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1、写作讲义梁坚实新东方梁坚实I.xdf /liangjianshi 一、Introduction 综合写作：客观题情景再现听听力时努力记笔记，听懂且能记下来，否则不得分字数要求：Integrated Writing ：200-300 Independent Writing：求400,越多越好，一般写够500 以上都是 good 如果只写够最低值，得不了高分打字速度：30min400 字以上格式：如何分段：缩行式空行式不要又缩又空标点符号后要空格，前面不空如何用 TPO 作文：综合写作： 33道题全部复习材料1-10,22-27，其余模考，练能力独立写作： 33道题一道不要做，做机经。讲的30 道
2、题必须会写。二、综合写作（1）听力永远反驳阅读2阅读和听力的文章结构一总三分阅读听力总观点总观点分论点一分论点一精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 23 页解释例子+细节细节分论点二分论点二分论点三分论点三Tips：对应性反驳，三三对应，逐条反驳分论点 =要点4综合写作行文构架共四段 ：阅读主要说。阅读总观点。 。听力主要说。听力总观点。 。听力反驳了阅读；阅读认为。阅读分论点一。 。听力认为。听力分论点一。 。那是因为。听力分论点一后的细节。 。听力反驳了阅读；阅读认为。阅读分论点二。 。听力认为。听力分论点二。 。那是因
3、为。听力分论点二后的细节。 。听力反驳了阅读；阅读认为。阅读分论点三。 。听力认为。听力分论点三。 。那是因为。听力分论点三后的细节。 。听力反驳了阅读；综合写作不需要标题，不要写结尾补充：1阅读主旨句通常为第一段最后一句话。2阅读中论点为主观想法时， 可以直接加 not 反推听力论点； 阅读中论点为客观事实时，听力认为阅读中论点不充分。3阅读主旨句概括文章将来结构时，论点常为主观想法，直接+not 4当阅读中一个论点有多个论证方式时，至少有一种论证方式为主观想法，听力只反驳主观想法5听完后先不要动笔写，回忆一下听的和读的是否能对得上关于行文框架的几点说明：A.综合写作 2,3,4 段每段必须
4、包含3 部分：阅读材料要点；听力材料的要点和细节；两者关系反驳B.阅读的细节不重要，可以不写，一般不写。如果写阅读细节的话，则需要归纳精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 23 页改写阅读的核心细节，最忌讳大段照抄阅读原文C.阅读分论点的位置：段首或者段尾占80% ；不明确能归纳。如出现在段首或者段尾，同义改写：分论点比较短的，同义词稍稍改写个别词即可；分论点比较长的，归纳一下。有三种改写方式：同义词改写everyday=daily ，同根词改写 necessary=necessity ，全新表达方式D.听力材料无论是分论点还
5、是细节用原词原句最准确， 不需要改写 ，把原文都记下来是一个理想状态， 如果达不到的话自己去归纳，归纳必须遵照听力原文， 不允许发挥。E.核心思想是“替换”，表现用词用语的多样性，防止重复Reading material,the author, the writer. F.得分的不是模板，是填的空综合写作重要句型：1.The lecture discusses., which differs from the main idea in the reading that. 2.The professor makes the point that. The reading, in contrast
6、, holds a different view that. 3.An important point shown in the reading material is that., but the listening presents a conflicting idea that. 4. The professor states that., which challenges the standpoint made by the writer who says that. 5.The professor discusses that problem of. , and the readin
7、g views in a contrary (different) angle that. 6.The professor makes the point that.On the contrary (in contrast), the writer demonstrates an idea that. 模板：The reading material discusses., which differs from the main idea in the listening that. An important point shown in the reading material is that
8、., but the listening presents a conflicting idea that. The writer makes the point that. The lecture, in contrast, holds a different view that. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 23 页The author states that., which challenges the standpoint made by the professor who says that. 综合写作笔记
9、要点：笔记不求完美，符号记笔记，中英文结合，首字母缩写。笔记是练出来的，形成个性化笔记。每个听力段落至少听10 遍，练习记笔记。记完笔记后练习复述。独立写作一、写作流程2 分钟审题题型分类 9 种，价值判断、现象证明及其他解题方法万金油、拆分举例文章结构论证方法开头主体段落主题句 +解释+例子+细节+结论结尾2 分钟检查二、托福作文观点的要求由于托福作文题目都是可争论性的话题，所以同意或者反对，选A 或者选 B 都是可以的；观点的选取不需要完美的逻辑，只要自圆其说即可；观点也不需要思想深度，也不需要创新；- 永远写好写的，自己能写的。尽量不要涉及到政治、宗教等问题。三、文章结构四或者五段都可。
10、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 23 页开头结尾独立成段，中间可以写2-3 段都可以。字数分配开头 50词结尾 30词即开头 +结尾大约 100 词中间写 3 段，每段 100 词，100 词不容易出现语言重复，所以五段比四段每段150 词好时间分配开头 3 分钟结尾 2 分钟中间每段 100 词 7 分钟每段 150 词 10 分钟四、论证结构绝对论证：所有的观点指向一个方向五段： A A+ A+ A+/B- A 四段： A A+ A+ A 让步论证：一定要写五段；让一小步五段： A A+ A+ A- A 五、开头观点
11、明确1.三部分内容：引言重要性 /影响/趋势论题同义改写题目观点2.句型1第一句话重要性 Importance .play an essential role in. .be of equal importance to. .be considered to be important means/role to. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 23 页影响 Influence .had a widespread/positive/negative impact on. 趋势 Prevalence There is a
12、general trend that. There is a common practice that. 2第二句话论题同义改写题目：同义词；同根词；全新表达方式. Is a controversial topic. .is under fierce discussion. However, people have conflicting/differing opinions about whether. (3)第三句话：观点Eg：1.Agree or disagree: Technology makes people s lives more complicated. Technology
13、has had tremendous impact on every aspect of modern life. However, whether technology made our lives more complex or not is a controversial topic. From my perspective, I believe technology has made our lives more convenient. 2.Many people have a close relationship with their pets. These people treat
14、 their birds, cats, or other animals as members of their family. In your opinion, are such relationships good? Pets are an integral/essential part of the modern life. However, people are having differing opinions about whether it is beneficial to have a close relationship with them. I believe such a
15、 relationship brings benefits to people in various ways despite some potential harms. 典型让步3. People should not pay for public transportation. 试写：Public transportation plays an essential role in our modern daily life. However, whether people should pay for using public transportation or not is a cont
16、roversial topic. From my perspective, people should not pay for public transportation. 范例：精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 23 页There is a general trend that the situation of traffic jams and air pollution has been progressively serious. Wether public transportation should be made
17、 free is under fierce discussion. I believe the plan should be implemented. 六、中间段落的写法结构：主题句 +解释 +例子 +细节 +结论1.主题句：前置于段首，陈述句。不要套长模板，长模板不算有效字数2.解释：解释的适用范围：在任何情况下都可以解释，尤其在以下两种情况下必须要解释：当主题句抽象难懂之时，要用解释的方法使主题句具体化，为举例子打基础。当例子细节难以写出如艺术，写不够字数时，用解释的方法充字数。解释的实现方法：为什么是这样 /为什么要这样Eg1：吸烟有害健康。属于常识， 不抽象， 可以直接举例子，不过任何
18、情况都可以解释，所以也可以解释并且举例子。Eg2：主题句：电影模式化导致电影产业发展缓慢。解释：情节过于一致，导致在影片一开始的时候，观众就能轻而易举的猜出结尾。举例： 王子公主土匪的故事，一开始我就能猜出谁和优雅的公主结婚了，谁被打死了。观众不爱买票，就缓慢了。范例：To begin with, stereotyped movies will decelerate the rate at which the movie industry develops. It is because there is no innovation in designing the plot. Once the
19、 audience can easily guess the ending at the beginning of movies, they will soon find those movies boring. For example, a good-looking hero and an ugly villain, do you think who will marry the elegant princess and who will be put into jail finally in those movies? The answer is quite obvious. In thi
20、s case, people will be reluctant to put movie tickets and as a result, the whole movie industry may actually suffer. 试写：From my perspective, The stereotype of movies will lead to a decrease of the development speed 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页，共 23 页in movie industry. The consi
21、stent plots are likely to cause the situation where the audience can guess the ending of the story without efforts at the very beginning of the movie. Take the story of prince, princess and thief for example. I can surmise who will finally marry the princess and who will be hit to death from the sta
22、rt. Thus the audience would not like to but tickets to watch such story, so the development process will be delayed. 3.举例真与假托福作文考试不考察真实性本人与别人中国人与外国人一例与多例 一段中 举一例后字数不够，相同类型 的例子继续举例子种类：物东西、事人、数例根据.调查，得出 .结论找素材的方法：维基百科事例 取决于话题大小话题大：名人创新、成功两类话题Eg: 亨利福特，史蒂夫乔布斯，沃尔特迪士尼，比尔盖茨，扎克伯格科技进步，创造力；奥巴马，赖斯黑人的成功；默克尔，希拉里
23、克林顿女人的成功包括：生平简介20 词创造奉献50-60 词社会评价20 词话题小：凡人my uncle 数例 ：背两个模板，只要套模板没数字也可以缺点：字数太少解决方案：数例+事例举多例数例 +事例举多例物例 +事例举多例总结：使段落变长的方法1 主题句后的解释2 举一例深入挖掘细节3 举多例平行给出细节4 物、事、数例搭配使段落变长5 以上方法结合起来Eg：People can solve important problems by themselves or with the help from their family members so there s no need for th
24、e government to help them. 观点：不赞成Firstly, people cannot solve the problem of unemployment either by 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页，共 23 页themselves or with the help from their family members. 主题句Unemployment is sometimes a nation-wide or even world-wide problem, It largely depend
25、s on the economic situation and government policies.解释According to a report issued by China Economic and Financial Research Center(CEFRC), the rate of unemployment soars from a normal value of 3% to a horrible number, around 10%, when the financial crisis happens.数例In this case, government is respon
26、sible to carry out effective policies, like to increase government s expenditure, to create more job opportunities in the whole society, and to cut down the negative impact of the economic disorder.(attention:economic disorder=financial crisis) In contrast, a person s individual willingness and abil
27、ity seems useless and it is barely possible for him to remedy the social disease. 九、结尾结尾照应主题，重述分论点同义改写十、回忆开头第一句话重要性，影响，趋势第二句话：主题句第三句话：观点中间段主题句 +解释 +举例子物、事、数例+细节 +结论结尾精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页，共 23 页独立写作题型：价值判断现象证明今昔比照与预测绝对词抽象词之“成功”抽象词之“幸福”资源分配薪水问题选课问题(一)价值判断价值判断就是分析一个事物的优缺点基
28、本特征： should, important, necessary, prefer(单纯的价值判断) better, more.than.带有明显比较关系的价值判断段落展开要用比照法每一段都写A 的优点和B 的缺点解题方法：1.万金油10 个常用分论点：便利，健康，经济，交流，幸福，成功，环保，品德，科技，国家社会“便健经交幸成环品科国”便利 convenience ：节省 /浪费时间时间灵活交通休闲、娱乐购物精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 10 页，共 23 页教育医疗健康和安全：营养 well-balanced nutritio
29、n 压力过大 get stressed out缓解压力 relieve the stress/pressure生活习惯 life style: stay up 财产安全 property /possession/esteem safety经济：就业问题工资 wage/salary收入 (income) 支出 spending/expenditure/expense盈利 make profits 交流：交友 (make friends) 集体活动 (collective activity) 人际关系 (interpersonal relationship) 社交圈子 (enlarge socia
30、l circle) 幸福 happiness ：基本生活需求basic needs安全感 safety感情 family love/friendship/love/interests/好恶： personal favor/preference/taste成功 success ：成就感 (a sense of achievement/accomplishment/fulfillment) 荣誉感 (a sense of honor) 自信 (self-confidence) 竞争 (competition) 压力 (pressure/stress) 环保：生态平衡 ecological bala
31、nce沙漠化 (desertification) 滥砍滥伐 (deforestation) 可持续发展 (sustainable development) 濒危动物 (endangered animals) Dinosaurs have been extinct. 环境污染 (environmental pollution) 品格 (virtue) ：精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 11 页，共 23 页坚韧不拔 perseverance/tenacity勤奋 (industrious/diligence) 独立 (independ
32、ence) 团队合作 (team spirit) 老实 honesty/integrity 科技与教育：学习知识 acquire knowledge 注意动词科技的发展与创新scientific development and innovation 国家与社会 nation and society 社会福利 social welfare思乡情结 nostalgia/homesickness爱国情怀政府声誉让步段的写法：教材76 页让步段：Admittedly, 让步段的主题句。+展开 +反驳Admittedly, financial management at a younger age ma
33、y allow children to become more responsible and organized. When parents ask their children to budget their pocket money, instead of being taken care of everything, children are actually treated like independent adults. This sense of trust and expectation may not only motivate them to become more att
34、entive to price and market, but also teach them to resist shopping urges when they grow up. Besides, it is conceivable that those who have received early money-managing education would hardly get into debts or make reckless investments. Admittedly, media has had certain negative effects on children.
35、 The increasing scenes of violence and pornography inevitably cause imitation among teenagers, since they are at that particular stage in life where anything they are exposed to seriously impacts their minds. According to a recent survey conducted by Chinese Children Delinquency Association(CCDA) wh
36、ich polled hundreds of young criminals aged 12 to 18, most of respondents claimed that they copied violent behaviors learnt from television shows and movies. Thus to some extent, television shows and movies are responsible for some of the problematic behaviors.However, television and movies also bri
37、ng us many benefits. 2.拆分举例78 页两个原则：（1）拆题干中的名词，可以有好几种拆法（2）拆分的结果之间彼此互斥即可，而不需要无穷无尽两个都拆的情况：一般不需要两个都拆中国人city buses 美国人highway 日本人trains 二现象证明类精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 12 页，共 23 页判断标准：证明现象是否存在解题方法：1.找事发理由万金油2.拆分法(三)薪水问题一、出题方式主项+ 小项高薪和低薪长和短离家远和离家近易失去和不易失去假期短和假期长亲友时间短和长二、解题思路不管怎么问，永远选
38、高薪四大好处，选两个First, money meets basic needs. I would not have to worry about paying rents or mortgages . I can send my children to expensive private schools. I would not have to worry about medical bills. 不要展开基本需求Second, money allows me to pursue personal interests. Since I m a big fan of luxurious car
39、s, like Mercedes Benz or BMW (Dior, Gucci, Chanel, Louis Vuitton), if I have a high-paying job, I can own all my dream cars. I also like to travel. If I have enough money, I can travel to remote places like Africa , the Arctic or even the outer space . Thirdly, money makes it possible for me to help
40、 others in need. If my job pays well enough, I will donate part of my income to charity, helping the African kids to combat AIDS or the Cambodians get rid of the deadly landmines. 如何捐钱？教育软件 -请好老师，硬件-电脑医疗医学研究，病人救济-AIDS ，cancer精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 13 页，共 23 页Fourthly, a high
41、salary job receives more respect. People roll out the red carpet for lawyers, medical doctors and business leaders. In contrast, a construction worker or a supermarket cashier usually does not receive that treatment. It is because these professionals play a tremendous rolein the society. Lawyers def
42、end the innocent. Medical doctors make the difference between life and death. Investment bankers make millions of dollars for their investors. 三、论证方法让步论证兼谈小项Admittedly, 离家远可以买近的房子. Admittedly, a job with more vacations allows us to spend more time on our hobbies, such as painting, shipping and trave
43、ling. Usually, a businessman seldom has chances to go for a trip due to his workload. It is quite possible that he suffers from much complaint from his wife and children. However, without enough financial supports, we cannot really enjoy our hobbies but become indoors men in contrast. （四）选课问题一、选课主体大
44、学生、高中生、小孩儿二、选课科目历史课基础理科课经济学课程外国文化课外语课音乐美术课三、解题思路学不同的课的好处不同，危害相同所以思路：永远不选课因为：精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 14 页，共 23 页经济压力大精神压力大四、论证方法让步论证：学这些课还有点儿用Never take the courses: 1.The选课科目courses put more pressure on students. 选课主体students now have already had to learn many subjects such as
45、 除题干外五个任意科目， which make students over burdened. In this case, schools should not add this course. Not difficult might it be, students have to worry about whether they can finish the homework on time and how they can pass the final examinations. If things go on like this, some psychological diseases
46、may follow, such as frustration, anxiety, melancholia and mania . We could not expect such students to perform well academically. 提到 pressure必有这四个病2.The选课科目courses will make学校 unaffordable for parents and students. To guarantee the quality of lecturing, 学校 have to hire talented professors and elites
47、, such as professors from the best-known universities and business leaders. That will make the schooling cost skyrocket. Normally, a lecture given by a famous entrepreneur may cost the school over 1,000 dollars and finally, all of the costs will be reflected in the tuition fee, making many underpriv
48、ileged students drop out from schools. 3.Admittedly, taking the 选课科目 courses has its own merits.分别写每门课的好处 ,30-40词.However, considering the soaring tuition fee, a mandatory policy requiring all students to take the courses should not 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 15 页，共 23 页be adopte
49、d. In contrast, these courses can be set optional, allowing students who are really interested in the subjects to choose and it is reasonable for schools to charge a higher tuition fee to those students. 3 门里面选一门课：一门课的优点其他两门课的缺点2 个缺点（五）今昔比照和预测类现象证明今昔比照判断方法：. than in the past .than in today 解题方法：1.找事
50、发原因：科技的发展；环境的污染，观念的扭转，社会福利的发展2.拆分法：黑人和女人预测类解题方法：找事发原因为什么会/不会发生：科技的发展；环境的污染；观念的扭转；社会福利的发展In twenty years, there will be fewer cars in use than in today. 科技Firstly, new transportation vehicles will soon replace automobiles and change the world significantly. The new transportation vehicles, using only