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1、英语笔译综合,代词,概说,代词是能在句中代替名词词组的词。代词数目有限，很少增生。代词一般不可以使用限定词和前置修饰语，有主格、宾格和属格的区分，有人称、性、数的区别。代词可分为人称代词、物主代词、不定代词、指示代词、疑问代词、反身代词和关系代词等。,英语中某些代词可以以特定的词形表示阳性、阴性、中线，指人或不指人，如he, she, it, who, which, somebody, something等。代词的数体现在人称代词、指示代词、物主代词、反身代词等等词形变化上，如I, we, they; this, that, these; mine, ours, theirs; myself,
2、 himself, themselves等。英语人称代词和疑问代词有三个格，主格、宾格、属格。其他代词只有通格和属格。,人称代词主要是指人的代词，有时也可以表示动物后拟人，带有感情色彩 You may take a horse to the water, but you cant make him drink. The moon shone her rays on all. It可以指代事物、动物、天气、时间、距离、自然现象、环境等，也可以作先行词，代替不定式或名词性从句，也可替代整个句子或句中谓语，另外还应注意由it和动词构成的惯用语,物主代词有形容词性和名词性两种，前者做定语修饰名词，后者
3、可以用来代替名词，两个不同性别的形容词性物主代词共同修饰一个名词时，男性代词要放在女性代词前 Which do you like better, his or her book? 名词性物主代词与of连用，构成双重所有格，如 A store of yours, a friend of mine 在以下结构中，表示身体部位的名词前用the,而不用形容词性物主代词，及物动词+宾语+介词+the+身体部位，如 Hit the boy in the leg,指示代词中，指代前面提到的事物时，常用that/those，指代将要提到的事物，常用this/these。另外，this多指说话人方向过来的事物，
4、that多指离开说话人而去的事物 He had a bad cold. Thats why he often coughed. It all boils down to this: he has made a lot of preparation for that.,反身代词长用作宾语、状语或同位语，如果主语和宾语不是同一人或物，不能用反身代词，反身代词还要与先行词在人称和数上一致 在avail，help, busy, conduct, pride, adapt, kill等动词后常用反身代词做宾语 He prides himself on his beautiful handwriting.
5、 另外，反身代词还可以做表语，表示某种身体状况，如 Well, youre yourself again.,He is _ here in town, but I suppose he is_ in his own village. A. no one; someone B. any one; no one C. nobody; somebody D. anybody, nobody 一些不定代词如nobody，somebody，anything， nothing等在某些特定场合或语境中具有特殊含义。 He was anything but a hero. He is anything but
6、 polite. Youre nothing but sweet to me.,The soldier found himself_ of a hero when he returned to his village. A. someone B. somebody C. something D. anything Much, something, a little等可以与of 连用，在意义上相当于程度状语，分别表示“很有点”，“有点”，“稍有点”等含义 Shes a little of a fool. It is too much of a good thing. It wasnt much
7、of a dinner.,Although he was in very poor health, _. A. the 1944 Yalta meeting with Churchill and Stalin was attended by Roosevelt. B. Churchill and Stalin attended the 1944 Yalta meeting with Roosevelt. C. Roosevelt attended the 1944 meeting with Churchill and Stalin. D. Roosevelt with Churchill an
8、d Stalin attended the 1944 Yalta meeting.,句子中的名词和代词应在性、数、人称上保持一致。说遵循的原则与主谓一致的原则类似，除了主从复合句中名词和代词的相互呼应，还应注意名词与代词在人称、单复数、以及主格、宾格、属格等方面的一致。 1）人称和单复数的一致：其他人称与第一人称I并列使用时，根据其中句中的成分，代词分别用we, us, our, ours, ourselves等。如： He and I have done our homework. We have done it very well. The teacher will be pleased
9、with us. You and he/she要与you, your, yourselves, yours等一致 Can you and he express yourselves in English? Something, anything, everything, nothing要用代词it，its，itself, 如， Everything is all right, isnt it?,Someone, somebody, anybody, anyone, everybody, everyone, no one, nobody, none一般要与he, his, himself一致；但
10、按照习惯，也可以用复数代词they, them, their, theirs。如： No one should blame himself for that. Will everyone please bring their passports with them?,指代一类人的名词化形容词时，要用第三人称复数代词 It is not necessarily true that the rich would like to donate their money to the poor children. Sometimes, the seriously ill do not dare to k
11、now the truth about their conditions. 由each或every修饰的名词，包括由and连接的并列名词，用第三人称单数代词指代，如果男女人称都有，要用his Each student should hand in his homework assignment.,2)主格、宾格和属格：人称代词的格必须与其说代替的名词在句子中的成分保持一致 Three of us went thereTom, Jane, and I. He saw us threeTom, Jane, and me. It was thought to be she. I thought it
12、 to be her. 在as和though引导的比较句中，若主语相比，则用主格；宾语相比，则用宾格 I like her better than him. I like her better than he.,The telephone, _, was the invention of A.G. Bell. A. as is known by us B. which we know C. as we know it D. as we know As的用法很多，既可以作关系代词引导定语从句，也可以做连词引导方式状语从句和时间状语从句 As不同于其他关系代词的地方在于as可以引导非限定性定语从句
13、，代替整个主句或主句中叙述的某件事，但不可修饰某一个单词；as从句可以位于句首，句中，或主句之后；位于主句之后时，通常可以由which代替 He is a foreigner, as/which is evident from his appearance. As is often the case, we went home before the Spring Festival. To shut your eyes to facts, as many of you do, is foolish.,1.all抽象名词/抽象名词itself very + adj.He was all gentl
14、eness to her.他对她非常温存。To his superiors, he is humility itself。对于长辈，他极为谦逊。分析：该结构原来是表示某种性质达到极点的一种说法，有“非常”、“尽管”、“一味”、“尽”的含义，有时甚至可以译为“。的化身”、“。的具体化”。普通复数名词用于“all”之后，也是表达这种概念。He is all smiles.他一味地笑。She is all eyes.她盯着看。I am all anxiety.我真担心。He is all attention.他全神贯注地听着。,2.Something (much) of / nothing (lit
15、tle) ofMr.Li is something of a philospher.李先生略具哲学家风范。Mr. Wu is nothing of a musician.吴先生全无音乐家的风味。Mr. Lu is very much of a poet.陆先生大有诗人气派。Mr.Liu is little of a scholar.刘先生几无学者风度。分析：此为表示“程度”的形容词短语，有时可以当作副词翻译。Something of to some extent（某程度），在问句和条件句中则用anyting of（略有、多少）。nothing of译作“全无、毫无”。,相类似的情况：to be
16、 something of = to have something of + 名词in 代名词He is nothing in ability of an orator = He has nothing of an orator in his ability.他毫无演说家的才能。这类名词的用法，可以处理为副词。He has seen something of life.他略具阅历。他稍阅世。,Something of 与something like区别：程度上有差异。something like something approximating in character or amount指数量
17、或性质略同的事物，又作somewhat(似乎、略微)解释。This is something like a pudding.此物略似布丁。It shaped something like a cigar.其形状略似雪茄,3.as.as 的三种用法;（1）He is as kind as his sister.他象他妹妹一样和蔼（2）He is as kind as honest.他既诚实又和蔼。（3）He ia as kind as his sister is honest.他妹妹诚实，而他和蔼。句式1表示两个不同的人相同的性质；句式2表示同一个人不同的性质；句式3表示两个人的不同性质。该句式
18、中第一个as为之时副词，第二个as为连词。所以，第一个as后面为adj./adv.，而第二个as后面为从句。,4.as.as any / as .as everHe is as great a statesman as any = He is as great a statesman as ever lived.他是一位稀有的政治家。5.as.as.can beIt is as plain as plain can be （may be）.那是再明白不过了。A lot of these boys were green as green can be.这些男孩许多都是精力充沛无以复加的。,6.a
19、s., so.As rust eats iron, so care eats the heart.忧能伤人，犹如锈之蚀铁。SO相当于in the same proportion; in like manner; in the same way(亦复如此)。为加强语气，也可以在as前面加上just一词。As fire tries gold, so does adversity try courage.正如火能试金，逆境可以试人的勇气。As the human body is nourished by the food, so is a nation nourished by its indust
20、ries.正像身体要靠食物营养一样，国家要靠工业营养。,7.It is in (or with).as in (or with).It is in life as in a journey.人生好比旅途。It is in studying as in eating; he who does it gets the benefits, and not he who sees it done.读书和吃饭一样，得到利益的是那些实际在吃的人，而不是旁观的人。It is in mind as in body which must be nourished by good food.精神和身体都必须有好的
21、食物来营养。,8.as good as / as well as It is as goos as done.这就和做好了一样。It is broad as well as long.那既长且宽。as good as 有两个含义：（1）amounting to ; not falling short of;等于；同样； 几如； 不欠缺He was as good as his word.他不爽约。（2）virtually; essentially; in every essential respect实际上；其实；实在；在各要点上He is as good as dead already.宛如
22、死人；行尸走肉；名存实亡,as well as 有四个含义：（1）no less than; equally with等于；不下于；亦；一样好I have understanding as well as you.（2）both.and.;one equally with the other“与”、“两者皆”Work in moderation is healthy as well as agreeable to the human constitution.适度劳动对身体给予快感，又有益卫生。（3）与not only.but also有连带关系He has experience as wel
23、l as knowledge.= He has not only knowledge but also experience.（4）可以代替better than As well (= better) be hanged for a sheep as ( = than) for a lamb.窃钩如窃国，与其盗小羊。,9.As it is 其含义为：as it stands; to state the matter as it really stands; as a matter of fact; in reality.相当于：实际上；就实际情况而言；根据（现在）情况看；就现在这个样子等等。它
24、用来指事物的单数；即指前面的单数名词。如果指事物的复数，则用“As they are”。如果用来指人时，则为as I am / you are / she/ he is/ we are / they are.as it is 的过去式为as it was。其位置可以放在句首，句末或句子中间。,（1）用于句首，注意前后时态与该结构保持一致As it is, we can not help him.As it was, we could not help him.（2）用于句末Lets keep it as it is.You mustnt go to the ball as you are.你不
25、能这样去参加舞会。有时it可以省略为“as is ”，意即：照现在的样子，常指“不再修理或改进”等情况。He has an old radio as is.他有一台没有修理过的旧收音机。Ill sell it to you as is, but dont complain if it doesnt work.,（3）句中时，用逗号把它从前后隔开A.虚拟语气句式but as it is / was，该结构意为：其实；事实上I thought things would get better, but as it is, they are getting worse and worse.The ri
26、ce could have been got in yesterdy if the weather had been fine, but as it was, it had to be left in the fields.,B.过去分词as it is，表示强调前面的过去分词Written as it is in an interesting way, this book is enjoyable to young and old alike.Published as it was at such a time, his work attrached much attention.C.现在分
27、词 as it does(did)。意为：因为这样，（实际）所以.Living as he does in Shanghai, he knows the place extremely well.Reading as he did many times, he could recite it fluently.,几个类似的结构：A. as it stands 根据目前情况来看As it stands, it is certain that our country can realize the four modernization ahead of schedule.B. such as it is不怎么样，质量不过如此The room, such as it is, is very bright.C. as it were as if it were so.属虚拟语气，用于插入语。不可以与as it is 混淆He is , as it were, a living dictionary.Comrade Lei Feng still lives, as it were , in our heart.,