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1、关于高一英语五种基本句型2022/9/271第一页，讲稿共五十二页哦2022/9/272 英语句子有长在短，有简有繁，从现象看，似乎千变万化，难英语句子有长在短，有简有繁，从现象看，似乎千变万化，难以捉摸，但从实质看，可以发现其内在联系，找出其共同规律。以捉摸，但从实质看，可以发现其内在联系，找出其共同规律。英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。基础。英语五种基本句型列式如下：英语五种基本句型列式如下：基
2、本句型一：基本句型一：+（主谓）（主谓）基本句型二：基本句型二：+（主系表）（主系表）基本句型三：基本句型三：+（主谓宾）（主谓宾）基本句型四：基本句型四：+IO+（主谓间宾直宾）（主谓间宾直宾）基本句型五：基本句型五：+（主谓宾宾补）（主谓宾宾补）演绎语法：演绎语法：第二页，讲稿共五十二页哦2022/9/273五种基本句型与五种基本句型与There be.（）（）主谓主谓 They are working hard.（）（）主谓宾主谓宾 I forgot to mail the letter yesterday.（）（）主谓宾宾主谓宾宾 He gave me a new bicycle.（）
3、（）主系表主系表 He is a university student.（）（）主谓宾宾补主谓宾宾补 Karl Marx made London the base for his revolutionary work.（6 6）There beThere be+主语主语 There is a hole in the wall.第三页，讲稿共五十二页哦2022/9/274各种词类及其在句子中的作用：各种词类及其在句子中的作用：1.Nouns(n.)名词：名词：-主语主语(S)，宾语，宾语(O)，表语，表语(P)等等 2.Verbs(v.)动词动词-谓语谓语(V)（vt.及物动词及物动词/vi.不
4、及物动词）不及物动词）3.Pronouns （pron.)代词：代词：-主语，宾语，表语主语，宾语，表语等等 e.g.Kate has a piano.She likes it very much._ S _ V _ O _ S _ V _O 第四页，讲稿共五十二页哦2022/9/2754.Adjectives (adj.)形容词：形容词：-定语定语(At.)表语表语（P）e.g.The overcoat is very beautiful.This is a very beautiful overcoat.5.Adverbs(adv.)副词：副词：-状语（状语（Ad.)6.Numerals(
5、num.)数词：数词：-定语，表语，主语等定语，表语，主语等 e.g.25(desks)_(be)enough.7.Articles(art.)冠词：冠词：一般不单独构成句子成分一般不单独构成句子成分 (At.)(P)is第五页，讲稿共五十二页哦2022/9/2768.Prepositions(prep.)介词（介词（in,at,on,)prep.+n.介词短语介词短语-状语状语(Ad.),表语等表语等 e.g.We can see the bike under the tree.9.Conjunctions (conj.)连词连词(and,or,but,so)一般不构成成分，仅起连接作用一般
6、不构成成分，仅起连接作用10.Interjections(interj.)感叹词感叹词(ah,oh,yeah)一般不构成成分，起加强语气作用一般不构成成分，起加强语气作用 第六页，讲稿共五十二页哦2022/9/277英语基本句型英语基本句型-1 主谓结构主谓结构第七页，讲稿共五十二页哦2022/9/278基本句型基本句型 1-1-主谓结构主谓结构 此句型的句子有一个共同特点，此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。句等
7、。第八页，讲稿共五十二页哦2022/9/2791主谓结构主谓结构 本结构是由本结构是由主语加不及物的谓语动词构成主语加不及物的谓语动词构成,常用常用来表示主语的动作。来表示主语的动作。如：如：The sun rises.Tom has already left.主语主语可有修饰语可有修饰语-定语定语，谓语谓语可有修饰语可有修饰语-状语状语。如如:1.The red sun rises in the east.2.So they had to travel by air or boat.3.We got up early so as to catch the first bus.4.She sa
8、t there alone,reading a novel.5.He came back when we were eating.6.Weak buildings will fall down in an earthquake,but strong ones may stay up.第九页，讲稿共五十二页哦2022/9/2710 （不及物（不及物动词动词）1.Time 2.The moon 3.She 4.They 5.He 6.I 7.They 8.He 9.He 10.Theyflies.rose.sings beautifully.talked for half an hour.walk
9、ed yesterday woke.talked for half an hour.walked yesterday.is playing.have gone.第十页，讲稿共五十二页哦2022/9/2711练习练习 11鸟在飞翔。2她的宝宝在哭。3太阳正在落山。4谁也没笑。Birds are flying.Her baby is crying.The sun is setting.No one laughed.第十一页，讲稿共五十二页哦2022/9/2712练习练习 25你唱得很美。6 我咳了一夜。7 我们很少在外边吃饭。8 昨天发生了事故。You sing beautifully.I cou
10、ghed all night.We seldom dine out.The accident occurred yesterday.第十二页，讲稿共五十二页哦2022/9/2713主语主语可有修饰语可有修饰语-定语定语，谓语谓语可有修饰语可有修饰语-状语状语。如如:1.The red sun rises in the east.2.So they had to travel by air or boat.3.We got up early so as to catch the first bus.4.She sat there alone,reading a novel.5.He came b
11、ack when we were eating.第十三页，讲稿共五十二页哦2022/9/2714(主语主语+不及物动词不及物动词)扩展和修饰扩展和修饰vThe boy spoke to his teacher.vThe little boy spoke loudly to his teacher.vThe boy named Tom spoke to his math teacher in a low voice.vThe little boy called Tom spoke to his Chinese teacher.第十四页，讲稿共五十二页哦2022/9/2715yesterday e
12、vening.two hours.in the past ten years.in 1919.1她昨天回家很晚。她昨天回家很晚。2会议将持续两个小时。会议将持续两个小时。3在过去的十年里，（在）我的家乡已经发生了巨大的在过去的十年里，（在）我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。变化。41919年，（在）北京爆发了年，（在）北京爆发了“五五.四四”运动。运动。She went homevery lateThe meeting will last Great changes have taken placein my home townThe May Fourth Movement broke outin
13、 Beijing 巩固练习：巩固练习：第十五页，讲稿共五十二页哦2022/9/2716in the morning.to borrow books.to the south.five years ago.five kilos.every day.5每天八时开始上课。每天八时开始上课。6这个盒子重五公斤。这个盒子重五公斤。7五年前我住在北京。五年前我住在北京。8秋天有些鸟飞到南方去。秋天有些鸟飞到南方去。9我的爷爷早晨起得很早。我的爷爷早晨起得很早。10.每天下午有许多学生到图书馆来借书。每天下午有许多学生到图书馆来借书。Classes beginat eightThis box weighsI
14、 livedin Beijingsome birds flyIn autumn,My grandfather gets upearlya lot of students comeEvery afternoon to the library第十六页，讲稿共五十二页哦2022/9/271711.会议有可能开两个半小时会议有可能开两个半小时.12.我所就读的学校坐落在那个美丽的湖边我所就读的学校坐落在那个美丽的湖边.13.她盼望已久的机会终于到来了她盼望已久的机会终于到来了.14.正在睡觉的婴儿笑了正在睡觉的婴儿笑了.The meeting will lasttwo and a half hours
15、.The schoollieswhere I studyby the beautiful lake.The chancecamewhich she wanted to get for a long timeat last.The baby smiles.sleeping第十七页，讲稿共五十二页哦2022/9/2718 英语基本句型英语基本句型-2 主系表结构主系表结构第十八页，讲稿共五十二页哦2022/9/2719 基本句型基本句型 2 +（主系表）（主系表）此句型的句子谓语动词不能表达此句型的句子谓语动词不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表
16、语构成复合明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做动词叫做连系动词连系动词。第十九页，讲稿共五十二页哦2022/9/2720英语基本句型英语基本句型-2主系表结构主系表结构 本结构是由本结构是由主语主语+系动词系动词+表语表语组成，主要用以说明组成，主要用以说明主语的主语的特征，类属，状态，身份特征，类属，状态，身份等。系动词有等。系动词有:1.表示特征和存在状态的表示特征和存在状态的 be,seem,feel,appear,look,smell,taste,sound;2.表示状态延续的表示状态延续的 remain,stay,keep
17、,continue,stand;3.表示状态变化的表示状态变化的 become,get,turn,go,run,fall,come,grow;第二十页，讲稿共五十二页哦2022/9/2721Our English teacher is thirty years old.The cake tastes delicious.We feel used to living in big cities.The potatoes went bad in the fields.Their boss seems satisfied with the work.Deep water stays still.第二
18、十一页，讲稿共五十二页哦2022/9/2722练习练习 11今天我感觉不太舒服。今天我感觉不太舒服。2 他看上去很累。他看上去很累。3 你的汤味道很好。你的汤味道很好。4 她似乎对计划不感兴趣。她似乎对计划不感兴趣。I dont feel very well today.He looks very tired.Your soup tastes very good.She doesnt seem very interested in the plan.第二十二页，讲稿共五十二页哦2022/9/2723 5 天越来越冷了。6 孩子不久就睡着了。7 他长得相当高了。8 听到这消息她脸色变得苍白。It
19、s getting cold.Soon the child fell asleep.She went pale at the news.He has grown quite tall.第二十三页，讲稿共五十二页哦2022/9/2724(主语主语+连系动词连系动词+表语表语)扩展和修饰扩展和修饰vThe soup tastes good.vTo our surprise,The soup tastes good.vThe soup tastes good,which is beyond our expectation.vFrankly speaking,The soup tastes good.
20、vTo be honest,The soup tastes so good as to surprise everyone.第二十四页，讲稿共五十二页哦2022/9/2725巩固练习：巩固练习：1冬季白天短，夜晚长冬季白天短，夜晚长。2十五岁他十五岁他就成为就成为有名的钢琴家了。有名的钢琴家了。3孩子们很少孩子们很少保持保持安静。安静。4她的工作她的工作是是在幼儿园里照看儿童。在幼儿园里照看儿童。In winter,the days are short and the nights are long.At the age of fifteen,he became a famous pianis
21、t.Children seldom keep quiet.Her job is to look after the children in the nursery.第二十五页，讲稿共五十二页哦2022/9/27265他失业了。他失业了。6树叶树叶已经变已经变黄了黄了7这个报告这个报告听起来听起来很有意思很有意思He is out of work.The leaves have turned yellow.The report sounds interesting第二十六页，讲稿共五十二页哦2022/9/27271.As in China,the weather is different fro
22、m area to area.主系表句型主系表句型的几个特例：的几个特例：2.We are greatly surprised to meet him there.3.It is not a good idea to spend your vacation with strangers.4.It is kind of you to say so.5.It is not easy for them to go there by bike.6.Is it Tom who is playing the piano?7.It is a fact that they cant pass the exam
23、.第二十七页，讲稿共五十二页哦2022/9/2728英语基本句型英语基本句型-3主谓宾结构主谓宾结构第二十八页，讲稿共五十二页哦2022/9/2729 基本句型 3 +（主谓宾）（主谓宾）此句型句子的共同特点是谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。第二十九页，讲稿共五十二页哦2022/9/2730英语基本句型-3主谓宾结构主谓宾结构 本结构是由本结构是由主语主语+及物的谓语动词及物的谓语动词+宾语构成宾语构成。宾宾语成分的多样化使得这一结构异常复杂。语成分的多样化使得这一结构异常复杂。如如：1.To
24、m made a hole in the wall.2.I dont know if he can come tomorrow.3.They havent decided where to go next.4.She stopped teaching English two years ago.5.It took them ten years to build the dam.7.Mother promises to give me a present.第三十页，讲稿共五十二页哦2022/9/2731（实义动词实义动词）(宾语宾语)1.Who 2.She 3.He 8.He 5.They 6.
25、I 7.He the answer?her.English.cakes.some apples.to have a cup of tea.Good morning.knows laughs at understands made ate want said 第三十一页，讲稿共五十二页哦2022/9/2732(主语主语+及物动词及物动词+宾语宾语)扩展和修饰扩展和修饰vI forgot to mail the letter yesterday.vUnfortunately,I forgot to mail the letter yesterday.vUnfortunately,I forgot
26、to mail the letter yesterday,which disappointed my mum so much.第三十二页，讲稿共五十二页哦2022/9/27331昨晚我写了一封信。昨晚我写了一封信。2今天下午我想同你谈谈。今天下午我想同你谈谈。3这本书他读过多次了这本书他读过多次了4他们成功地完成了计划。他们成功地完成了计划。5那位先生能流利地说三种语言。那位先生能流利地说三种语言。I wrote a letterlast night.I want to talk with youthis afternoon.He has read this bookmany times.Th
27、ey have carried out the plansuccessfully.That gentleman can speak three languagesfluently.巩固练习：巩固练习：第三十三页，讲稿共五十二页哦2022/9/27346我收到了笔友从澳大利亚寄来的信。我收到了笔友从澳大利亚寄来的信。7Jim 还不会自己穿衣服。还不会自己穿衣服。8我们大家都相信我们大家都相信Jack 是一个诚实男孩。是一个诚实男孩。9.他不知道说什麽好。他不知道说什麽好。10.我开窗户你在意吗？我开窗户你在意吗？I received a letterfrom my penfriendin Aus
28、tralia.Jim cannot dress himself.All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy.He did not know what to say.Do you mind my opening the window?第三十四页，讲稿共五十二页哦2022/9/2735英语基本句型英语基本句型-4 双宾语结构双宾语结构第三十五页，讲稿共五十二页哦2022/9/2736英语基本句型英语基本句型4 双宾语结构双宾语结构 说明：此结构由说明：此结构由“主语主语+及物谓语动词及物谓语动词+间接宾语（人）间接宾语（人）+直接宾语（事物）直接宾语（
29、事物）”组成。如：组成。如：He brings me cookies every day.但若要但若要先说出直接宾语（事物），先说出直接宾语（事物），后说间接宾语后说间接宾语（人），则（人），则要借助于介词要借助于介词to或或for。如：。如：He brings cookies to me every day.She made a beautiful dress for me.用用to侧重指动作的方向，表示侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着朝着，向着，对着某人。某人。用用for 侧重指动作的受益者，侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替某人表示为了某人，替某人。常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助常
30、跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助to的）的）bring,give,lend,hand,offer,pass,pay,promise,return,send,show,teach,tell,write,ask等；等；（需借助（需借助for 的）的）buy,call,cook,choose,draw,find,get,make,order,sing,save,spare等。等。第三十六页，讲稿共五十二页哦2022/9/2737 (主语主语+及物动词及物动词+间接宾语间接宾语 +直接宾语直接宾语)扩展和修饰扩展和修饰vGrandma told me a story.vAs expected,Grandma
31、 told me a story.vGrandma told me a story for the purpose of cheering me up.vGrandma told me one story after another in the hope of cheering me up.第三十七页，讲稿共五十二页哦2022/9/2738（及（及物）物）（多指（多指人）人）（多指物）（多指物）1.She2.She 3.He 8.He 5.I 6.I 7.I 4.He passed cooked brought bought showed gave told showed himher hu
32、sband you her him him mea new dress.a delicious meal.a dictionary.nothing.my pictures.a hand.how to run the machine.that the bus was late.第三十八页，讲稿共五十二页哦2022/9/27391Johnson 先生去年教我们德语。先生去年教我们德语。2奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。3请把那本字典递给我好吗？请把那本字典递给我好吗？4他把车票给列车员看。他把车票给列车员看。Mr Johnson taught us German
33、last year.Grandma told me an interesting storylast night.Would you please pass me the dictionary?He showed the ticket to the conductor.第三十九页，讲稿共五十二页哦2022/9/27405我替你叫辆出租汽车好吗？我替你叫辆出租汽车好吗？6新式机器将会为你节省许多劳动。新式机器将会为你节省许多劳动。7他用他的第一个月工资给他妈妈买了他用他的第一个月工资给他妈妈买了一件毛衣一件毛衣Shall I call you a taxi?The new machine wil
34、l save you a lot of labour.He bought a new coat for his motherwith his first months salary.第四十页，讲稿共五十二页哦2022/9/2741英语基本句型英语基本句型-5 复合宾语结构复合宾语结构第四十一页，讲稿共五十二页哦2022/9/2742英语基本句型英语基本句型5 复合宾语结构复合宾语结构 说明说明:此结构由此结构由“主语主语+及物的谓语动词及物的谓语动词+宾语宾语+宾语补宾语补足语足语”构成。宾语与宾语补足语之间有构成。宾语与宾语补足语之间有逻辑上的主谓关系或主逻辑上的主谓关系或主表关系，若无宾语
35、补足语，则句意不够完整。表关系，若无宾语补足语，则句意不够完整。可以用做宾补的有：可以用做宾补的有：名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，动词不定式，分词等。如：名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，动词不定式，分词等。如：The sun keeps us warm.I heard him singing.You must get your hair cut.They made Tom monitor.He used to do his homework with his radio on.用用 it 做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡
36、，是英语常用的句型结构方式。即：面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用的句型结构方式。即：主主语语+谓语谓语+it+宾补宾补+真正宾语真正宾语。如：。如：I found it very pleasant to be with your family.第四十二页，讲稿共五十二页哦2022/9/2743（及物）（及物）O（宾语宾语）O（宾补宾补）1.We 2.They3.They 4.They5.What 6.We 7.He 8.I the table the door supper the house him him me them clean.green.dinner.dirty.sad?out.t
37、o come back.getting on the bus.keep painted call found makes saw asked saw第四十三页，讲稿共五十二页哦2022/9/27441我们叫她我们叫她Alice.2我们大家都认为他是诚实的。我们大家都认为他是诚实的。3他们把小偷释放了。他们把小偷释放了。4我要你把真相告诉我。我要你把真相告诉我。5.卫兵命令我们立即离开。卫兵命令我们立即离开。We call her Alice.All of us considered him honest.They have set the thief free.I want you to te
38、ll me the truth.The guards ordered us to leave at once.巩固练习巩固练习第四十四页，讲稿共五十二页哦2022/9/2745v6.每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。v7他每个月理一次发他每个月理一次发v8我们不会让她在晚上外出的。我们不会让她在晚上外出的。Every morning we hear him read English aloud.He has his hair cut once a month.We wont let her go out at night.9那可怕的声音把孩子们吓坏了那可怕的声
39、音把孩子们吓坏了 10她正在听人家讲故事。她正在听人家讲故事。The terrible sound made the children frightened.She is listening to someone telling stories.第四十五页，讲稿共五十二页哦2022/9/274611我从来没看见这个字这样用过。我从来没看见这个字这样用过。12他感到很难跟你交谈。他感到很难跟你交谈。13我认为有可能用另一种方法解题。我认为有可能用另一种方法解题。14学校定了一条规则，开始上课时学生要起立。学校定了一条规则，开始上课时学生要起立。I have never seen the word
40、 used that way before.He felt it very difficult to talk with you.I consider it possible to work out the problem in another way.The school made it a rule that the students should stand up when class begins.第四十六页，讲稿共五十二页哦2022/9/2747英语基本句型英语基本句型-6 There be 句型句型第四十七页，讲稿共五十二页哦2022/9/2748英语基本句型英语基本句型6 The
41、re be 句型句型 说明：说明：此句型是由此句型是由“there+be+主语主语+状语状语”构构成，用以表达存在关系可以称成，用以表达存在关系可以称“有有”。它其实它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词 be 之后，之后，there 仅为引导词，并无实际语意。仅为引导词，并无实际语意。此句型有时不用此句型有时不用be动词，而用动词，而用 live,stand,come,go,lie,remain,exist,arrive等。如：等。如：There stands a hill in the middle of the park.Once upon a tim
42、e there lived an old king in the town.第四十八页，讲稿共五十二页哦2022/9/2749 Be 与其后的主语在人称和数量上一致，有时态和情态变与其后的主语在人称和数量上一致，有时态和情态变化。如：化。如：现在有现在有 there is/are 过去有过去有 there was/were 将来有将来有 there will be；there is/are going to be.现在已经有现在已经有 there has/have been 可能有可能有 there might be.肯定有肯定有 there must be/there must have b
43、een.过去曾经有过去曾经有 there used to be 似乎有似乎有 there seems/seem/seemed to be 碰巧有碰巧有 there happen/happens/happened to be 第四十九页，讲稿共五十二页哦2022/9/2750There beThere be+主语主语 (例句)vThere was a big fire in the early April of 1978.vThere seemed to be a big fire in the early April of 1978.vThere was said to be a big fi
44、re in the early April of 1978.vThere happened to be a big fire in the early April of 1978.vThere couldnt have been a big fire in the early April of 1978.第五十页，讲稿共五十二页哦2022/9/2751巩固练习：巩固练习：1这个村子过去只有一口井。这个村子过去只有一口井。2客人当中有两名美国人和两名法国人。客人当中有两名美国人和两名法国人。3天气预报说下午有大风。天气预报说下午有大风。4灯亮着，办公室里肯定有人。灯亮着，办公室里肯定有人。5战前
45、这儿一直有家电影院的战前这儿一直有家电影院的.Among the guests there were two Americans and two Frenchmen.The weatherman says therell be a strong wind in the afternoon.The light is on.There must be someone in the office.There used to be a cinema here before the war.There was only a well in the village.第五十一页，讲稿共五十二页哦2022/9/27感感谢谢大大家家观观看看第五十二页，讲稿共五十二页哦