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1、-高中英语语法 倒装句-第 6 页倒装句英语句子的主语通常位于谓语动词之前，这种语序被称为正常语序。但有时出于强调或某种特殊的语法结构的需要，需要将谓语动词放在主语之前，这种语序则叫倒装语序。按倒装的形式，倒装可分为两类，一是完全倒装，二是部分倒装。完全倒装是指全部谓语放在主语之前，部分倒装是指只把助动词、情态动词或be动词放在主语之前，谓语的主体部分仍在主语之后。一、完全倒装1. 用于 there be 句型。例：There are many students in the classroom.原句自然顺序是：Many students are there in the classroom.
2、2. 表示地点的here和there位于句首时，其后用完全倒装形式。这类倒装句的谓语通常是动词be和come, go等表示移动或动态的不及物动词，以及stand, lie, live等表示状态的动词(表示存在)。例：Here comes the bus. 公共汽车来了。There goes the last train. 最后一班火车开走了。There stood a desk against the wall. 靠墙放着一张书桌。注意：若主语为人称代词，则不倒装。如：Here you are. 这就是你要的东西。（给你。）Here it comes. 它来了。3. 表示方向的副词away,
3、down, in, off, out, over, round, up等位于句首时，其后用完全倒装语序。这类倒装句的谓语通常表示动态的不及物动词。Out rushed the puppy. 小狗冲了出去。Away went the girl. 那个女孩走远了。Down came the rain and up went the umbrellas.下雨了，伞都撑起来了。注：若主语为人称代词，则不能用倒装。如：In he comes. 他走了进来。Down it came.它掉了下来。4. 表示时间或顺序的副词now, then 等位于句首时，其后用完全倒装语序。这类倒装句的谓语通常表示动态的不
4、及物动词。如：Now comes your turn. 现在轮到你了。Then came a new difficulty. 这时又产生了一个新的困难。5. 当句首状语是表示地点的介词词组时，也常引起全部倒装。South of the city lies the factory. 工厂位于城市南部。From the valley came a frightening sound. 一个令人害怕的声音从村子里传了出来。Under the tree stands a little boy. 一个小男孩站在树下。6. 表语置于句首时，倒装结构采用“表语连系动词主语”的结构1)形容词连系动词主语Pre
5、sent at the meeting were Professor White, Professor Smith and many other guests. 出席本次会议的有怀特教授、史密斯教授和其他各位嘉宾。2) 分词连系动词主语Gone are the days when they could do what they liked. 他们想做什么就做什么的日子过去了。Attending the meeting was Mr. Black. 布莱克先生出席了本次会议。3) 介词连系动词主语 Among the goods are Christmas trees, flowers, can
6、dles and toys. 商品中有圣诞树、花、蜡烛和玩具。Among them was my friend Jim. 他们当中就有我的朋友吉姆。注：在表语置于句首的倒装结构中，要注意其中的谓语应与其后的主语保持一致，而不是与位于句首的表语保持一致。In the box was a cat. 箱子里是一只猫。In the box were two cats. 箱子里是两只猫。7. 使用完全倒装以保持句子结构平衡，或为了强调表语或状语，或为了使上下文结构紧凑。 They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of which sat a small boy. 强调状
7、语Inside the pyramids are the burial rooms for the kings and queens and long passages to these rooms. 保持句子结构平衡8. 在直接引语全部或部分置于句首时，引用动词和它的主语（名词）往往要倒装。主语是代词时一般不倒装。“Youve made great progress this term.”said the teacher.“Tom”,said his father, “ You shouldnt make friends with such boys!”“Lets go,” said the
8、 man / he said.二、部分倒装1. 用于疑问句。例：Do you speak English?2. 当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有 were, should, had 时，可省略 if ，并将 were, should, had置于句首。例：Had you reviewed your lessons, you might have passed the examination.Had it rained yesterday, the crops would have been saved.Were it to rain tomorrow, the crops would be save
9、d.Should it rain tomorrow, the crops would be saved.注：若条件从句为否定句，否定词not应置于主语之后，而不能与were, should, had 等缩略成Werent, Shouldnt, Hadnt而置于句首。如：Were it not for your help, I wouldnt be doing so well.若不是你帮忙，我现在不会干得这样好。3. 用于“形容词(或名词、动词、副词) as (though)” 引导的让步状语从句。例：Pretty as she is, she is not clever. 尽管她很漂亮，但她不
10、聪明。Try as he would, he might fail again. 无论他尝试了多少次，总会失败。Child as he is, he knows a lot. 尽管他是一个孩子，他却知道很多知识。（要特别注意位于句首的名词前习惯上不用冠词，即使其前有形容词修饰也不用冠词）Much as I have travelled, I have never seen such a beautiful place. 我旅游那么多次，却从未见过如此美丽的地方。Successful as he is, he is not proud.他虽然成功，但不骄傲。Much as I like you,
11、 I couldnt live with you.我尽管很喜欢你,却不能和你在一起生活。Fast as you read, you cant finish the book in two days.尽管你读得很快，你总不能在两天之内就读完这本书。4. 用于No sooner than / Hardly when / Scarcelywhen 和 Not until的句型中。No sooner had she gone out than the class began. 她刚走出去课就开始了。No sooner had I got into the house than the phone ra
12、ng.我刚进屋，电话铃就响了。Hardlyhad they reachedEdinburgh when they were ordered to return to London. 他们刚到达爱丁堡就被命令返回伦敦。Not until the teacher came did he finish his homework. 直到老师回来他才完成了作业。Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 直到孩子睡着了母亲才离开房间。5. 当 never, hardly, seldom, scarcely, little,
13、 at no time, in no case, by no means, on no condition, on no accounts, under no circumstances, not only, barely, rarely, little, not a bit等含有否定意义的副词若位于句首，则其后要用部分倒装。例：Never shall I do this again. 我再也不会这么做了。At no time can you say “no” to the order. 你绝不可以对任何命令说“不”。Seldom does he read in his free hours.
14、他空余时间很少看书。By no means should he be left alone.绝不能把他单独留下。Hardly could the old man stand on his feet in the strong wind.老人在这阵狂风中几乎站不住了。Never will you achieve anything if you spend your time that way.你若总是这样消磨时间，就永远不会有所成就。Not only did he speak more correctly, but he spoke more easily.不仅他讲得更正确，也讲得更不费劲了。I
15、n no case should you give up.你绝不能放弃。On no accounts can my name be mentioned to anyone.我的名字是绝不能向任何人提起的。Little did they know they were to be reunited ten years later.他们简直想不到10年后竟又能团聚。Nowhere is drug abuse more of a problem than in the US. 没有什么地方吸毒问题比美国更严重。注：in no time (立即，马上)位于句首时，其后无需用倒装语序，因为该短语并不表示否
16、定意义。须十分注意in no time和at no time的区别。如：In no time he worked out the problem.他马上就算出了那道题。6. 当状语受副词only的修饰且置于句首时，其后通常要用部分倒装的形式。例：Only in this way can we live a happy life.只有这样，我们才能快乐地生活。Only when he returned home did he realize what had happened.当他回到家里时，才知道出了什么事。Only then did I realize the importance of s
17、tudy. 到那时我才意识到学习的重要。Only by working hard can you achieve success. 只有努力工作才能成功。Only when the class began did he realize he had left the book at home. 上课的时候他才意识到他把书丢在家里了。7. so / neither / nor 表示前面所说的情况也适合于后者时（意思为“也”），用“so / neither / nor+助动词+主语”这样的倒装句式 (so用于前后为肯定的情况，neither / nor用于前后为否定的情况)。如：He can si
18、ng English songs and so can I. 他会唱英语歌，我也会。He didnt see the film, and neither did I. 他没有看这部电影，我也没有看。She is every beautiful and so was her mother when she was young. 她很美，她妈妈年轻时也很美。注：注意该结构与表示强调或同意的“so+主语+特殊动词”结构的区别。如：“It was cold yesterday.” “So it was.” “昨天很冷。”“的确很冷。”“Father, you promised.” “Well, so
19、I did.” “爸爸，你答应过的。”“嗯，是答应过。”“He studies very hard.” “Yes, so he did and so did you.” “他学习很刻苦。”“是的，他的确学习很刻苦，你学习也很刻苦。”8. 在 so / such that 的结构中，若so / such置于句首，则句子部分倒装。例：So difficult a problem is it that I cant work it out. 这个问题太难了，我解决不了。Such a noble person is he that people all respect him. 他是一个非常高尚的人，人们都尊敬他。9. 当however, no matter how引导让步状语从句时，常把however / no matter how + 形容词 / 副词放在句首，此时主谓不倒装。例：However difficult the work is, I will finish it. 无论工作有多难，我都会完成。However much the book costs, I will buy it. 无论这本书多贵，我都会买。10. 用于某些祝愿的句子。例：May you succeed. 祝你成功。