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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上1. Introduction正文中的一级标题用14号times New Roman 加粗，标题在某一页的开始，段前就不再另外空行，只段后一行即可。所有标题左对齐 APA格式：每级标题下的正文第二段开始，以后每段都缩进五个字符。 APA格式：每级标题下的正文首段不缩进Idioms are thought of as the core and essence of language and culture. Any language which has a long history is abundant in idioms. Many of the words oft
2、en contain enough philosophical and incisive theories for people to study and they become an important part of modern English (Zhang, 2009, p. 8). For example: “As a man sows, so he shall reap” can be translated into “种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆”, “To strike while the iron is hot” is translated as “趁热打铁”, “A long roa
3、d tests a horses strength and a long task proves a mans heart” can be translated into “路遥知马力, 日久见人心”. Nowadays, with the prospering of international communication, the activity of idiom translation has become especially frequent and important. However, idioms are strongly combined with specific cult
4、ure, which often leads to great difficulty in translation. Thus, studying the relations between idioms and a few important cultural aspects such as historical backgrounds, geographical conditions, social customs, religious beliefs, etc. will help us to understand the cultural elements in idioms.正文中的
5、一级标题用14号times New Roman 加粗，段前两行，段后一行。所有标题左对齐。正文中所有标题中只有第一个词的首字母，冒号和破折号后第一个词的首字母，及专有名词必须大写，其余小写全部正文内容使用word1.5倍行距，12号Times New Roman 从引言那页开始标页码，页码居中对齐。 Since culture plays so important a role in intercultural communication, the cultural factors in different languages have been attracting more and mor
6、e attention of linguistic scholars. In order to make intercultural communication more successful, many scholars have become interested in the study of cultural similarities and differences encoded in different languages. The study of cultural factors in different languages is of significance in inte
7、rcultural communication as well as other disciplines such as linguistics, language acquisition, etc.This paper will expound the cultural differences between Chinese and English idioms and explore the role of culture plays in understanding of idioms. 2. The cultural 正文中的一级标题用14号times New Roman 加粗，上空两
8、行下空一行,即段前两行，段后一行。所有标题左对齐。MLA格式中， 每个标题里 每个实义词首字母大写backgrounds in idiomsIdioms as a special form of language carry a large amount of cultural information. They are the heritage of history and the product of cultural evolvement. Generally speaking, Idioms 二级标题及以下标题使用12 号times New Roman加粗，段前一行，然后回车正常行距书
9、写正文。come from society, culture and history; they are included in everything and related to societys life and play an important role in culture.2.1 The definition of culture正文不出现作者姓，则在括号中，作者姓，年份，p.页数Culture is a large and extremely complex concept. Some foreign scholars estimate that no less than 200
10、 definitions for “culture” have already been cited in the academic field, some of which are concerned with the material products of the people; others deal with those spiritual aspects shared by people living in certain communities; still others focus both on beliefs and practices of a society. He d
11、efines, “culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society” (Luo, 2005, p. 27).正文出现作者姓，括号中写（年份，p.页码）或（年份，pp.起止页码） Chinese scholar Ke (2000, pp. 142-143) states in his article Cultural Pesup
12、positions and Misreading “that most anthropologists agree on the following features of culture: 1) Culture is socially acquired instead of biologically transmitted. 2) Culture is shared among the members of a community instead of being unique to an individual. 3) Culture is symbolic. Symbolizing mea
13、ns assigning to entities and events meanings which are external to them and not able to be grasped by themselves alone. Language is the most typical symbolic system within culture; 4) Culture is integrated. Each aspect of culture is tied in with the other aspects”.2.2 The definition of idiomIdioms a
14、re the crystallization of language. Without idioms, our language would become dull and dry, whereas an appropriate use of them in our speech and writing will add to the strength and vividness of our language. 以后内容已省略.The definition of idiom in The Oxford English Dictionary is that idiom is a form of
15、 expression, grammatical construction, phrase, etc, peculiar to a language; a peculiarity of phraseology approved by the usage of a language, and often having a signification other than its grammatical or logical one (2004, p. 873 ).These definitions indicate that some English idioms are composed of
16、 several words (from two words to many words) and some are even made of a complete sentence. Therefore, English idioms, in a broad sense, may include idiomatic phrases, proverbial sayings, and some slang expressions (Yu & Guo, 1999, p. 170).括号中两个作者中间加&2.3 The relationship between idiom and culture L
17、anguage is closely related to culture and can be said as a part of culture. From a dynamic view, language and culture interact with each other and shape each other. Language is the carrier of culture, which in turn is the content of language. Idioms have their own cultural intention. Learning idioms
18、 without considering the cultural factors will be futile and even misunderstanding, since we can not get the exact information it conveys.以后内容已省略.间接引用格式如下：One researcher (Grayson, as cited in Murzynski & Degelman, 1996, p. 135) identified four components of body language that were related to judgmen
19、ts of vulnerability. 在找不到作者原书无法进行直接引用时，可间接引用。如Grayson的原书找不到，但是Murzynski & Degelman在他们书中引用过，则可以在括号中标出（原作者，as cited in 后再写引用过原作者话的作者名字（即Murzynski & Degelman），年份，p. 页码）即可，在文章最后的参考文献中要写你能找到书的学者名字，即Murzynski & Degelman。 一级标题（如3.）和二级标题（如3.1）后可以是一段内容，但至少三行。三级标题（如3.1.1）后至少两段内容。 每级标题之间必须有内容3. The cultural di
20、fferences between English and Chinese idiomsAs an essential part of the language and culture, idioms are characterized by their concise expressions, rich and vivid, involving geography, history, religious belief, living conventions and so on. 3.1 From living surroundingsCulture is a complicated syst
21、em of knowledge, beliefs and customs, etc. However, natural environment including geographical position, climate, and ecological condition is something that plays a contributory role in the formation of a culture. Idioms maintain close ties with peoples living surroundings and the culture where they
22、 are created. 3.1.1 Geographical environmentIdioms are closely related to peoples labor and life, people in particular culture need words to name and explain objects in their culture(Zhang, 1997, p. 45). Britain is an island country. Its navigation was in the lead in history (Zhang, 1999, p. 67). 按A
23、PA规范，同一作者的不同文献可用出版年份来区别，如：On the other hand, Chinese people live in the Asian continent. Most people cant lead their lives without land. 以后内容已省略.3.1.2 ClimateClimate is another factor in the living surrounding. In Britain, “east wind” comes from the northern part of the European continent. It symbol
24、izes “chilly” and “unpleasant”. So Englishmen hate it. However, Englishmen like “west wind”. It brings spring to Britain. The west wind blows from the Atlantic Ocean as warm as Chinese east wind and brings voluminous rain to this area. In a word, different living surroundings may produce different i
25、dioms and different cultures. APA格式中3到5个作者的作品，引用格式如下： 第一次引用： According to educational psychologists, raising children is a responsibility of the entire community (Franklin, Childs, & Smith, 1995). 以后的引用，不用每个姓都写，只第一个就可To be successful, “communities must be willing to take this responsibility” (Frankl
26、in et al., 1995, p. 135). 3.2 From religious belief后几段已省略。本页只为说明论文的结构，故省略了其中很多段落。As a cultural phenomenon, religious beliefs produce an impact on peoples life and mind. Different religious beliefs have different reflections in different idioms. Most of westerners are Christians, who believe that the
27、 world is created by God. They think that God is omnipotent and sacred. 以后内容已省略.And many phrases and stories in the Holy Bible have also functional as important sources of English idioms.e.g: (1) As they sow, so they reap. 种瓜得瓜, 种豆得豆. (Galatians 6)Paul wrote in his letter to Galatians that, “Do not
28、be deceived: God can not be mocked. A man reaps what he sows.”(2) Judass kiss. 犹大之吻 ( Matthew 26)Judas, one of the Twelve, agrees to betray Jesus that the chief Priests counted out for him only thirty silver coins. (3) the salt of the earth 社会中坚 (Matthew 5)This idiom comes from the Bible. 以后内容已省略.3.
29、3 From customEvery nation has its own customs. One nations custom is formed through a long history and firmly rooted in peoples mind. Custom differences between English and Chinese are in many aspects. Due to that, a lot of idioms turn out with varied dress. Among English idioms, we often compare pe
30、oples action to the figure of dog such as “you are a lucky dog” (你是一个幸运儿), “every dog has his day” (凡人皆有得意日), “love me, love my dog” (爱屋及乌), “A good dog deserves a good bone.” (有功者受赏) and so on. Contrary to this, the dog is a kind of petty and low animal in Chinese. 3.4 From value orientationFrom pe
31、oples working and living experience of one country, different values have been abstracted, accumulated and handed down from generation to generation. Because of different experience between countries, values originate from it also turns out to be largely varied and even totally opposite, which idiom
32、s are built on, therefore also differ greatly. Take praise for example. Praise is a means to get a harmonious interpersonal ship, and frequently used in communication. 3.4.1 ModestyBritain as a developed capitalist country is covered with fierce social competition so that people in there emphasize i
33、ndividual behaviors, achievement, and value. Their value orientations appear to be in contrast with Chinese in this aspect. On the contrary, Chinese people often make self-negation to show modesty. Therefore, the Chinese have more modest language than English in the social activities. 3.4.2 Individu
34、alismBeing guided and influenced by the spirit of competition, western people think highly of individualism. In the eyes of Westerners, individualism means a pursuit of freedom and diversity, there are differences of peoples behavior, speech, thinking, which are almost synonymous with individualism.
35、 以后内容已省略.The social conditions of western developed countries leads many people to accept this kind of faith, “Every man for himself and god for us all” (人人为自己，上帝为大家), “God helps those who help themselves” (自助者天助), “Every man is the architect of his own future” (自己的命运自己掌握), “Self is our centre” (自我是
36、我们的中心).3.5 From different views on colors The idiomatic phrases can reflect the change of outside world, the development of peoples thoughts and the progress of an era, and it can also reflect the colorful world. The words related to color are an important part of idiomatic phrases; they have specif
37、ic functions and abundant meanings.以后内容已省略.文章的各级标题和内容要放在同一页上。如果标题在某页的最下面，要挪到下一页。标题之间需有文字内容，且不能只是一两行，太少了。Different nations have different feelings on colors because they have different living environment and visual angles. This leads to the idiomatic phrases have different meanings. It is obvious tha
38、t English and Chinese have different words to describe colors. For example, Chinese people love red all the time, because the sun and the fire can bring people light and warmth. 3.6 From different dialectical thoughts Idioms are usually closely related to distinctive dialectical thoughts. Idioms fro
39、m dialectical thoughts are the gems of human cultural heritage. The western and Chinese people have their own dialectical thoughts, which have provided rich and varied materials for their idioms, and consequently give a national color to the idioms in the two languages.Westerners would like to look
40、at things dialectically. In all aspects of life, people try their best to pursue a harmonious state in their lives, and they always obedient to the nature. This is reflected in the idioms, such as “give way to sb. to avoid a conflict” (退避三舍), “to lock the stable gate after the horse has bolted” (亡羊补
41、牢), “the grass is always greener on the other side of the fence” (这山望着那山高).In contrast to the westerners, Chinese people like to recognize things as a whole that cant be separated. 以后内容已省略. From the examples, people can see the Chinese idioms have structure stability while the English idioms have fr
42、ee styles.4. ConclusionWe have discussed so much about the cultural differences between English and Chinese idioms. It is an important issue to understand and handle the relationship between culture and language. Meanwhile, language is not only the cultures important content but also the carrier of
43、culture, so culture and language are a whole.Idioms constitute the kernel of a language. Various kinds of cultural differences constitute cultural barriers. Therefore how to solve the cultural factors in idioms is a touchstone of successful rendering of idioms. Idioms as a special form of language c
44、arry a large amount of cultural information. 以后内容已省略.In this paper, the differences between Chinese and western cultures in idioms have been explained in order to seek better ways for communication. Only by doing this can we try our best to minimize difficulties of cultural communication caused by c
45、ultural differences. Conclusion 部分要和正文部分比例协调，且涵盖要点Conclusion不用另起一页，因为它是正文的一部分References（顶格即左对齐）；（Times New Roman 4号 加粗) (段后一行，1.5倍行距。文献内容Times New Roman 小4号，先全部选中设为1.5倍行距，然后每个条目再分别设为段后一行ReferencesCollins Cobuild English Dictionary. (2000). London: The University of Birmingham & Harper Collins Publis
46、hers.中国作者作品格式 姓, 名. (年份). 书名斜体. 出版地：出版社.Ke, Ping. (2000). Cultural presupposition and misunderstanding. Beijing: China Translation and Publishing Corporation. Lado, R. (1985). Linguistics across cultures. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.外国作者作品格式 姓, 名首字母. (年份). 书名斜体. 出版地：出版社.Luo, Hong. (2005)
47、. Translation between English and Chinese on terms of national culture. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press. Nida, E. A. (2001). Language, culture and translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.Yu, Fuming, & Guo, Shanlian. (1999). A comparative study of English
48、& Chinese idioms. Shanghai: Shanghai Transportation University Press.文献部分不标序号，但是要按照首字母的字母顺序排列。如果一行不够书写需换行时要有三个字符的空格，第一个条目后，段后一行，再继续下一个条目。如果条目多，则条目间不需要段后一行。Zhang, Peiji. (2009). Study Chinese to English idioms. Beijing: Commercial Press.两个中国作者作品格式 姓, 名，& 姓，名. (年份). 书名斜体. 出版地：出版社.期刊中文章格式在下页期刊中的文章 参考书目格式外国作者作者姓, 名首字母. (年). 文章名. 期刊名斜体, 卷数斜体(第几期), 页码或起止页码.中国作者作者姓, 名. (年). 文章名. 期刊名斜体, 卷数斜体(第几期), 页码或起止页码.文章名字不斜体，不加下划线，不加引号。文章标题首字母（F），冒号后的首字母（T）大写，如果有破折后的单词首字母要大写，专有名词首字母也大写，其他单词小写(如d小写)。本条文献只涉及到F, T 两个字母。Mon