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1、专题九 非谓语动词,中考英语语法专题,本专题内容适用于9年级学生,本专题一般共需3课时,第一课时 The Infinitive (动词不定式) 一、不定式的用法 二、不定式的语态、否定和省略 三、巩固练习,什么是非谓语动词,性质：它具有动词的特点，但在句子中起着名词、形容词、副词的作用，充当主语、表语、定语、宾语、宾语补足语、状语的作用。即：除谓语以外一切成分。,一、不定式的用法动词不定式，表示动作未完成将要发生,1.作主语eg. To make a speech here is an honor. To lose heart means failure.动词不定式短语作主语时，常用形式主语i
2、t作形式主语，如上两句可用如下形式：It is an honor to make a speech here.It means failure to lose heart.常用结构：It + be+ adj./n.+ for sb. to do sth.It + be+ adj. + of sb. to do sth. =sb. be + adj. + to do sth.(常见形容词:clever, silly, foolish, stupid, wise, kind, rude, impolite, careless, cruel, crazy, etc.)eg. Its necessar
3、y for us to have a good knowledge of English.It is foolish of you to make such a mistake.=You are foolish to make such a mistake.,2.作表语eg. Her wish is to become a novelist.He appears to have caught a cold.不定式一般紧跟在系动词如be, seem, remain, appear等后面,用来说明主语的内容。这类结构中的主语一般为名词，如：idea, purpose, hope, plan, in
4、tention, wish, dream, etc.eg. My purpose is to teach them a lesson.有时句子主语也可以是不定式或名词性从句。eg. To be strict with students is to be responsible to them.What I want to do is (to )tell you the truth.如果主语中含有do的任何形式, 那么不定式可以省去to.eg. The only thing he could do was ( to) tell the truth.,3.作宾语A. 动词+ to不定式常见动词:
5、hope, wish, long, want, refuse, pretend, promise, agree, aim, decide, expect, offer, fail, plan, learn, manage, intend, desire, etc.eg. I longed to become an artist.He helped (to) bring up the orphan.B.动词+(间接宾语)+疑问词+ to不定式常见动词: know, decide, wonder, learn, remember, understand, find out, etc.eg. I d
6、ont know what to say to comfort her.The farmer showed us how to milk the cow.,C.动词+ it+宾语补足语+( for sb.)+ to不定式：常见动词:find, consider, think, make, feel, etc.eg.Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.I think it important for you to recite some English articles.D.介词but, except后可接to不定式作
7、宾语。注意句中谓语或非谓语部分含有do，那么不定式可省去toeg.Seeing the room crowded, I had no choice but to stand in the dark. Seeing the room crowded, I could do nothing but stand in the dark.,4.作宾语补足语A. 动词/动词词组+宾语+to不定式常见动词: want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, allow, permit, help, advise, persuade, cause, force, warn, invite
8、, urge, encourage, prepare, call on, would like, wait for, etc.eg.I got them to join us in the discussion.They are waiting for the school bus to come.B. 动词+宾语+不带to的不定式常用动词: feel (一感) ; hear, listen to(二听); make, let, have(三让); see, watch, observe, notice, look at(五看) ;help (半帮助,可带to或不带to)etc. 但改为被动语
9、态时，不定式要加to.eg. I saw him cross the road.He was seen to cross the road.比较: I saw him crossing the road.He was seen _the road.I saw him carried downstairs.He was seen _ downstairs.,5.作定语(考点集中在动词不定式与被修饰词的逻辑关系的判断上)A.与被修饰名词构成动宾关系：eg.I have a meeting to attend.He found a good house to live in. (如果不定式是vi，其
10、后应有适当的介词.)如果不定式修饰time, place, way，可以省略介词：eg.He has no place to live.This is the best way to work out this problem.注意如果句子的主语不是不定式的逻辑主语,不定式就用被动语态表示。比较:I am going to the post office, for I have a letter to post.I am going to the post office, do you have any letter to be posted?,B. 与被修饰名词构成主谓关系：eg.)He i
11、s the right person to do that job.He is the first to get here.注意不定式+介词修饰名词也可以转换成介词+关系代词（whom或which）+不定式。eg.) Mary is a nice companion to travel with.Mary is a nice companion with whom to travel.I got a piece of paper to write on.I got a piece of paper on which to write.C说明所修饰名词的内容：eg.) We have made
12、a plan to finish the work.Jane expressed a wish to earn her own living.,6.作状语A.表目的：eg He worked day and night to pay off the debt .She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.注意不定式逻辑主语与句子主语要一致：To save money, every means has been tried. ()To save money, he has tried every means. ()= He has tried every m
13、eans in order to/so as to save money.= In order to save money, he has tried every means.,7.试比较A组: Sth.+be +不定式(作表语)-表示主语的具体内容Sth.+be +不定式(作表语)-表示时态(将来时)eg. He is to tidy up the room.His plan is to tidy up the room.B组:动名词和不定式在句中作表语的区别:1. 一般情况下,区别不大,可通用eg. Seeing is believing.=To see is to believe.2.
14、动名词表示的动作较抽象、或是习惯性的, 而不定式表示某次具体的动作.eg. My job is typing papers.My job now is to type these papers.,1._ the employees working efficiency, the supervisor will allow them to have a coffee break.A. Improving B. To improve C. Having improved D. Improved2.If theres a lot of work_, Im happy to just keep on
15、until it is finished.A. to do B. to be doingC. doneD. doing3.Ill give a talk tomorrow. Im thinking about _.what to say B. how to sayC. what can I say D. how can I say,即学即练,1._B_ the employees working efficiency, the supervisor will allow them to have a coffee break.A. Improving B. To improve C. Havi
16、ng improved D. Improved2.If theres a lot of work _A_, Im happy to just keep on until it is finished.A. to do B. to be doingC. doneD. doing3.Ill give a talk tomorrow. Im thinking about _A_.what to say B. how to sayC. what can I say D. how can I say,即学即练,二、不定式的语态、否定和省略1.主动式和被动式A. 如不定式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者, 不定式
17、需用被动语态to be +过分eg.He dislikes to be praised in public.The only animal to be seen in the desert was the camel.B. 主动的形式表示被动:句中存在不定式的逻辑主语, 构成逻辑上的主谓关系：eg.The master gave his dog a few bones to eat.I have a lot of papers to type.(比较:I am free now. Do you have any papers to be typed?)在“形容词+不定式”结构中, 如不定式与句
18、子主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系,那么不定式多用主动语态.常见形容词：hard, difficult, easy, fit, cheap, expensive, interesting, etc.eg.The water is fit to drink.The couch is comfortable to sit on.=It is comfortable to sit on the couch.The sentence is easy _ (explain). =It is_The tea is bitter _(taste).,在there be结构中,倾向于用不定式主动语态表示被动意义.eg
19、. There is always much work to do in the house.下列句子惯用不定式主动语态.eg. The house is to let/to be let. 这房子待出租。He is not to blame. 他不该受责备。但在be + to不定式以及be likely to结构中，如果主语是不定式所表示的承受者，那么不定式仍须用被动语态。eg. The collection of poems is to be published within a year.The results of the exams remain to be seen.He is l
20、ikely to be made monitor of our class.=It is likely that he is made .2.不定式的否定式： not/never + (to ) 不定式eg. They hurried along in order not to be late.The boy promised never to play truant again.,3.不定式的省略与保留：保留to,省略do动词。.不定式符号的省略与保留:在had better, would rather, would ratherthan, would soonerthan, cannot
21、but, why (not) 等结构后面的不定式符号to通常被省略。如:eg. Youd better tell her the truth. 动词不定式短语作介词but, except, besides的宾语，且介词之前有行为动词do或其它形式时，不定式符号to通常被省略。eg. What do you like to do besides swim?My mother could do nothing but wait for the doctor to arrive.Now he had given himself no choice but to tell her.,两个或多个不定式短
22、语表示并列关系时，后面不定式短语的不定式符号to通常被省略；如果表示对比关系，则不定式符号to通常保留。eg.) They didnt tell me whether to go on or to stop. （对比关系）She told the child to stay there and wait till she came back. （并列关系）在某些感官动词或使役动词（如：hear，listen to， notice，observe， see， watch， make等）之后充当宾语补足语的不定式中，不定式符号to总是被省略， 但在被动语态的句子中，不定式符号to通常保留。Eg.)
23、 They made that man work all the morning.That man was made to work all the morning.不定式短语作表语，不定式符号to通常保留，但当what引导的名词性从句作主语，或all，everything等后接定语从句作主语，从句谓语部分含有动词do 或do的其他形式时，作表语的不定式可以保留也可省略不定式符号to。eg.) The greatest happiness is to work for the happiness of all.The only thing I can do is (to) go on y my
24、self.,II.不定式符号后面动词的省略与保留1.为了避免重复，在hope， wish， want， like， love，decide， mean， prefer， have to， be able to， be going to， used to， ought to等动词及习语后面出现与上文相同的不定式时，常保留不定式符号to，而把其它部分省略。eg. Ms King lied to us because she had to.2.当不定式在ask, advise, persuade, wish, allow, permit, tell, expect, force, invite, b
25、eg等动词后面充当宾语补足语时, 为了避免重复, 常保留不定式符号to，而把后面的动词省略.eg. She wants to come , but her parents wont allow her to.If he doesnt want to go there, dont force him to.He didnt come, though we had invited him to.3.在特定的上下文中, 为了避免重复, 如果不定式为一般式to be或完成式to have done时, 则不定式符号to和be或have常一并保留, be或have之后的部分通常要省略.eg. -Aren
26、t you the headmaster?- No, but I dont want to be.- Hasnt he finished the report?- No, but he ought to have.,补充:不定式符号后面动词的省略与保留：eg.)1. If you dont want to do it, you dont need to.2.-Ought I to finish the work today?-Yes, you ought to.注：以上例句中的不定式符号to均不能省略。但如省略名词后的不定式时，则to可以一起省去。eg. Never will Tom miss
27、 school for no reason; he hasnt the courage (to).I will come as soon as I have got the chance (to)., want 和would like如用于从句中，to通常可以省略。eg. Come whenever you want (to).You can stay here as long as you like (to).如不定式带有系动词be或助动词have, 则须保留be或have.eg.-Are you a teacher?-No, but I used to _be_.- Sorry, I ha
28、vent finished my work yet?-Well, you ought to have.另外两种省略to的情况. 如主语部分含有动词do,则作表语的不定式可省略toeg.What I want to do is run a night school.当两个或两个以上的不定式并列使用时,除第一个不定式以外,其余的不定式一般要省略to.eg. It is up to you to decide whether to stay or leave.He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.,中考链接,1.【2021天津】30. Whe
29、n I was young, my parents taught me _ older people kindly.A. treats B. to treat C. treated D. treat2.【2021湖南怀化】7. The government asks people _ the rubbish from their daily life in different groups.A. to put B. puttingC. put3.【2021江苏南京】4. I would be interested to see the pandas in the Wolong Panda Re
30、serve, because it allows people _ closer to them. A. get B. to get C. gettingD. got4.【2021江苏盐城】12. Last September, Thunderstorm was shown _Cao Yu, one of Chinas greatest playwrights. A. rememberB. rememberingC. rememberedD. to remember5.【2021四川达州】31. Ms. Griffin, what should we do stupid mistakes in
31、 the coming exams? Be more careful.A. avoid make B. avoiding making C. avoid making D. to avoid making,B,A,B,D,D,6.【2021海南】33.一I have less homework than before!一Me, too. Now, we have enough time _ sports. A. do B. doing C. to do7.【2021黑龙江绥化】2. The exam is over! Why not_ to the movies and relax ourse
32、lves?A. go B. to go C. going8.【2021内蒙古包头】24. _ the online shopping, my grandma bought a smart phone. A. Enjoyed B. Enjoying C. Enjoy D. To enjoy9.【2021重庆A】26. The villagers plan _a new bridge over the river. A build B. building C. to build D. built10.【2021云南昆明】31. It is necessary to learn _ time and make good use of every minute. A. to manageB. managingC. to lose D. losing,C,A,D,C,A,课时总结,Thank you for listening,