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1、-APA格式原文参考-第 12 页APA Citation StyleAPA citation style refers to the rules and conventions established by the American Psychological Association for documenting sources used in a research paper. APA style requires both in-text citations and a reference list. For every in-text citation there should be
2、 a full citation in the reference list and vice versa.The examples of APA styles and formats listed on this page include many of the most common types of sources used in academic research. For additional examples and more detailed information about APA citation style, refer to theand the.Also, for a
3、utomatic generation of citations in appropriate citation style, use a bibliographic citation management program such asor EndNote. You can find more information on this in ourpage.Reference Citations in TextIn APA style, in-text citations are placed within sentences and paragraphs so that it is clea
4、r what information is being quoted or paraphrased and whose information is being cited.Examples:Works by a single authorThe last name of the author and the year of publication are inserted in the text at the appropriate point.from theory on bounded rationality (Simon, 1945)If the name of the author
5、or the date appear as part of the narrative, cite only missing information in parentheses.Simon (1945) posited thatWorks by multiple authorsWhen a work has two authors, always cite both names every time the reference occurs in the text. In parenthetical material join the names with an ampersand (&).
6、as has been shown (Leiter & Maslach, 1998)In the narrative text, join the names with the word and.as Leiter and Maslach (1998) demonstratedWhen a work has three, four, or five authors, cite all authors the first time the reference occurs.Kahneman, Knetsch, and Thaler (1991) foundIn all subsequent ci
7、tations per paragraph, include only the surname of the first author followed by et al. (Latin for and others) and the year of publication.Kahneman et al. (1991) foundWorks by associations, corporations, government agencies, etc.The names of groups that serve as authors (corporate authors) are usuall
8、y written out each time they appear in a text reference.(National Institute of Mental Health NIMH, 2007)When appropriate, the names of some corporate authors are spelled out in the first reference and abbreviated in all subsequent citations. The general rule for abbreviating in this manner is to sup
9、ply enough information in the text citation for a reader to locate its source in the Reference List without difficulty.(NIMH, 2007)Works with no authorWhen a work has no author, use the first two or three words of the works title (omitting any initial articles) as your text reference, capitalizing e
10、ach word. Place the title in quotation marks if it refers to an article, chapter of a book, or Web page. Italicize the title if it refers to a book, periodical, brochure, or report.on climate change (Climate and Weather, 1997)Guide to Agricultural Meteorological Practices(1981)Anonymous authors shou
11、ld be listed as such followed by a comma and the date.on climate change (Anonymous, 2008)Specific parts of a sourceTo cite a specific part of a source (always necessary for quotations), include the page, chapter, etc. (with appropriate abbreviations) in the in-text citation.(Stigter & Das, 1981, p.
12、96)De Waal (1996) overstated the case when he asserted that we seem to be reaching . from the hands of philosophers (p. 218).If page numbers are not included in electronic sources (such as Web-based journals), provide the paragraph number preceded by the abbreviation para. or the heading and followi
13、ng paragraph.(Mnnich & Spiering, 2008, para. 9)Reference ListReferences cited in the text of a research paper must appear in a Reference List or bibliography. This list provides the information necessary to identify and retrieve each source. Order:Entries should be arranged in alphabetical order by
14、authors last names. Sources without authors are arranged alphabetically by title within the same list. Authors:Write out the last name and initials for all authors of a particular work. Use an ampersand (&) instead of the word and when listing multiple authors of a single work. e.g. Smith, J. D., &
15、Jones, M. Titles:Capitalize only the first word of a title or subtitle, and any proper names that are part of a title. Pagination:Use the abbreviation p. or pp. to designate page numbers of articles from periodicals that do not use volume numbers, especially newspapers. These abbreviations are also
16、used to designate pages in encyclopedia articles and chapters from edited books. Indentation*:The first line of the entry is flush with the left margin, and all subsequent lines are indented (5 to 7 spaces) to form a hanging indent. Underlining vs. Italics*:It is appropriate to use italics instead o
17、f underlining for titles of books and journals.Two additional pieces of information should be included for works accessed online. Internet Address*:A stable Internet address should be included and should direct the reader as close as possible to the actual work. If the work has a digital object iden
18、tifier (DOI), use this. If there is no DOI or similar handle, use a stable URL. If the URL is not stable, as is often the case with online newspapers and some subscription-based databases, use the home page of the site you retrieved the work from. Date:If the work is a finalized version published an
19、d dated, as in the case of a journal article, the date within the main body of the citation is enough. However, if the work is not dated and/or is subject to change, as in the case of an online encyclopedia article, include the date that you retrieved the information.*The APA has special formatting
20、standards for the use of indentation and italics in manuscripts or papers that will be typeset or submitted for official publication. For more detailed information on these publication standards, refer to the, or consult with your instructors or editors to determine their style preferences.* See the
21、for information on how to format URLs that take up more than one line.Examples:Articles in journals, magazines, and newspapersReferences to periodical articles must include the following elements: author(s), date of publication, article title, journal title, volume number, issue number (if applicabl
22、e), and page numbers.Journal article, one author, accessed onlineKu, G. (2008). Learning to de-escalate: The effects of regret in escalation of commitment.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,105(2), 221-232. doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2007.08.002Journal article, two authors, accessed onlin
23、eSanchez, D., & King-Toler, E. (2007). Addressing disparities consultation and outreach strategies for university settings.Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research,59(4), 286-295. doi:10.1037/1065- 9293.59.4.286Journal article, more than two authors, accessed onlineVan Vugt, M., Hogan, R
24、., & Kaiser, R. B. (2008). Leadership, followership, and evolution: Some lessons from the past.American Psychologist,63(3), 182-196. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.63.3.182Article from an Internet-only journalHirtle, P. B. (2008, July-August). Copyright renewal, copyright restoration, and the difficulty of d
25、etermining copyright status.D-Lib Magazine,14(7/8). doi:10.1045/july2008-hirtleJournal article from a subscription database (no DOI)Colvin, G. (2008, July 21). Information worth billions.Fortune,158(2), 73-79. Retrieved from Business Source Complete, EBSCO. Retrieved fromMagazine article, in printKl
26、uger, J. (2008, January 28). Why we love.Time,171(4), 54-60.Newspaper article, no author, in printAs prices surge, Thailand pitches OPEC-style rice cartel. (2008, May 5).The Wall Street Journal, p. A9.Newspaper article, multiple authors, discontinuous pages, in printDelaney, K. J., Karnitschnig, M.,
27、 & Guth, R. A. (2008, May 5). Microsoft ends pursuit of Yahoo, reassesses its online options.The Wall Street Journal, pp. A1, A12.BooksReferences to an entire book must include the following elements: author(s) or editor(s), date of publication, title, place of publication, and the name of the publi
28、sher.No Author or editor, in printMerriam-Websters collegiate dictionary (11th ed.). (2003). Springfield, MA: Merriam- Webster.One author, in printKidder, T. (1981).The soul of a new machine. Boston, MA: Little, Brown & Company.Two authors, in printFrank, R. H., & Bernanke, B. (2007).Principles of m
29、acro-economics(3rd ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.Corporate author, author as publisher, accessed onlineAustralian Bureau of Statistics. (2000).Tasmanian year book 2000(No. 1301.6). Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Author. Retrieved from$File/13016_2000.pdfEdited bookGibbs, J. T., & Huan
30、g, L. N. (Eds.). (2001).Children of color: Psychological interventions with culturally diverse youth. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.DissertationsReferences for dissertations should include the following elements: author, date of publication, title, and institution (if you accessed the manuscript co
31、py from the university collections). If there is a UMI number or a database accession number, include it at the end of the citation.Dissertation, accessed onlineYoung, R. F. (2007).Crossing boundaries in urban ecology: Pathways to sustainable cities(Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Di
32、ssertations & Theses database. (UMI No. 327681)Essays or chapters in edited booksReferences to an essay or chapter in an edited book must include the following elements: essay or chapter authors, date of publication, essay or chapter title, book editor(s), book title, essay or chapter page numbers,
33、place of publication, and the name of the publisher.One authorLabajo, J. (2003). Body and voice: The construction of gender in flamenco. In T. Magrini (Ed.),Music and gender: perspectives from the Mediterranean(pp. 67-86). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Two editorsHammond, K. R., & Adelman
34、, L. (1986). Science, values, and human judgment. In H. R. Arkes & K. R. Hammond (Eds.),Judgement and decision making: An interdisciplinary reader(pp. 127-143). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.Encyclopedias or dictionaries and entries in an encyclopediaReferences for encyclopedias mus
35、t include the following elements: author(s) or editor(s), date of publication, title, place of publication, and the name of the publisher. For sources accessed online, include the retrieval date as the entry may be edited over time.Encyclopedia set or dictionarySadie, S., & Tyrrell, J. (Eds.). (2002
36、).The new Grove dictionary of music and musicians(2nd ed., Vols. 1-29). New York, NY: Grove.Article from an online encyclopediaContainerization. (2008). InEncyclopdia Britannica. Retrieved May 6, 2008, from Encyclopedia articleKinni, T. B. (2004). Disney, Walt (1901-1966): Founder of the Walt Disney
37、 Company. InEncyclopedia of Leadership(Vol. 1, pp. 345-349). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Research reports and papersReferences to a report must include the following elements: author(s), date of publication, title, place of publication, and name of publisher. If the issuing organization ass
38、igned a number (e.g., report number, contract number, or monograph number) to the report, give that number in parentheses immediately after the title. If it was accessed online, include the URL.Government report, accessed onlineU.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2005).Medicaid drug price
39、 comparisons: Average manufacturer price to published prices(OIG publication No. OEI-05-05- 00240). Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from http:/www.oig.hhs.gov/oei/reports/oei-05-05-00240.pdfGovernment reports, GPO publisher, accessed onlineCongressional Budget Office. (2008).Effects of gasoline pr
40、ices on driving behavior and vehicle markets: A CBO study(CBO Publication No. 2883). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved from http:/www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/88xx/doc8893/01-14-GasolinePrices.pdfTechnical and/or research reports, accessed onlineDeming, D., & Dynarski, S. (2008).The
41、lengthening of childhood(NBER Working Paper 14124). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. Retrieved July 21, 2008, from http:/www.nber.org/papers/w14124Document available on university program or department siteVictor, N. M. (2008).Gazprom: Gas giant under strain. Retrieved from Stanf
42、ord University, Program on Energy and Sustainable Development Web site: http:/pesd.stanford.edu/publications/gazprom_gas_giant_under_strain/Audio-visual mediaReferences to audio-visual media must include the following elements: name and function of the primary contributors (e.g., producer, director)
43、, date, title, the medium in brackets, location or place of production, and name of the distributor. If the medium is indicated as part of the retrieval ID, brackets are not needed.Videocassette/DVDAchbar, M. (Director/Producer), Abbott, J. (Director), Bakan, J. (Writer), & Simpson, B. (Producer) (2
44、004).The corporationDVD. Canada: Big Picture Media Corporation.Audio recordingNhat Hanh, T. (Speaker). (1998).Mindful living: a collection of teachings on love, mindfulness, and meditationCassette Recording. Boulder, CO: Sounds True Audio.Motion pictureGilbert, B. (Producer), & Higgins, C. (Screenwr
45、iter/Director). (1980).Nine to fiveMotion Picture. United States: Twentieth Century Fox.Television broadcastAnderson, R., & Morgan, C. (Producers). (2008, June 20).60 MinutesTelevision broadcast. Washington, DC: CBS News.Television show from a seriesWhedon, J. (Director/Writer). (1999, December 14).
46、 Hush Television series episode. In Whedon, J., Berman, G., Gallin, S., Kuzui, F., & Kuzui, K. (Executive Producers),Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Burbank, CA: Warner Bros.Music recordingJackson, M. (1982). Beat it. OnThrillerCD. New York, NY: Sony Music.Undated Web site content, blogs, and dataFor cont
47、ent that does not easily fit into categories such as journal papers, books, and reports, keep in mind the goal of a citation is to give the reader a clear path to the source material. For electronic and online materials, include stable URL or database name. Include the author, title, and date publis
48、hed when available. For undated materials, include the date the resource was accessed.Blog entryArrington, M. (2008, August 5). The viral video guy gets $1 million in funding. Message posted to Professional Web siteNational Renewable Energy Laboratory. (2008).Biofuels. Retrieved May 6, 2008, from http:/www.nrel.gov/learning/re_biofuels.htmlData set from a databaseBloomberg L.P. (2008).Retu