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1、-1-Section Grammar&Writing 动词不定式 阅读下列句子并体会黑体部分的用法 1Experts hope to learn more about the movement of thunderstorms.2There was nothing to be done.3The storms sometimes continue all day and traffic moves very slowly because the thick dust makes it difficult to see.4When a sandstorm arrives in the city,
2、weather experts advise people not to go out.5It is difficult to breathe and the dust makes me ill.6To prevent it coming nearer,the government is planting trees.7My job is to teach English at this school.8I can do nothing but wait at home.9She has no choice but to give in.-2-一、动词不定式 1动词不定式的时态和语态 语态 时
3、态 主动 被动 一般式 to do to be done 进行式 to be doing/完成式 to have done to have been done(1)不定式的一般式：表示不定式的动作与谓语动词同时(几乎同时)发生或在谓语动词之后发生。He asked me to help him with the task.他让我帮他完成这项任务。(2)不定式的进行式：表示不定式的动作正在进行且与谓语动词同时发生。He is said to be studying abroad but I dont know which country it is.据说他正在国外学习，但我不知道是哪个国家。(3
4、)不定式的完成式：表示不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前。I am sorry to have given you so much trouble.对不起，给你添了这么多麻烦。(4)不定式的被动式：当动词不定式的逻辑主语是动词不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，一般使用动词不定式的被动形式。Id like to be told whats going on.我希望被告知正在发生什么。The factory is reported to have been burnt down.据报道这家工厂已经被烧毁了。名师点津 不定式用主动形式表示被动意义的常见情况：在“主语系动词表语(形容词)(for sb.)to
5、 do”结构中，句子的主语与构成不定式的动词有逻辑上的动宾关系，不定式用主动形式表示被动意义。该结构中常用的形容词有 easy，hard，difficult，fit 等。The book is difficult to understand.-3-这本书很难懂。This kind of food is not fit to eat.这种食物不适合吃。不定式作定语时，若构成不定式的动词与不定式所修饰的词之间为动宾关系，并且句子的主语是不定式动作的发出者时。He has a large family to support.他有一个大家庭要养。在“too.to.”和“enough.to.”结构中，若
6、构成不定式的动词与句子的主语之间为动宾关系，不定式可以用主动形式表示被动意义。The book is cheap enough to buy.这本书很便宜，可以买。The dish is too spicy to eat.这道菜太辣了，吃不了。在“特殊疑问词to do”结构中，do 与特殊疑问词之间为动宾关系时，不定式常用主动形式。I dont know what to do next.我不知道接下来该做什么。2动词不定式的语法功能(1)作主语 不定式作主语表示一次具体的动作。不定式作主语时谓语动词通常用单数形式。不定式作主语时可位于句首，也可位于句末(it 作形式主语)To master a
7、 foreign language is necessary.It is necessary to master a foreign language.掌握一门外语很有必要。(2)作表语 不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。They are to pay a visit to the teacher together at 10 am.tomorrow.他们约定明天上午 10 点一起去看这位老师。如果主语是不定式(表示条件)，表语也是不定式(表示结果)。-4-To see is to believe.眼见为实。如果主语是以 aim,duty,hope,idea,job,plan
8、,problem,purpose,thing,wish 等为中心的名词，或是 what 引导的主语从句，不定式作表语用来说明主语的内容。Her wish is to become a college student.她的愿望是成为一名大学生。(3)作宾语 常用带 to 的不定式作宾语的动词有 afford，agree，ask,decide,expect,hope,learn,manage,offer,pretend,promise,refuse,want,wish 等。He couldnt afford to buy a car.他买不起车。有些动词后面可以跟不定式作宾语，也可以跟动名词作宾语
9、，但意思不同，如 forget，remember，try 等；有些动词后面接不定式和动名词作宾语时意思差别不大，如 start,begin，hate，like 等。Remember to turn off the lights before you leave the room.在你离开房间之前，记得把灯关了。I remembered turning off the lights when I left the room.我记得我离开房间时关灯了。feel,find,think,believe,consider,make 这几个动词后面接不定式作宾语，且宾语后面有形容词/名词作宾补时，常用 i
10、t 作形式宾语，而把不定式放到宾补之后。We think it quite important for us to learn a foreign language well.我们都认为学好一门外语对我们来说非常重要。(4)作宾语补足语 不定式作宾语补足语，常用于下列动词后：ask,cause,call,help,force,allow,permit,advise,order,get,want,wish,tell 等。The teacher advised us to have a rest first.老师建议我们先休息。名师点津 在“五看(see,watch,observe,notice,
11、look at)三使(make,let,have)两听(hear,listen to)一感(feel)”等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式不带 to，但当以上动词(let,have 除外)用于被动语态时需要带 to。-5-The boss made his men work all the night.老板让他的工人整夜工作。The person was seen to enter the shop by us.我们看见那个人进了商店。help 后跟不定式作宾语补足语时，不定式可带 to 也可不带 to，即 help sb.(to)do sth.。(5)作定语 不定式作定语，置于被修饰词之后，常
12、表示未发生的动作。The car to be bought is for his sister.要买的这辆车是给他姐姐的。作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面需有相应的介词。The Greens have a comfortable house to live in.格林一家有一幢舒适的房子可以居住。中心词是序数词或被序数词、最高级、only 等修饰时，用不定式作定语。She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.她是第一个在奥运会上获得金牌的女性
13、。常用不定式作定语的名词：way,promise,plan,offer,decision,ability,warning等。She said she had no plans to go there.她说她没有去那里的打算。(6)作状语 不定式作状语表示目的、原因和结果。原因状语。不定式作原因状语时，通常位于情感类形容词或表示心理活动的形容词/过去分词之后，表示产生某种情感或心理活动的原因。He was very excited to see you again.再次看到你他非常激动。目的状语。不定式作目的状语时可位于句首和句末，且不定式前可加 in order/so as，但 so as t
14、o 不能位于句首。She reads China Daily every day to improve her English.为了提高英语，她每天读中国日报。-6-He ran very fast in order to/so as to catch the bus.他跑得非常快以便能赶上这班公共汽车。In order to pass the exam,he studied very hard.为了通过考试，他学习非常努力。结果状语。不定式作结果状语时表示谓语动作的结果。What have I said to make you so excited?我说了什么使你这么激动？名师点津 下列结构
15、的不定式可构成结果状语：too.to do.;enough to do.;only to do.。I hurried to the station，only to find the train had left.我匆匆赶到车站，结果发现火车已经开走了。The boy is old enough to go to school.那个小男孩足够大可以上学了。He is too weak to do the work.他身体太弱了不能做这项工作。二、but动词不定式 1but 用于 cant but,cant help but,cant choose but 等短语后，意为“不得不，只能”，不定式不
16、带 to。We cant but face the reality.我们只能面对现实。I couldnt choose but speak the truth.我不能不说真话。Whenever I think of the story,I still cant help but laugh at myself.每当我想起那个故事，我仍不得不嘲笑自己。2当 but(表示“除之外”)前有实义动词 do 的某种形式时，其后的不定式通常不带 to。其他情况不定式通常都要带 to。I have no choice but to accept the fact.除了接受这一事实，我别无选择。There w
17、as nothing to do but send for a doctor.除了派人去请医生，没有什么可以做的。-7-.单句语法填空 1 When the streets are full of melting snow,you cant help but _(get)your shoes wet.2 Thinking of the increasingly bad situation,he couldnt but _(feel)worried.3The bank is reported in the local newspaper to _(rob)in broad daylight ye
18、sterday.4Finding he had no key,he had no choice but _(wait)till his mother came back.5Im sorry I cant help water the flowers,because Im busy preparing for the singing competition _(hold)tomorrow.6They found it impossible _(get)everything ready in time.7Im examining the composition she has just finis
19、hed _(correct)the possible mistakes in it.8There are five pairs of shoes _(choose)from but Im at a loss which to buy.9When Toms mother entered his room,he pretended _(sleep)【导学号：91390021】10For nearly three hours we waited for the decision,only _(tell)to come again the next day.【答案】1.get2.feel3.have
20、been robbed4.to wait5.to be held6.to get7.to correct8.to choose9.to be sleeping10.to be told.单句改错 1As there was no bus,he couldnt but to walk home._ 2He pretended to read when the teacher approached him._ 3Only this man was strong enough lift the heavy stone._ 4The question being discussed next year
21、 has something important to do with our daily life.-8-_ 5The mother did what she could rescue her son,although she herself was in danger._【答案】1.去掉 to2.readbe reading3.lift 前加 to4.beingto be5.rescue 前加 to 环境保护类议论文 1环境保护话题作文一般按照“三段式”来写：介绍现象(提出问题)提出相关应对措施呼吁人们增强环保意识，自觉保护环境。2环境保护类作文的时态根据具体情况可以选择一般现在时或一般过
22、去时。3段与段之间要使用承上启下的句子或短语，增加文章的连贯性。亮点句式 1 Environmental problems are becoming more and more serious all over the world.2With the development of industry and agriculture,cars make noises and give off poisonous gas.3Pollution has been making more and more water unable for drinking.4 Environmental problem
23、s are becoming more and more serious all over the world.5The earth is our home and we have the duty to take care of it for ourselves and for our later generations.6Measures have been taken to deal with these problems by the government.7I hope the problem will be solved in the near future and our hom
24、e will become better and better.8Only in this way can we create a stronger,healthier and more beautiful world.9We should solve the problems that we are faced with.10 It is time for us to take measures as it is each citizens responsibility to save our mother earth.-9-写作任务 假设你是新华中学的学生李华，请根据以下提示，针对从你的家
25、乡遭受沙尘暴袭击的情况，向某英语报社投稿，呼吁大家植树造林，保护环境。1过去家乡树木成林；2如今人们毁林种地建房；3气候变化，土地荒漠化；4植树造林，人人有责。注意：1.词数：100 词左右；2开头和结尾已经给出，但不计入总词数。Dear Editor，Im a student at a middle school of Shanxi._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Im looking forward to hearing from you.Yours，Li Hua 审题谋篇 体裁 夹叙夹议 话题 环保类-10-时态 一般过去时和一般现在时 人称 第三人称 遣词造句.
26、词汇 1表达我的意见_ 2过去 _ 3由于，因为 _ 4为了 _ 5砍伐 _ 6侵袭 _ 7爱护 _ 8改善 _【答案】1.express my views2.used to 3because of/as a result of4.in order to/so as to 5cut down6.strike7.take care of/look after carefully8.improve.句式 1However,because climate changes,it rains little now.(用 because of 改写句子)However,_because_of_climat
27、e_changes,_it_rains_little_now.2As time went on,the forests were seriously destroyed.(用 with宾语宾补结构改写句子)With_time_going_on,_the_forests_were_seriously_destroyed.3Sandstorms struck us now and then,and we suffered from them a lot.(将并列句改成非限制性定语从句)Sandstorms_struck_us_now_and_then,_from_which_people_suff
28、ered_a_lot.妙笔成篇 _ _ _ _-11-_【参考范文】Dear_Editor，Im_a_student_at_a_middle_school_of_Shanxi.Im writing to express my views concerning the environment in my hometown.My hometown used to be a beautiful place.Thick forests and green grass could be seen everywhere.However,because of climate changes,it rains
29、 little now.In order to build houses and grow more crops,people there cut down more and more trees.With time going on,the forests were seriously destroyed.As a result,sandstorms struck us now and then,from which people suffered a lot.To prevent the process of desertification,I hope all the people ta
30、ke good care of the forests and plant more trees instead of cutting them down.Then our living conditions will soon be improved.Im_looking_forward_to_hearing_from_you.Yours，Li_Hua 学业分层测评学业分层测评.完成句子 1约翰的愿望是将来成为一名作家。Johns wish is _ a writer in the future.2养成好习惯很重要。It is important _.3在中国刘洋是第一位飞上太空的女航天员。
31、Liu Yang was the first woman astronaut _into space in China.4你想参观长城吗？Do you want _ the Great Wall?5现在进行任何补救都为时太晚。Its too late _ about it now.【答案】1.to become2.to develop good habits3.to be sent 4.to visit5.to do anything.阅读理解 A -12-As most people know,in the past few years,sandstorms have swept acros
32、s many cities and areas of North China，polluting the air and disturbing(打扰)daily lives of human beings.People look dirty and suffer many kinds of illnesses,such as breath difficulty.The sandstorm is such a serious problem that it has not only undermined the industrial and agricultural development of
33、 our country but also caused a lot of trouble to the living conditions of the Chinese people.It is expected that effective measures should be taken as soon as possible through our joint efforts to limit its occurrence.So what should we do with the frightening sandstorms?Some experts put forward prac
34、tical suggestions as follows:for one thing,more money ought to be put into tree planting and forest protection so as to keep more water resources within the surface of the earth.For another,governments of all countries should make laws on environmental protection.For example,banning the use of throw
35、away chopsticks and punishing illegal tree cutting.Scientists should also study and find ways to cut down the degree of its destruction and to improve the whole environment.How people look forward to sunny days with little breeze(微风)touching their faces now and forever!Nevertheless,I am fully confid
36、ent that the golden days can come back so long as everyone tries his best to protect natural environment from today on.1From the first paragraph,we can infer_.AChina has taken few measures to prevent sandstorms Bthe sandstorm is the most dangerous natural disaster to human beings Csandstorms can cau
37、se much damage to human beings and their daily lives Dmore sandstorms will happen in the near future in North China【解析】推理判断题。第一段主要是列举沙尘暴造成的破坏。【答案】C 2How many ways do some experts put forward to fight against sandstorms?A2.B3.C4.D5.【解析】细节理解题。综合第二段(“for one thing”，“for another”，“also”)可知提到了三种方法。【答案】B
38、3Whats the authors attitude towards the solution to the problem of sandstorms?-13-AUnconfident.BOptimistic.CRegretful.DSatisfied.【解析】作者态度题。由文章的最后一句中的关键词“confident”可以判断作者对沙尘暴问题的解决持乐观态度。【答案】B B A few months before I was born,my dad met a stranger who was new to our small town.From the beginning,my dad
39、 was fascinated with this newcomer and soon invited him to live with our family.The stranger was quickly accepted and was around to welcome me into the world a few months later.As I grew up,I never questioned his place in my family.He was our storyteller.He would keep us spellbound for hours on end
40、with adventures,mysteries and comedies.If I wanted to know anything about politics,history or science,he always knew the answers about the past,understood the present and even seemed able to predict the future!He took my family to the first major league ball game.He made me laugh,and he made me cry.
41、The stranger never stopped talking,but my dad didnt seem to mind.My dad was a nonsmoker and he didnt permit alcohol at home,even for cooking.But the stranger encouraged us to try them on a regular basis.He made cigarettes look cool.His comments were sometimes unpleasant and sometimes suggestive.I no
42、w know that my early concepts(观 念)about relationships were influenced strongly by the stranger.Time after time,he opposed the values of my parents,yet he was seldom rebuked(指责)and never asked to leave.More than fifty years have passed since the stranger moved in with our family.Still,if you were to
43、walk into my parents house today,you would still find him sitting over in the corner,waiting for someone to listen to him and watch him draw his pictures.His name?We just call him“TV”【语篇解读】本文作者以幽默诙谐的语言，叙述了电视伴随自己成长的过程。4It can be inferred from the passage that _.Athe stranger was popular with the fami
44、ly Bthe stranger was not very kind to the family at first-14-Cthe stranger arrived soon after the author was born Dthe authors dad was kind and liked to make friends【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段内容以及后文可推知这个“陌生人”很受欢迎。【答案】A 5The word“spellbound”in Paragraph 2 is the closest in meaning to Ahopeless Bupset Ctired Dint
45、erested【解析】词义猜测题。根据语境可知，电视里丰富多彩的节目让作者全家着迷(interested)。【答案】D 6The third paragraph aims to show that the stranger is_.Avery curious Bknowledgeable Cvery generous Dtroublesome【解析】细节理解题。该段主要叙述电视节目包罗万象、知识丰富(knowledgeable)。【答案】B 7How is the passage mainly developed?ABy time.BBy space.CBy examples.DBy comp
46、arison.【解析】篇章结构题。本文是以时间的先后顺序展开叙述的。【答案】A.语法填空 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当内容(1 个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。【导学号：91390038】A young man,while 1._(travel)through a desert,came across a spring of clear water.The water was sweet.He filled his leather container so that he could bring some back to an elder 2._ had been his teacher.A
47、fter a fourday journey,the young man 3._(present)the water to the old man.His teacher took a deep drink,smiled 4._(warm),and thanked his student very much for the sweet water.The-15-young man went home 5._a happy heart.After the student left,the teacher let 6._ student taste the water.He spit it out
48、，saying it was awful.Apparently,it was no longer fresh because of the old leather container.He asked his teacher,“Sir,the water was awful.Why did you pretend to 7._(like)it？”The teacher replied,“You tasted the water.I tasted the gift.The water was simply the container for an act of 8._(kind)and love
49、.Nothing could be 9._(sweet)”We understand this lesson best when we receive gifts of love from children.10._ it is a cheap pipe or a diamond necklace,the proper response is appreciation.We love the idea within the gift rather than the thing.【答 案】1.travelling 2.who/that 3.presented 4.warmly 5.with6.a
50、nother7.like8.kindness 9sweeter 10.Whether.短文改错 假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有 10 处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号()，并在其下面写出该加的词。删除：把多余的词用斜线()划掉。修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。注意：1.每处错误及其修改均限一词；2只允许修改 10 处，多者(从第 11 处起)不计分。Attention please,everyone.We have accepted the weather