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1、Department of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical UniversityDepartment of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical University关于抗高血压药&利尿药第1页,此课件共91页哦Department of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical UniversityDepartment of pharmacology,School of Basic
2、Medicine,Tianjin Medical University高血压的判定标准 1 9 7 8年W H O 建 议:成 年 人 正 常 血 压 为140/90mmHg,160/95mmHg为高血压,之间者为临界性高血压。1990年WHO抗高血压指南中规定的标准:成年人正常血压为140/90mmHg,超过此称为高血压。1999年WHO-国际高血压学会规定:成年人血压140/90mmHg即诊断为高血压。第2页,此课件共91页哦Department of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical UniversityDepar
3、tment of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical University高血压病的病生理改变:早期:全身细小动脉平滑肌张力增加,管腔变小,血压升高。长期:血压持续升高引起全身细小动脉增生硬化,管壁弹性下降,管腔狭窄,使高血压进一步加剧。第3页,此课件共91页哦Department of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical UniversityDepartment of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tia
4、njin Medical University高血压分类:1、按病因分类 原发性高血压 (90-95%)继发性高血压 又称症状性高血压,是某些疾病的一部分症状 2、按舒张压和主要器官受累程度分类 轻度:104mmHg 休息后可恢复,无脏器病变 中度:105-114mmHg 血压持续在较高水平,休息后不恢复,脏器有轻度病变 重度:115mmHg 血压持续在较高水平并伴有明显的脏器病变和功能异常第4页,此课件共91页哦Department of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical UniversityDepartment of
5、 pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical University第5页,此课件共91页哦Department of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical UniversityDepartment of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical University高血压的两种特殊的类型:高血压脑病 hypertensive encephalopathy 高血压病人突然发生剧烈头痛、恶心、呕吐、昏
6、迷、惊厥。血压高达200/120 mmHg以上者,称高血压脑病。高血压危象 hypertension crisis 指全身小动脉暂时性强烈痉挛,致使血压急剧上升。第6页,此课件共91页哦Department of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical UniversityDepartment of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical University高血压的治疗目标1、一般高血压人群:血压 140/90 mmHg 2、老年高血压患者:血压 150/9
7、0 mmHg3、糖尿病及肾病患者:血压 130/80 mmHg第7页,此课件共91页哦Department of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical UniversityDepartment of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical University 高血压的非药物治疗(改变生活方式)戒烟 坚持适量体力活动 膳食适当限制钠、脂肪摄入量 增加蔬菜、水果 节制饮酒 保持正常体重、肥胖者减轻体重 讲究心理卫生 应认真持久地落实上述措施,即使已接受 药物治
8、疗者亦不容松懈,并持之以恒。第8页,此课件共91页哦Department of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical UniversityDepartment of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical University 高血压患者占全国人口比例及患者类型图第9页,此课件共91页哦Department of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical UniversityDepartmen
9、t of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical University第10页,此课件共91页哦Department of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical UniversityDepartment of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical University第11页,此课件共91页哦Department of pharmacology,School of Basic Medici
10、ne,Tianjin Medical UniversityDepartment of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical University抗高血压药分类:可乐定、莫索尼定,-甲基多巴美加明,咪噻芬利血平,胍乙啶 -受体阻断药:哌唑嗪 -受体阻断药:普萘洛尔 、-受体阻断药:拉贝洛尔 扩血管药:肼屈嗪 钙拮抗药:硝苯地平 利尿药 :氢氯噻嗪 、氯噻酮 影响RAA-S药 :卡托普利、氯沙坦第12页,此课件共91页哦Department of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tia
11、njin Medical UniversityDepartment of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical University中枢神经节神经末梢受体效应器受体受体血管肾脏ACEI:卡托普利;ARB:洛沙坦利尿剂:氢氯噻嗪作用于中枢的药物:可乐定作用于神经节的药物:美加明影响神经递质的药物:利血平受体阻断药:哌唑嗪受体阻断药:普萘洛尔直接扩血管药:肼屈嗪钙通道阻断药:硝苯地平钾通道开放剂:米诺地尔第13页,此课件共91页哦Department of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicin
12、e,Tianjin Medical UniversityDepartment of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical University 可乐定 clonidine(氯压定)莫索尼定 moxonidine -甲基多巴 -methyldopa第14页,此课件共91页哦Department of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical UniversityDepartment of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine
13、,Tianjin Medical University可乐定clonidine作用及机制 1、激动延脑孤束核抑制性神经元突触后膜2受 体,导致外周交感神经活动抑制,血压下降。2、激动外周突触前膜2受体,引起NA释放的负 反馈作用,NA释放减少3、激动延脑腹外侧核的I1-咪唑啉受体,致外周交 感神经活性降低,血压下降。抑制胃肠道的分泌和运动 用于高血压伴溃疡者更合适。中枢神经系统镇静作用 与激动中枢2受体有关。第15页,此课件共91页哦Department of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical UniversityDep
14、artment of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical University不良反应 多见有口干、恶心、眩晕等,久用可引起水钠潴留(使肾血流量减少引起),合用利尿药可对抗。停药过快可引起交感神经亢进症状,如血压,心悸等。第16页,此课件共91页哦Department of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical UniversityDepartment of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Me
15、dical University 原理以激动中枢2受体为主,也可减少肾素的释放。对肾血流量影响小,因此对肾性高血压或伴有肾功能不良的高血压患者尤为合适。不良反应:常见嗜睡、口干、眩晕、注意力不集中。少数人有粒细胞,肝毒性、狼疮样综合征。-甲基多巴的特点第17页,此课件共91页哦Department of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical UniversityDepartment of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical University莫索尼定
16、为第二代中枢性降压药 机制为激动I1-咪唑啉受体降低外周交感活性,从而降低外周阻力,产生降压作用 对心输出量无影响 无明显中枢性镇静作用 适用于轻中度高血压。不良反应轻第18页,此课件共91页哦Department of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical UniversityDepartment of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical University可乐定2受体2 咪唑啉受体蓝斑核唾液腺唾液腺NTSRVLM口干镇静抑制交感神经活性NA释放减少
17、血压下降甲基多巴莫索尼定NTS:孤束核;RVLM:延髓嘴端腹外侧区第19页,此课件共91页哦Department of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical UniversityDepartment of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical University神经节阻断药特点 降压作用强大迅速 作用广泛,副作用多 仅在高血压急症,或在麻醉中发挥控制性降压作用(如脑外科和血管手术时,低血压可减少出血)时使用。药物常用的有:美加明,咪噻芬第20页,此课件共
18、91页哦Department of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical UniversityDepartment of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical University影响肾上腺素能神经递质药 利血平 reserpine 胍乙啶 guanethidine第21页,此课件共91页哦Department of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical UniversityDepart
19、ment of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical University利血平作用及机制利血平作用及机制 降压作用 缓慢、温和而持久 机制:与囊泡膜上的胺泵结合,抑制胺类的转运,使去甲肾上腺素能神经末梢内递质耗竭。1)阻止囊泡对递质的再摄取 2)阻止多巴胺进入囊泡 3)损害囊泡膜 镇静、安定作用第22页,此课件共91页哦Department of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical UniversityDepartment of pharmacolog
20、y,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical University不良反应 常见有鼻塞、乏力、胃酸分泌、腹泻 中枢神经系统反应如嗜睡、抑郁症等。第23页,此课件共91页哦Department of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical UniversityDepartment of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical University胍乙啶特点 降压作用强大而持久,外周阻力,同时伴有重要脏器供血不足及水钠潴留。
21、机制:胍乙啶阻止递质释放;使递质耗竭;作为假递质储存在囊泡中 应用:用于中、重度高血压 不良反应 体位性低血压最常见,也有眩晕、乏力、腹泻等。禁用于心、脑、肾供血不足者。第24页,此课件共91页哦Department of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical UniversityDepartment of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical University肾上腺素受体阻断药-受体阻断药:哌唑嗪-受体阻断药:普萘洛尔 、-受体阻断药:拉贝洛第25页
22、,此课件共91页哦Department of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical UniversityDepartment of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical University-受体阻断药 哌唑嗪(prazosin)特拉唑嗪(terazosin)多沙唑嗪(doxagosin)曲马唑嗪(trimagosin)第26页,此课件共91页哦Department of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tian
23、jin Medical UniversityDepartment of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical University哌唑嗪(prazosin)作用及机制 1受体阻断 小动脉、小静脉扩张 血压 药物特点:因不影响突触前膜2受体,NA释放的负反馈作用依然存在,因此一般不增加心率和肾素活性;降压时对肾血流量影响不大 长期应用可改善脂类代谢,使TG、LDL、VLDL均降低,HDL升高。应用 各型高血压及伴发肾功能不良者。不良反应 一般较轻、较少 首剂效应(first dose phenomenon)首次给药出现严重的体
24、位性低血压、眩晕、出汗、心悸,甚至晕厥、意识消失,尤其在首剂大于1mg时出现。避免方法:首剂减半;睡前服用第27页,此课件共91页哦Department of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical UniversityDepartment of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical University受体阻断药 普萘洛尔 propranolol,心得安 美托洛尔 metoprolol,倍它乐克 阿替洛尔 atenolol,氨酰心安 吲哚洛尔 pindol
25、ol 纳多洛尔 nadolol第28页,此课件共91页哦Department of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical UniversityDepartment of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical University受体阻断药作用机制 1受体阻断 心率,心收缩力 心输出量 血压肾小球旁器1受体阻断 肾小球旁细胞分泌肾素 血管紧张素,醛固酮 血管扩张,水钠潴留 血压 交感神经突触前膜2受体阻断 递质释放的正反馈作用 NA释放 血压(突触前膜2受体
26、兴奋,促使NA释放)心血管中枢受体阻断 外周交感神经张力 血压第29页,此课件共91页哦Department of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical UniversityDepartment of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical University受体阻断药应用 广泛的用于治疗高血压,疗效很好,对伴有心输出量,肾素活动,有心绞痛和脑血管病者效果更好。注意此药个体差异大,要根据情况试量给药,停药要缓慢。第30页,此课件共91页哦Departmen
27、t of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical UniversityDepartment of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical University、受体阻断药 卡维地洛 降压作用迅速,维持时间长 具有抗氧化,改善血管内皮的作用 拉贝洛尔(labetalol)降压作用温和,适用于各型高血压。静脉给药用于高血压危象。不良反应为头疼、无力 第31页,此课件共91页哦Department of pharmacology,School of Basic Me
28、dicine,Tianjin Medical UniversityDepartment of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical University血管扩张药 肼屈嗪 hydralazine 硝普钠(sodium nitroprusside)米诺地尔(minoxidil)二氮嗪(diazoxide)酮舍林(ketanserin)第32页,此课件共91页哦Department of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical UniversityDepartm
29、ent of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical University肼屈嗪 hydralazine 直接作用于小动脉,使血管扩张。起效快、效果好,维持时间长,降压同时不减少心、脑、肾血流量,甚至有所增加。但常反射性的引起心率,心收缩力,易诱发心绞痛及心衰 中度高血压,联合用药效果更好 较多,有消化道不适、血管扩张性头痛等,长期使用还可发生全身性狼疮样综合征,严重者引起死亡。第33页,此课件共91页哦Department of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Me
30、dical UniversityDepartment of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical University硝普钠 Sodium nitroprusside 理化性质 不稳定,遇光及强碱分解 药理作用及机制:舒张小动脉及静脉,降低外周血管阻力。硝普钠第34页,此课件共91页哦Department of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical UniversityDepartment of pharmacology,School of Basic M
31、edicine,Tianjin Medical University 降压特点 起效快,维持时间短 心率轻度增加 肾血流量和肾小球滤过率不变或稍降 肾素分泌增加 应用 用于高血压危象的治疗 不良反应 恶心、呕吐、心悸、头痛,为过度降压所致。长期或大剂量使用可致氰化物蓄积,应检测血中氰化物浓度。第35页,此课件共91页哦Department of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical UniversityDepartment of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Me
32、dical University米诺地尔(minoxidil,长压定)降压作用强大、持久。钾通道开放 钾离子外流 细胞膜超极化 使电压依赖性钙通道难以开放 钙内流 平滑肌细胞内钙 平滑肌松弛 血压。一般用于难治性严重的高血压。与利尿药和-受体阻断药合用可避免水钠潴留和交感神经反射性兴奋。水肿发生率高(25-50%),多毛症,其他有头痛、乏力、心悸体位性低血压等。第36页,此课件共91页哦Department of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical UniversityDepartment of pharmacology,
33、School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical University酮舍林(ketanserin)通过阻断外周的受体、5-HT受体,血管扩张,以及抑制中枢5-HT受体产生降压作用。同时抑制5-HT引起的血小板聚集。适用于各型高血压,包括急症。不良反应 头痛、头晕、疲劳感、消化不良等第37页,此课件共91页哦Department of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical UniversityDepartment of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine
34、,Tianjin Medical University钙拮抗药 硝苯地平 nifedipine(心痛定)氨氯地平 amlodiping(洛活喜)非洛地平 felodipine(波依定)尼群地平 nitrendipine 尼卡地平 nixardipine第38页,此课件共91页哦Department of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical UniversityDepartment of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical University第39页,
35、此课件共91页哦Department of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical UniversityDepartment of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical University硝苯地平(nifedipine)药理作用及应用 对高血压患者有降压作用,对正常血压无作用。但降压同时引起心率快、心输出量大、肾素活性增高。降压特点:降压程度与原高血压程度呈正比,可用于各型高血压,如与利尿药或-受体阻断药合用则更安全有效。不良反应 常见头痛、眩晕、脸部潮红
36、、心悸 踝水肿第40页,此课件共91页哦Department of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical UniversityDepartment of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical University利尿药氢氯噻嗪,吲达帕胺(寿比山)作用及机制 治疗高血压的常规用药,单用治疗轻症,与其它抗高血压药联合,能增强其降压效果,减少用药量和副作用。机制:1、早期排钠利尿,使血容量,血压。2、长期用药(一般3-4周)小动脉壁细胞内钠,钠-钙交换使细胞内钙
37、,血管扩张,血压。应用 中效利尿药氢氯噻嗪用的比较广,高效利尿药仅用于高危及有慢性肾衰的高血压患者。第41页,此课件共91页哦Department of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical UniversityDepartment of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical University影响肾素-血管紧张素系统的药物 ACEI类:卡托普利 Captopril 依那普利 enalapril 赖诺普利 lisinopril 苯那普利 benazepr
38、il Ang-II受体阻断药:洛沙坦losartan,氯沙坦 缬沙坦 valsartan第42页,此课件共91页哦Department of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical UniversityDepartment of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical UniversityACEI药理作用及机制 抑制血浆RAS 抑制局部组织RAS 抑制激肽释放酶-激肽系统 保护器官 影响脂质代谢第43页,此课件共91页哦Department of pharma
39、cology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical UniversityDepartment of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical University第44页,此课件共91页哦Department of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical UniversityDepartment of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical Unive
40、rsity 血压 扩张血管 AT-原PG 肾素 缓激肽 AT-I 水解 ACE 缩血管作用 失活 AT-IIAT-II 受体 醛固酮分泌 血压 ACEI 刺激抗利尿激素分泌 洛沙坦 第45页,此课件共91页哦Department of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical UniversityDepartment of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical University第46页,此课件共91页哦Department of pharmacology,
41、School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical UniversityDepartment of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical University卡托普利 Captopril(开搏通)应用 对肾性高血压,降压作用迅速而明显;对其他型高血压也可以用,降压作用缓慢而温和。可防止和逆转高血压患者血管壁的增厚和心肌细胞增生肥大,使高血压及心衰死亡率下降。不良反应 低血压、咳嗽、高血钾,其他还有发热、皮疹、味觉障碍、白细胞减少。致畸。第47页,此课件共91页哦Department of pha
42、rmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical UniversityDepartment of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical UniversityARB的临床应用 治疗高血压 改善左心室心肌肥厚 治疗充血性心衰 治疗心肌梗死 延缓肾脏病变的发展第48页,此课件共91页哦Department of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical UniversityDepartment of pharmac
43、ology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical University氯沙坦losartan,(科素亚)强效选择性AT1受体可逆性阻断药。可阻断AngII介导的血管收缩、醛固酮释放、以及拮抗AngII的促细胞生长作用。不良反应轻而短暂,耐受性好,不引起咳嗽,但仍禁用于妊娠者。第49页,此课件共91页哦Department of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical UniversityDepartment of pharmacology,School of Basic Medici
44、ne,Tianjin Medical University替米沙坦(美卡素)阻断AT1 激动PPAR 增加胰岛素的敏感性且不引起水钠潴留及致肥胖作用 降压特点:强效、长效、平稳第50页,此课件共91页哦Department of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical UniversityDepartment of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical University降血压药物的评价原则疗效确切,使血压降至正常范围 长效、低毒、不产生耐药性24小时内降
45、压作用平稳可逆转心血管重构:左室肥厚、中层/管腔 比可改善肾功能可提高生活质量可与其他抗高血压药方便联合应用降低心血管并发症和死亡率价格便宜第51页,此课件共91页哦Department of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical UniversityDepartment of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical University抗高血压药的应用原则:有效治疗与终生治疗 根据病情选药 保护靶器官 根据合并症选药 采用个体化治疗方案 联合用药 平稳降压
46、左心室肥厚:ACEI,ARB,CCB肾脏:ACEI,ARB,CCB第52页,此课件共91页哦Department of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical UniversityDepartment of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical University不同抗高血压药物的正性联合:表达最合理的联合实线表示肯定合理的联合第53页,此课件共91页哦Department of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,
47、Tianjin Medical UniversityDepartment of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical University根据病情选药 轻度高血压,采取运动,调节饮食;如无效可选用利尿药 中度高血压,在上述基础上加受体阻断剂、钙拮抗剂及ACEI 重度高血压,加胍乙啶或米诺地尔 高血压危象及高血压脑病,硝普钠iv第54页,此课件共91页哦Department of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical UniversityDepartment
48、 of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical University宜用卡托普利、硝苯地平、甲基多巴、肼屈嗪、哌唑嗪宜用利尿药、硝苯地平、AECI、哌唑嗪宜用可乐定;不宜用利血平不宜用-受体阻断药不宜用噻嗪类、二氮嗪不宜用噻嗪类不宜用利血平 禁用ACEI类、氯沙坦第55页,此课件共91页哦Department of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical UniversityDepartment of pharmacology,School of Basic
49、Medicine,Tianjin Medical University56利尿药和脱水药Diuretics and Osmotic Diuretics第56页,此课件共91页哦Department of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical UniversityDepartment of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical University57利尿药 diuretics 第57页,此课件共91页哦Department of pharmacology,
50、School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical UniversityDepartment of pharmacology,School of Basic Medicine,Tianjin Medical University58常用利尿药:常用利尿药:呋塞米呋塞米 Furosemide 布美他尼布美他尼 bumetanide 噻嗪类噻嗪类 Thiazides;其他;其他 乙酰唑胺乙酰唑胺 Acetazolamide 螺内酯螺内酯Spronolacton 氨苯喋啶氨苯喋啶 Triamterene 阿米洛利阿米洛利 Amiloride第58页,此课件共91页哦De