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1、 宁德师范学院毕业设计（论文）英语公共演讲的文体特征分析以特朗普诺曼底登陆第75周年纪念日演讲为例姓 名余雯婧学 号B2016022226专业（班级）16英语2班学 院 语言与文化学院指 导 教 师田行宇职 称讲师完 成 日 期 2020年4月30日ContentsChinese Abstract2English Abstract31. Introduction41.1 A Brief Introduction of Public Speech41.2 A Brief Introduction of Trumps Speech on the 75th Anniversary of D-day4
2、2. Literature Review52.1 Studies on Public Speech at Home and Abroad62.2 Studies on Stylistics and Stylistic Analysis of Public Speech73. Linguistic Description of Trumps Inaugural Address83.1 Phonological Features103.2 Lexical Features123.3 Syntactic Features133.4 Semantic Features134. Conclusion14
3、Reference15英语公共演讲的文体特征分析以特朗普诺曼底登陆第75周年纪念日演讲为例摘 要演讲是一种通过语言进行宣传鼓动以达到某种目的的语言交际活动。从文体角度看，英语演讲是一种极具价值的文体,因此具有较高的研究价值。本文从文体学角度出发，探讨美国总统特朗普诺曼底登陆第75周年纪念日演讲,以文体学为理论框架,从语音、词汇、句法和语义层面对该文本进行文体分析,进而总结此篇演讲的语言特点,在参考国内外学者的研究成果基础上，结合本研究的分析结论以期深刻理解演讲文体及其深层含义,进而提高演讲语篇鉴赏能力以及演讲文体的写作能力。关键词:公共演讲；文体学；语音特征；词汇特征；句法特征; 语义特征2A
4、n Analysis of the Stylistic Features of English Public Speech: A Case Study of Trumps Speech on the 75th Anniversary of D-daySpeech is a kind of language communication activity that propagandizes and encourages people to achieve certain goals through language. From the perspective of stylistic, Engl
5、ish speech is a genre with great value. So it has high research value. This paper discusses President Trumps speech on the 75th anniversary of Normandys landing. Based on the theoretical framework of stylistics, this paper analyzes the text in terms of phonology, lexis, syntax and semantics so as to
6、 summarize the language features of this speech. Based on the research results of scholars at home and abroad, combined with the conclusions of this study, it is hoped that we could have a deep understanding of speech style and its deep meaning, and then improve the ability of speech text appreciati
7、on and writing.Keywords: public speech; stylistics; phonological features; lexical features; syntactic features; semantic features 1. Introduction 1.1 A Brief Introduction of Public SpeechPublic speeches are speeches delivered in public for a special purpose, such as open-class lectures or seminars
8、in a university, religious preaches in the church, speeches delivered at a meeting or conference, the inaugural address of the president elect (董启明，2015). Speeches are also available on special occasions, such as introduction, presentation and acceptance. In terms of models, there are impromptu spee
9、ches, recitation speeches, and manuscript speeches. Most public speeches have something in common: defining some concepts, explaining something to interest the audience, and getting their support, approval or consent. For these purposes, the speaker must be friendly to the audience in order to reson
10、ate with the audience and evoke their emotional support. At the same time, he will have to use various means to make his speech lively and convincing. Public speaking is an oral presentation, usually prepared in writing and delivered on a formal occasion. Therefore, they are strongly influenced by t
11、he characteristics of written language. For example, their tone is often polite and formal. Magnificent and abstract words, noun phrases, complete sentences, complex sentence structures, parallel sentences, and rhetorical devices are often found in public speaking. Generally speaking, the language s
12、tyle used in public speaking is formal, the tone is clear and vivid, and the purpose is convincing.1.2 A Brief Introduction of Trumps Speech on the 75th Anniversary of D-dayDonald John Trump, born June 14, 1946 in Queens, New York, USA, is the 45th President of the United States who is also a succes
13、sful businessman. On June 6, 2019, President trump of the United States and President Marcon of France attended the 75th anniversary of the Normandy landing.Normandy landing is a large-scale attack launched by the allied forces in the European battlefield during World War II. The war forced fascist
14、Germany to surrender unconditionally in advance. On June 6, the 75th anniversary of World War II was solemnly held in France. President Trump of the United States delivered a speech at a ceremony held in Normandys American Cemetery in Colville, Binhai. This speech is shocking, warning people to cher
15、ish and love peace, protect freedom and democracy and reduce war. With the diversification of media means, speech has been integrated into peoples life. English Speaking is an important learning material for English learners. Taking president Trumps speech as an example, this paper uses stylistic an
16、alysis model to interpret the speech.2. Literature Review 2.1Studies on Public Speech at Home and Abroad Public speech is a speech made by famous person or a person with special experience, who communicate the speech language to the public to achieve a certain purpose. In public places, it is a kind
17、 of language communication activity that takes the voice language as the main means and body language as the auxiliary means to express their own opinions, clarify their reasons or express their emotions, and carry out propaganda and agitation. Li yuanshou and Zou kunshan(2003) believe that speech i
18、s in a specific space-time environment, by means of the voice language and the corresponding body language, to publicly convey information, express opinions, clarify reasons and express emotions to the audience, so as to achieve the purpose of inspiring the audience.Lucas (2013) defined English publ
19、ic speech as a specialized discourse in the context of ESP, and believed that English public speech is an English speech made in a clear, consistent and persuasive way for the purpose of strategic communication. The English public speaking course uses the stylistic analysis method, that is, it analy
20、zes the speakers text from the structural and linguistic features based on the analysis of how the author achieves his speech intention.Wilson(1994) states that public speech, as a unified strategy, intended to achieve a particular effect. According to his opinion, public speeches can be divided int
21、o instructive, informative, persuasive etc.Dance and Zak Dance(1996) hold the view that public speech is the act making use of spoken language to communicate with lots of individuals at the same time. At present, speech associations and speech science research associations at all levels have sprung
22、up and emerged endlessly; most schools of all types have developed speech and eloquence as a very important part of the entire education system. In short, under the new historical conditions, Chinas speech industry has shown an unprecedented prosperity.2.2 Studies on Stylistics and Stylistic Analysi
23、s of Public Speech 2.2.1 Definitions of StylisticsThe Longman Dictionary of Applied Linguistics Language Teaching (Richards et al, 2000) defines stylistics as the study of linguistic variation (style) depends on the use of the language and the author or speakers desire for the reader or the impact o
24、f the audience. Although stylistics sometimes includes the study of spoken language, it usually refers to the study of written languages, including literary works. Stylistics is concerned with the choices available to writers and the reasons for how to use specific forms and expressions rather than
25、other forms. Turner(1973) define stylistics as part of linguistics, focusing on changes in language use. The Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics (Busmann, 2000) describes stylistics as stylistics developed from the traditions of mother tongue fostering, rhetoric and literary interpretat
26、ion in the 19th and 20th centuries. Correspondingly, the scope of the discipline is very wide: a) methodically, stylistics is a procedure for text analysis; b) in terms of norms, stylistics is the right instruction for language use; c) in description, stylistics is text linguistics subject, which co
27、mbines text parsing with other features of text. The latest branch of stylistics has laid the foundation for scientific analysis of styles and practical stylistics, standardization of styles, and training of mother tongue. The results of functional stylistics are particularly important for studying
28、the relationship between text style and function (or type of text). Because styles functional interpretability is also the basis of rhetoric text, stylistics overlaps here with its ancient and modern rhetoric fields. Based on these definitions and the stylistics we mentioned above, we can define sty
29、listics as a branch of linguistics, which studies styles in a scientific and systematic way, involving linguistic features of different languages at different levels.2.2.2Previous Study on Stylistics and Stylistic Analysis of Public SpeechStylistics is the study of stylistic style by linguistic meth
30、ods. Style refers to the style of speaking or writing, which changes at any time, depending on specific situations, objects, places, topics and other factors(刘世生, 朱瑞青, 2006). Style can not only refer to the linguistic features of a certain genre, but also refer to the linguistic features of a certai
31、n work(曾亚平, 黄振定, 2009).Lei Xuhui and Chen Xuan (2019) have tried to use stylistic analysis to analyze Obamas second inaugural speech. They conduct stylistic analysis from the aspects of language, vocabulary, grammar, and rhetorics in order to understand the stylistic features of the speech and bette
32、r appreciate its language charm. Thus, it is concluded that stylistics studies stylistic and linguistic styles through linguistic methods. By analyzing language forms like phonetic, phase, vocabulary, sentence, discourse, the stylistic effect can be achieved. Chen Limin(2013) conducts a stylistic an
33、alysis of Hillarys speech at Yale University and concludes that the vocabulary used in the speech is between formal and informal styles, that is, a small amount of multi-syllable Latin vocabulary is used to make the discourse as a speech more easy to understand and the use of substitution and cohesi
34、on in discourse makes the whole speech relevant and logically strong.As Li Xuanli(2018) mentions, stylistic analysis can accurately and objectively grasp the overall meaning of a particular discourse or chapter by describing the stylistic features with stylistic significance and aesthetic value, so
35、as to understand its specific communicative function and expressive effect.3. Linguistic Description of Trumps D-day Speech3.1Phonological FeaturesPhonological device plays a very important role in public speeches, because their voices, emotions can send the message to the wild audience and they are
36、 send orally. Therefore, skillful practice and control of pitch, voice, pause, phonetic and so on are essential to the successful speech. “There is no uniform speed for effective speech making. Franklin Roosevelt spoke at roughly 110 words per minute, John Kennedy at 190, while Martin Luther King op
37、ened his speech at a pace of 92 words per minute and finishes it at 145. Generally, a fast speed is used when the speaker is warmed up to a topic while a slow tempo is needed when the speaker begins to talk of an idea. A fast tempo can create feelings of joy, fear, anger or surprise while a slow rat
38、e is better for creating feelings of sadness or disgust” (徐有志, 1992:111).In public speech, voice equipment plays an important role. Trumps first impression is usually of business acumen and confidence. He is good at using his voice to connect with the emotions of the audience. In his 27 minute speec
39、h, he kept adjusting his voice. Use pause, repetition, etc. to control the rhythm of the speech. With gratitude and awe, he thanked the soldiers who had sacrificed and contributed to the battle of Normandy in a slow voice. The speech was a powerful reminder to cherish the victory and peace.In public
40、 places, many speech devices can enhance speech effects, such as the sound of speakers, such as contraction, intonation, rhyme, harmony, etc. Trump is a smart voice controller who can slow down or speed up his voice as needed, such as calmness, desire and anger at the right time. Such excellent use
41、makes his speech more significant to the audience. In his speech, when he talked about the details of Normandy Landing as a battle, he sounded firm and decisive, as if the war was still lingering in front of us; sometimes he would soften his voice, enlarge his voice, raise or lower his voice, at thi
42、s time, he was usually expressing his respect and memory for the past soldiers. These ways made his speech more successful and attractive, and the audience clearly received his feelings and meanings. For example, at the beginning of Trumps Inaugural Address:Example 1: “We are gathered here on Freedo
43、ms Altar. On these shores, on these bluffs, on this day 75 years ago, 10,000 men shed their blood, and thousands sacrificed their lives, for their brothers, for their countries, and for the survival of liberty.”Trump begins with a point about the heroic martyrs who died there, and then continues to
44、express his awe and memory for everyone. Let the audience immediately extract key information. The theme of this speech is to commemorate the heroic sacrifice of Normandy landing. The perfect expression of key information stimulates peoples empathy. At the same time, when Trump mentioned 10000, bloo
45、d, safetyand survival of library, he raised the tone of reading these words to emphasize the cruelty of war and the hard won victor.In the same example, alliteration can also be found to create sound effect. Alliteration is also called head rhyme. It is one of the important rhetoric methods in Engli
46、sh literature. It contains the musical beauty and neat beauty of the language, which makes the language mingle with sound and meaning, and has strong expressiveness. As we can see from the previous example, “On these shores, on these bluffs, on this day 75 years ago, 10000 men shed their blood, and
47、thousands sacrificed their lives, for their brothers, for their countries, and for the survival of liberty”. The words “on” and”for”appear three times, which makes the coherence and momentum of the article stronger, highlights the beauty of music and neatness, blends language with sound and meaning,
48、 and has strong appeal.3.2 Lexical Features3.2.1 High-frequency WordsWord frequency list is a list of words by frequency that appear in a given text. Frequency refers to the number of times ranking that can be obtained from a given corpus. Table 1 shows the high frequency words used in Trumps speech.SequenceVocabularyFrequencySequenceVocabularyFrequency1The1516A422End797On263Of778In244To489Their245They4510Our22Table 1 High-frequency Vocabular