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1、AcknowledgementThe thesis can be successfully completed,not only through my own efforts,butwith the help of my instructor,and my classmates supporting my writing.Especially Ihave learned a lot of things and gained much help under the guidance of mysupervisor Prof.Zhong Zebo with his generous and inv
2、aluable suggestions.ThereforeI specially extend my grateful thanks to them for their kind and selfless help,withoutwhich the thesis would not have been what it is.Particularly,I would like to extend my sincere thanks and high respect to myinstructor whose serious scientific attitude,rigorous scholar
3、ship,the noble work style,deeply encouraged and inspired me,and also his continuous guidance from the choiceof the subject to the final completion of the thesis greatly helped me.He alwayspatiently explained all necessary details that are essential and significant to me inorder to finish the whole t
4、hesis successfully.In the process of writing the thesis,hedevoted much of his precious time giving me the direction and advances,and thenrevised and polished my thesis all the time.After reading the whole draft carefully,healways endeavored to offer his precise and precious opinions in time.It is am
5、eaningful and beneficial experience to cover the thesis under his standard academicexcellence.Without his enlightening instruction,impressive kindness and patience,Icould not have completed my thesis in such a desirable way.In addition,a number of specified books in our university library hereafterm
6、entioned in the thesis are also helpful.It is based on valuable and useful informationthat the thesis could be completed successfully as it was expected.Great gratitude,here,must be paid to all of the above.AStudy on Pragmatic Differences between English and ChinesePolite Expressions from the Perspe
7、ctive of InterculturalCommunicationAbstractIn cross-cultural communication,language is the most widely used tool.Fromthe expression of verbal communication,it can be clearly seen that the differences arecaused by different Chinese and Western cultural backgrounds.In todays society,international comm
8、unication is becoming more and more frequent,and thecommunication between Chinese and Western cultures is becoming deeper and deeper,which inevitably brings the communication between Chinese and English culturescontradiction and conflict.At this time the politeness principle and polite language ofth
9、e expression between the two sides of the speakers will become very important interms of cognition and understanding.In the process of cross-cultural communication,politeness principle is the principle that both parties must abide by.Both Chineseand Western scholars are studying politeness principle
10、.Any neglect of politenessprinciple will affect the smooth progress of cross-cultural communication.It isbeneficial to improve the communication between the two cultures when deepeningthe understanding of the origins and differences between Chinese and westernpoliteness principle,which cultural comm
11、unication ensures the smooth progress ofcross-cultural communicationThis paper makes a comparative research of Chinese and Western politeexpressions in the perspective of cross-cultural communication.After reviewing theorigin of polite expressions and the present situation of domestic and foreign re
12、search,this paper focuses on the comparison between domestic research and Western researchof polite expressions,it points out the differences of these two polite expressionsunder the guidance of some polite language and behavior.In a word,the comparisonbetween Chinese and western polite expressions
13、in cross-cultural perspective isreasonable in theory and practical in practice.It is expected that this kind of researchwill be further developed and deepened.Key Words:Cross-cultural communication;Polite expressions;Comparison跨文化视角下英汉礼貌用语的语用差异研究跨文化视角下英汉礼貌用语的语用差异研究摘要摘要跨文化交际中涉及最广泛的是语言的交际。从言语交际的表达方式中，
14、可以明显地看出中西方文化背景的差异。当今社会，国际交流日益频繁，中英两种文化的交流逐渐深入。然而在语言和文化不同的国度，礼貌的表达方式也不尽相同，这样在两种文化的交流中会不可避免地出现矛盾和冲突。在跨文化交际过程中，礼貌原则是交际双方必须遵守的原则。不论是中国的学者还是西方的学者都在研究礼貌原则。任何忽略了礼貌原则的交际都会影响到跨文化交际的顺利进行。深入了解中西方礼貌的渊源和礼貌原则的差异，有利于增进跨文化交际双方的交流，保证跨文化交际的顺利进行。本文在跨文化交际视角下对中西方的礼貌用语进行对比探究，在介绍了礼貌用语和国内外研究的现状之后，重点对国内和西方的礼貌用语进行语用层面的对比，并指出
15、在此两种礼貌原则的指导下一些礼貌语言的差异。总而言之，跨文化视角下的中西礼貌对比在理论上有合理性，在实践中有可操作性，期待此类研究会继续得以拓展和深化。关键关键字字：礼貌用语；差异；跨文化交际Table of ContentsChapterPage1 Introduction .11.1Introduction of Politeness Expressions and Intercultural Communication.11.2Review of Foreign Politeness Expressions.21.3Review of Domestic Politeness Expres
16、sions.22 English and Chinese Politeness Principles.42.1 English Politeness Principles.42.2 Chinese Politeness Principles.53 Pragmatic Differences between English and Chinese Politeness Expressions.73.1 Greeting andAddressing.73.2 Compliment and Self-denigration83.3 MakingAdvice and Suggestions.93.4
17、Differences in Expressing Thanks andApologies.104 Reasons for Pragmatic Differences from the Cross-cultural Perspective.124.1 Different Cultural Values between Chinese and English People124.2 Different Ethics and Morals between Chinese and English People.134.3 Different Thinking Patterns between Chi
18、nese and English People.145 Conclusion.16Bibliography.17西安石油大学外国语学院本科毕业论文1Chapter 1Introduction1.1 Introduction of Politeness Expressions and InterculturalCommunicationIn different languages and cultures,people communicate with others in differentforms of polite language.And politeness expression is
19、 a special and universal socialand cultural phenomenon,which is a symbol of human evolution and civilization.It isan important yardstick of human social activities.Politeness,as a social activity,isinseparable from the use of language.We can understand the relationship betweenpoliteness and language
20、 from two aspects.With the development of globalization,intercultural communication plays amore and more important role in peoples daily life.As is known,politeness is aninseparable part of intercultural communication,a common social phenomenon,and acriterion for the people of various cultural backg
21、rounds to maintain and observe.Inintercultural communication,people who speak English or Chinese often use thecultural features and aesthetic tastes with their mother tongue to express their differentpoliteness expressions,which makes it easy to make differences in idioms.From thetheoretical perspec
22、tive of intercultural communication,this paper studies thepoliteness expressions in China and English,and analyzes the differences betweenEnglish and Chinese Politeness Expressions,and finds out the different reasons forthe better intercultural communication effect in the communication with foreigne
23、rs.Interculturalcommunicationreferstopeoplescommunicationandcommunication from different cultural backgrounds.Dai Weidong also explained thedefinition of intercultural communication in English,Intercultural communicationalso known as cross-cultural communication,which is communication betweenpeople
24、with cultural perceptions and symbols are distinct enough to alter thecommunication event.Thescholars conclude that culture and language have deeprelationship,and language reflects the reality of culture.The relationship between西安石油大学外国语学院本科毕业论文2language and culture is partly related to the whole.1.
25、2 Review of Foreign Politeness ExpressionsMany linguists,at home and abroad,have made a thorough study of politenessexpressions,such as P.Levinson and Geoffery N.Leech,which have raised thepoliteness of language.In the book pragmatics principles,Leech expounds theimportance of politeness to language
26、 communication.He is the first to propose theprinciple of politeness(Politeness Principle),that the principle of politeness andGrays(H.P.Grice)principle of cooperation(Cooperative Principle)is the twoprinciples that people must follow in communication.Brown and Levin-son alsomake a systematic study
27、of politeness and face theory in his book the universalphenomenon of the use of language:politeness,which reveals that politeness is acommon phenomenon in language.It can be seen that politeness as a universalphenomenon has aroused linguists attention and research.On the basis of the study ofpoliten
28、ess,the British linguist Leech,based on the cooperative principle of Grice,putsforward the principle of politeness,which is a common rule in the use of humanlanguage:strategic guidelines;broad criteria;praise criteria;modesty criteria;approval criteria;sympathy guidelines.Fermi think that translatio
29、n is the translator,combined with the purpose of translation and the readers,in the original multi-sourceinformation for selective.1.3 Review of Domestic Politeness ExpressionsCompared with foreign studies,the study of compliments in China started late.GuYueguo,a Chinese scholar,revised the politene
30、ss principle of Leech to meet thepoliteness requirements of Chinese society.He believes that politeness has four basicelements in Chinese culture:respect for others(respectfulness)and modesty(modesty)Attitudinal(warmth)and gentle refinement.But politeness is relative,andthe society with different cu
31、ltural backgrounds has different politeness norms.The西安石油大学外国语学院本科毕业论文3people of different cultural backgrounds have their unique secondary nature to theobservance of the politeness rules.In pragmatics,He Zhaoxiong proposed thatpragmatic research contains two meanings in 1989,one is to study the lan
32、guage usedin practice,and the two is to explain language phenomena from the use of language.Until twenty-first Century,a large number of Chinese researchers began to studythe cultural differences between Chinese and English in politeness.In the pragmaticdifference between English and Chinese politen
33、ess in intercultural communication,Zhang Hailin started from the politeness principle to find the pragmatic differencesbetween Chinese and English cultural politeness terms.In the analysis of pragmaticdifferences between English and Chinese politeness in intercultural communication,Huang Yun compare
34、s the similarities and differences of polite expressions in the twolanguages of English and Chinese,reveals their pragmatic differences,and can furtherunderstand the significance of the cultural differences in politeness in interculturalcommunication.The above study of politeness pragmatics has its
35、focus,mainly from itscontrastive principles,which are worthy of reference,but are not very systematic andlack integrity.On the basis of the research results of the linguists at home and abroad,on the basis of the principle of politeness,the reasons and practical application areanalyzed,and it is of
36、great significance for the future research.In the continuous exploration and research of predecessors,theories and writingsabout politeness expressions are endless.Leech is famous for his Politeness Principle,which becomes a symbolic guide for people,especially people in England,tocommunicate.Thus,E
37、nglish expressions in this article refer to that English-speakingcountries which led by England.While Gu Yueguo is known as revising the PolitenessPrinciple of Leech to help Chinese regularize their expressions.Therefore,in thisarticle,Leech and Gu Yueguo are chosen to represent English and Chinese
38、politenessexpressions respectively.西安石油大学外国语学院本科毕业论文4Chapter 2English and Chinese Politeness PrinciplesPoliteness is an important symbol of human civilization.It is an importantyardstick in human activities as a social activity.Language activities are alsoconstrained by this criterion in order to av
39、oid communication failure due tomisunderstanding of speech and ensure the smooth communication.People shouldobey the politeness rules.2.1 English Politeness PrinciplesLeechs politeness principle could be stated as follows:other things being equal,minimize the expression of beliefs which are unfavora
40、ble to the hearer and at thesame time(but less important)maximize the expression of beliefs which are favorableto the hearer.The six maxims of PP Leech sums up:1)Tact MaximMinimize cost to hearer;Maximize benefit to hearer.2)Generosity MaximMinimize benefit to speaker;Maximize cost to speaker.3)Appr
41、obation MaximMinimize dispraise of hearer;Maximize praise of hearer.4)Modesty Maxim西安石油大学外国语学院本科毕业论文5Minimize praise of speaker;Maximize dispraise of speaker.5)Agreement MaximMinimize disagreement between speaker and hearer;Maximize agreement between speaker and hearer.6)Sympathy MaximMinimize antip
42、athy between speaker and hearer;Maximize sympathy between speaker and hearer.2.2 Chinese Politeness PrinciplesIn 1992,Gu Yueguo described the relationship between politeness,pragmaticsand culture in the paper Politeness,Pragmatics and Culture.and he put forwardChinese politeness principle on the bas
43、is of Leechs,which is a combination ofChinese language characteristics and Chinese culture.Gu Yueguos Politeness Principle1)Self-denigration and Other-elevation MaximThis maxim means to depreciate self or something related to self and to respectother and things connected with other.It gives an expre
44、ssion of 1i,that is 1i is tomaximize other and minimize self in Chinese politeness principle.2)Address MaximThis maxim means that we should address others in an appropriate way.It showsthe hierarchical order system of Chinese society.It is believed that calling a personwith a proper address is the m
45、inimum politeness in Chinese culture.3)Refinement MaximThis maxim means that we should use words not only properly but also gently.西安石油大学外国语学院本科毕业论文6Vulgar word or sentence is forbidden in a conversation especially in a normaloccasion.4)Agreement MaximThis maxim means that we should do our best to m
46、inimizing the differencebetween self and other and try to reach a harmonious situation.It reflects the oldChinese word tong,which signifies that people should eliminate their difference andreach an agreement to make our society stable.5)Virtue-word-behavior MaximThis maxim means that we should minim
47、ize others cost to maintain theconversation and maximize selfs cost in our subjective motivation.It reflects Chinesevirtue traditional and rite called advocate reach an agreement.It can be found that there are both similarities and differences of English andChinese politeness.Both Leechs and Gu Yueg
48、uos politeness principle have culturaluniversalities and also cultural difference.At the level of pragmatics,we can found thatthe similarities of Leechs and Gu Yueguos politeness principle arefive points:scales,conflicts betweendifferentprinciples,theappropriateness,thegoal-orientationandthe agreeme
49、nt about relationship.From this question,it is easy to see that politenessisauniversal phenomenon;Next is the difference between Leechs and Gu Yueguos politenessprinciple:DifferentemphasesofSelf-denigrationandOther-elevationMaxim,different relationships to moral and differences in Address Maxim.Anal
50、yzing these difference,itis not difficult to make a conclusion:Gu Yueguos politeness principleis oriented towardsdenigrating self,om the other hand,Leechs and Gu Yueguos politeness principle ismoreorientedtowardselevatingother.As for the reason,it is because the difference between twocultule,as we a