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1、学习必备欢迎下载consider, for example（插入） , 名词tantamount to 同义词：Significant, radical, critical, essential, fundamental, cardinal， of great (sovereign) importance 1并列关系furthermore, more than that, also, likewise, moreover, in addition, what is more 2转折关系although, however, on the contrary, otherwise, but, in
2、spite of, nevertheless, yet, otherwise, despite 3因果关系as a result, for, thus, because, for this reason, so, therefore, as, since, in consequence, consequently, on account of, due to, owing to, by reason of, since 4. 归纳关系as a result, finally, therefore, thereby, hence, accordingly, in short, thus, con
3、sequently, in conclusion, so, in brief, in a word 表示正评价，同意作者观点动词： share in common, justify, vindicate 名词： agreement with, compatibility with, harmony with 形容词： appropriate, proper, apt, suitable, justifiable, reasonable 表示负评价，不同意作者观点形容词： inappropriate, improper, unapt, unsuitable, unjustifiable, unr
4、easonable 动词： contradict, oppose, argue against, disapprove 名词： contradiction, discord, disharmony, friction 表示争论，悬而未决让步： concede, admit, grant 尚未有定论： at stake, in question, at risk, at issue 表示某人有某观点in sb s viewpoint/ point of view/ standpoint/ position, from sb s view/ angle, to sb s mind, for sb
5、s part, as far as sb is concerned 引述他人描述according to 他人观点： idea, concept, issue 引导主题句的标志语言并列： On the one hand / on the other (hand); for one thing / for another (thing); In one sense / in another (sense);in the first place / in the second place 递进： Further / furthermore; moreover, besides, what is m
6、ore, In addition, additionally, also, still, Not only but (also)转折： It is true, it is correct, of course; No doubt, undoubtedly; do, may, seem, appear,soundAdmittedly, grantedly, granted that;Concede, admit, acknowledge+ however, but, yet, nonetheless, nevertheless, on the contrary, on the other han
7、d 反证句的写法Unless A, B;If not A, then B (negative effect) cannot, do not, fail to do, misconsider, misinterpret, misevaluate, overestimate, overemphasize, overstate, underestimate, oversimplify, neglect, overlook, ignore, unnecessarily, unfairly 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 11 页
8、学习必备欢迎下载我认为：I thinkfeelbelievedeemmaintain in my opinion From my point of view as far as I am concerned (别人意见提过后) I hold the opinionpositionstandpointideanotion that As I seeviewperceive the problem issuecasediscussioncontroversy My viewpointideanotion 越来越：On the rise increasingrising expanding Decl
9、ining decreasing diminishing 非常： considerably, extraordinarily, remarkably, unusually, notably, noticeable, impressively, strikingly, extremely 聪明的： brilliant, intelligent, bright, talented, ingenious 著名的： famed, noted, celebrated, renowned, eminent 关于 : regarding, concerning, involving 结尾段的语言In con
10、clusion, to sum up, in summary, all in all, on the whole, simply put (in one word), obviously, understandably, accordingly 尽量使用非人称主语原则形式主语： it is widely claimed that there is a controversy over 第三人称泛指Unless one person undertakes more than he possibly can do, he will never do all he can do. per capit
11、a income deforestation as a counterpart hazardsupply-demand relationshipinfrastructure ameliorate deterioratedevaluation advantagemeritstrengthbenefit disadvantagedrawbackweaknessdefectshortcoming wishhopeexpectanticipatelook forward to acquiregain opposeoppositionobjectobjection influenceimpacteffe
12、ct communityneighborhood supportfavoradvocatepreferback up opportunitypossibility such as the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages advantages are more obvious surroundingenvironmentatmospheresituationoccasion One apt illustration of this point involves the story about President Roosevelt. In re
13、trospect , Roosevelt was severely disabled from his childhood, which gave him few opportunities to cooperate and communicate with other children. Accordingly, theres no doubt that he was not socialized well at that time. Even so, he clung tenaciously to his ideal and immerged himself in efforts to a
14、chieve his dreams. As a result, he became one of the greatest presidents of America . In addition, a further value of the study of history beyond its effect on daily life is that with cognizance of history we could better understand and appreciate our own nations mores, accomplishments and values .精
15、选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 11 页学习必备欢迎下载托福写作 :35 个托福加分句型集锦一、 the + est + 名词+ (that) + 主词+ have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)the most + 形容词+ 名词+ (that) + 主词+ have ever + seen ( known/ heard/ had/read, etc)例句： Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.海伦
16、是我所看过最美丽的女孩。Mr. Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had.张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。二、Nothing is + er than to + V Nothing is + more + 形容词+ than to + V例句： Nothing is more important than to receive education.没有比接受教育更重要的事。三、cannot emphasize the importance of too much.( 再怎么强调的重要性也不为过。)例句： We cannot emphas
17、ize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。四、 There is no denying that + S + V (不可否认的 )例句：There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.不可否认的， 我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。五、It is universally acknowledged that + 句子( 全 世 界 都 知 道 )例 句 ： It is universally
18、 acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us.全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。六、There is no doubt that + 句子(毫无疑问的 )例句： There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。七、 An advantage of is that + 句子 ( 的优点是 )例句： An advantage of using the solar energy is that it won
19、t create (produce) any pollution.使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。八、 The reason why + 句子 is that + 句子 ( 的原因是 )例句：The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air./ The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。九、 So + 形容词+ be +
20、主词+ that + 句子(如此 以致于 )例句：So precious is time that we cant afford to waste it.时间是如此珍贵， 我们经不起浪费它。十、Adj + as + Subject(主词 )+ be, S + V ( 虽然 )例句： Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory.by no means = in no way = on no account 一点也不 虽然我们的国家富有，我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。十一、 The
21、 + er + S + V, the + er + S + VThe + more + Adj + S + V , the + more + Adj + S + V (愈 愈)例句： The harder you work, the more progress you make.你愈努力，你愈进步。The more books we read, the more learned we become.我们书读愈多，我们愈有学问。十二、 By +Ving, can (借着 ，能够 )例句： By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy. 借着做运动，
22、 我们能够始终保持健康。十三、 enable + Object(受词 )+ to + V ( 使能够 )例句： Listening to music enable us to feel relaxed.听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松十四、 On no account can we+ V (我们绝对不能)例句： On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。十五、 It is time + S + 过去式(该是 的时候了 )例句： It is time the authorities concerned took pr
23、oper steps to solve the traffic problems.该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。十六、 Those who ( 的人 )例句： Those who violate traffic regulations should be punished.违反交通规定的人应该受处罚。十七、 There is no one but (没有人不 )例句： There is no one but longs to go to college.没有人不渴望上大学。十八、 be + forced/compelled/obliged + to + V ( 不得不)例句
24、：Since the examination is around the corner, I am compelled to give up doing sports.既然考试迫在眉睫，我不得不放弃做运动。十九、 It is conceivable that + 句子(可想而知的 )It is 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 11 页学习必备欢迎下载obvious that + 句子( 明显的 )It is apparent that + 句子( 显然的 )例句： It is conceivable that knowl
25、edge plays an important role in our life.可想而知，知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。二十、That is the reason why (那就是 的原因 )例句： Summer is sultry. That is the reason why I dont like it.夏天很燠热。那就是我不喜欢它的原因。二十一、 For the past+ 时间， S + 现在完成式 ( 过去 年来， 一直 )例句：For the past two years, I have been busy preparing for the examination.过
26、去两年来，我一直忙着准备考试。二十二、 Since + S + 过去式， S + 现在完成式。例句： Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard.自从他上高中，他一直很用功。二十三、It pays to + V (是值得的。 )例句：It pays to help others.帮助别人是值得的。二十四、 ess of thee society is based on harmony.社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。二十五、 Spare no effort to + V (不遗余力的 )例句： We should spa
27、re no effort to beautify our environment. 我们应该不遗余力的美化我们的环境。二十六、 bring home to + 人 + 事 (让明白事)例句： We should bring home to people the value of working hard.我们应该让人们明白努力的价值。二十七、be closely related to (与息息相关 )例句：Taking exercise is closely related to health.做运动与健康息息相关。二十八、 Get into the habit of + Ving= make
28、 it a rule to + V (养成 的习惯 )We should get into the habit of keeping good hours.我们应该养成早睡早起的习惯。二十九、Due to/Owing to/Thanks to + N/Ving, (因为 )例句：Thanks to his encouragement, I finally realized my dream.因为他的鼓励，我终于实现我的梦想。三十、 What a + Adj + N + S + V!= How + Adj + a + N + V!(多么 !)例句： What an important thing
29、 it is to keep our promise!How important a thing it is to keep our promise!遵守诺言是多么重要的事!三十一、 Leave much to be desired (令人不满意 )例句： The condition of our traffic leaves much to be desired.我们的交通状况令人不满意。三十二、 Have a great influence on ( 对 有很大的影响)例句： Smoking has a great influence on our health.抽烟对我们的健康有很大的影
30、响。三十三、 do good to ( 对有益 )， do harm to ( 对有害 )例句： Reading does good to our mind.读书对心灵有益。Overwork does harm to health. 工作过度对健康有害。三十四、 Pose a great threat to (对 造成一大威胁)例句： Pollution poses a great threat to our existence.污染对我们的生存造成一大威胁。三十五、 do ones utmost to + V = do ones best (尽全力去 )例句：We should do our
31、 utmost to achieve our goal in life.我们应尽全力去达成我们的人生目标。新托福作文的评分标准中非常重要的一项就是句型结构，句型结构丰富多变是一篇高分作文必不可少的。那到底怎样的句型才是高分句型呢? 怎样才能做到句型丰富呢?专家通过不断地归纳和总结， 将下面这十种高分句型介绍给大家。这些句型不需要你全都用上，因为只要用上几种就足以使你的写作成绩提高一个甚至几个档次。第一， 定语从句。 这应该算是写作中最常用的一种句型之一。适当地运用定语从句可以给你的文章增色不少。例如，下面的这两个句子用上定语从句马上就变成了一个漂亮的复杂句。精选学习资料 - - - - - -
32、 - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 11 页学习必备欢迎下载Bad books contain evil thoughts. In them, there might be much description about violence, superstition, and sex. Bad books, in which there might be much description about violence, superstition, and sex, contain evil thoughts. 第二， 状语从句。在写作当中运用的最多的是以下五种状
33、语从句，即原因状语从句，让步状语从句，条件状语从句，时间状语从句和目的状语从句。1. 原因状语从句：常由because, as, since和 for 引导。Eg: Nonetheless, I am still in favor of space travel, for its merits far outweigh demerits. 尽管如此，我还是赞成太空探险，因为它的好处远远大于坏处。2. 让步状语从句：常由although, though, even though/ if, as long 和 as not with standing 引导Eg: Although this vie
34、w is wildly held, this is little evidence that education can be obtained at any age and at any place. 尽管这一观点被广泛接受，很少有证据表明教育能够在任何地点、任何年龄进行。3. 条件状语从句：常由if, on the condition that 和 providing that 引导。Eg: If you want to achieve something or intend to fulfill one of your ambitions, you must work hard, mak
35、e efforts and get prepared. 假如你要取得成就或要实现你的雄心壮志，你必须努力工作、艰苦奋斗、准备好条件。4. 时间状语从句：常由when 和 while 引导Eg: When it comes to education, the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study. 说到教育，大部分人认为其是一个终生的学习。5. 目的状语从句: 常由 so that和 in order that 引导精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5
36、 页，共 11 页学习必备欢迎下载Eg: Millions of people have to spend more time and energy on studying new skills and technology so that they can keep a favorable position in job market. 成千上万的人们不得不花费更多的精力和时间学习新的技术和知识，使得他们在就业市场能保持优势。第三，宾语从句。Eg: Some people claim that government should be mainly responsible for the e
37、nvironmental pollution. 一些人认为政府应对环境污染负主要责任。Eg: Many experts point out that, along with the development of modern society, it is an inevitable result and there is no way to avoid it. 许多专家指出这是现代社会发展必然的结果，无法避免。第四，同位语从句。Eg: It is an undeniable fact that environmental pollution becomes increasingly serio
38、us. 环境污染变得越来越严重是不可否认的事实。Eg: No one can deny the basic fact that it is impossible for average workers to master those high-technology skills easily. 没有人能否认这一基本事实：对于一般工人来讲，轻松掌握这些技术是不可能的。第五，主语从句。Eg: What has caught our attention is /It is noticeable that the environment in both the rural and urban area
39、s is deteriorating. 值得注意的是农村和城市的生态环境都在不断恶化。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 11 页学习必备欢迎下载Eg: It is universally acknowledged that environmental pollution becomes one of the most serious problems in China or even the world as a whole. 众所周知，环境污染问题是中国乃至世界面临的最为严重的问题之一第六，强调句。It is + 被强调
40、的内容+ that Eg: It is cars and factories that release a great deal of gases, polluting the environment. 汽车和工厂排放大量的废气，使得环境被污染。第七，倒装句。Eg: Only if the government will take some appropriate measures, will this intractable problem be tackled. 只有政府采取适当的措施，这个棘手的问题才能被解决。第八，被动语态。Eg: Every means should be tried
41、 to protect the environment on which people live. 人们应竭尽全力来保护我们赖以生存的环境。第九，分词结构。包括现在分词和过去分词。Eg: Tourism, which is a rising industry, has become the major source of economy, playing crucial role in many Asian countries. 旅游业是一个新兴的行业，它成为经济的主要来源, 在很多东南亚国家起着尤为重要的作用。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - -
42、 - -第 7 页，共 11 页学习必备欢迎下载Eg: To be more specific, government should stage some relevant laws or regulations to severely punish the factory producing a great number of pollutants and the people littering or spitting deliberately. 具体来说，政府应该出台相关法律法规对制造大量污染物的工厂及故意乱扔垃圾随地吐痰的人进行严惩。第十，插入语。一种独立成分,与句子的其它成分一般没有
43、语法上的关系,大都是对一句话作一些附加说明或解释。它通常由一个词、一个短语或一个句子构成,位置较为灵活,可置于句首、句中或句末,一般用逗号或破折号与句子隔开。Eg: Computer, an indispensable part in our life, has brought us great conveniences. 电脑，我们生活中必不可少的一部分，给我们带来了极大的方便。Eg: College students, lacking social experience, are easily cheated. 大学生，没有社会经验，容易上当受骗。以下是托福短文写作中使用率最高、覆盖面最广
44、的基本句式，每组句式的功能相同或相似，考生可根据自己的情况选择其中的1 2 个，做到能够熟练正确地仿写或套用。1、表示原因1）There are three reasons for this. 2）The reasons for this are as follows. 3）The reason for this is obvious. 4）The reason for this is not far to seek. 5）The reason for this is that. 例如：There are three reasons for the changes that have take
45、n place in our life.Firstly,peoples living standard has been greatly improved.Secondly,most people are well paid,and they can afford what they need or like.Last but not least,more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life. 2、表示好处1）It has the following advantages. 2）It does us a lot of good. 3）It b
46、enefits us quite a lot. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页，共 11 页学习必备欢迎下载4）It is beneficial to us. 5）It is of great benefit to us. 例如：Books are like friends.They can help us know the world better,and they can open our minds and widen our horizons.Therefore,reading extensively is of g
47、reat benefit to us. 3、表示坏处1）It has more disadvantages than advantages. 2）It does us much harm. 3）It is harmfulto us. 例如： However,everything dividesinto two.Television can also 4、表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能1）It is important （necessary,difficult,convenient,possible ）for sb.to do sth. 2）We think it necessary to d
48、o sth. 3）It plays an important role in our life. 例如：Computers are now being used everywhere,whether in the government,in schools or in business.Soon,computers will be found in every home,too.We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have
49、stepped into the Computer Age. 5、表示措施1）We should take some effective measures. 2）We should try our best to overcome （conquer） the difficulties. 3）We should do our utmost in doing sth. 4）We should solve the problems that we are confronted（faced） with. 例如： The housing problem that we are confronted wi
50、th is becoming more and more serious.Therefore,we must take some effective measures to solve it. 1.According to a recent survey, four million people die each year from diseaseslinked to smoking. 依照最近的一项调查，每年有 4，000，000 人死于与吸烟有关的疾病。according to 这个词一定要注意它的用法,在文章中举例子常常用到.2. The latest surveys show that