(degree Celsius)。vWater bath(水浴温度水浴温度)98-100 unless specified otherwisevHot water(热水热水)70-80 vSlightly warm or Warm water(微温或温水微温或温水)40-50vRoom Temperature(室温室温)10-30vCold water(冷水冷水)2-10vIce bath(冰浴冰浴)0vAllow to cold(放冷放冷)the object is cooled to room temperature第54页,共115页,编辑于2022年,星期
46、二Thedropofaliquid(滴)The drop of a liquid refers to that 1.0ml of water is equivalent to 20drops at the temperature of 20(指在指在20度时,以度时,以1.0ml水为水为20滴进行换算。滴进行换算。)第55页,共115页,编辑于2022年,星期二vThe expression”(110)”stated under the solution refers to a solution of 10mL produced by adding sufficient quantity of
47、 solvent to dissolve 1.0g or 1.0mLof a solute.It is understood to be aqueous solution,if the solvent is not specified.v溶液后标示的溶液后标示的”(110)”等符号,系指固体溶质等符号,系指固体溶质1.0g或或液体溶质液体溶质1.0mL加溶剂使成加溶剂使成10mL的溶液;未指明何种的溶液;未指明何种溶剂时,均系指水溶液;溶剂时,均系指水溶液;第56页,共115页,编辑于2022年,星期二PrecisionandAccuracy The accuracy of sampling
48、quantity and precision of testing are defined in this edition of Pharmacopoeia(规定取样量的准确度和试验精密度规定取样量的准确度和试验精密度)第57页,共115页,编辑于2022年,星期二The quantity obtained by weighing or measuring the substance being examined and reagent being used is expressed in Arabic figures.The required precision is expressed b
49、y the significant numerical place.试验中的供试品与试药等试验中的供试品与试药等“称重称重”或或“量取量取”的量,均以的量,均以阿拉伯数码表示阿拉伯数码表示,其精确度可根据数值的有效数位来确定其精确度可根据数值的有效数位来确定.第58页,共115页,编辑于2022年,星期二ForexamplevThe measurement of“0.1g”,refers to that 0.06-0.14g of the substance may be weighed.vThe measurement of“2g”,refers to that 1.5-2.5g of th
50、e substance may be weighed.vThe measurement of“2.0g”,refers to that 1.95-2.05g of the substance may be weighed.vThe measurement of“2.00g”,refers to that 1.995-2.005g of the substance may be weighed.第59页,共115页,编辑于2022年,星期二vWeigh accurately:indicates that the precision of measurement should be made to