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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 写作讲义 梁坚实 新东方梁坚实 I.xdf /liangjianshi 一、 Introduction 综合写作：客观题情形再现 听听力时努力记笔记,听懂且能登记来,否就不得分 字数要求：Integrated Writing ：200-300 Independent Writing：求 400,越多越好,一般写够 假如只写够最低值,得不了高分 打字速度：30min400 字以上 格式：如何分段：缩行式 空行式 不要又缩又空 标点符号后要空格,前面不空 如何用 TPO 作文：500 以上都是 good 综合写作： 33 道题全部复习材料1-10,
2、22-27,其余模考,练才能独立写作： 33 道题一道不要做,做机经；讲的二、综合写作（1）听力永久反对阅读2阅读和听力的文章结构一总三分阅读 听力总观点 总观点分论点一 分论点一30 道题必需会写；名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 23 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 说明 例子 +细节 细节 分论点二 分论点二 分论点三 分论点三Tips：对应性反对,三三对应,逐条反对 分论点 =要点4综合写作行文构架共四段 ：阅读主要说；阅读总观点 ；听力主要说；听力总观点 ；听力反对了阅读；阅读认为；阅读分论点一 ；听力认为；听力分论点一 ；那是由于；听力分
3、论点一后的细节 ；听力反对了阅读；阅读认为；阅读分论点二 ；听力认为；听力分论点二 ；那是由于；听力分 论点二后的细节 ；听力反对了阅读；阅读认为；阅读分论点三；听力认为；听力分论点三；那是由于；听力分 论点三后的细节 ；听力反对了阅读；综合写作不需要标题,不要写结尾 补充：1 阅读主旨句通常为第一段最终一句话；2 阅读中论点为主观想法时, 可以直接加 not 反推听力论点； 阅读中论点为客观 事实时,听力认为阅读中论点不充分；3 阅读主旨句概括文章将来结构时,论点常为主观想法,直接 +not 4 当阅读中一个论点有多个论证方式时,至少有一种论证方式为主观想法,听 力只反对主观想法 5 听完后
4、先不要动笔写,回忆一下听的和读的是否能对得上 关于行文框架的几点说明：A.综合写作 2,3,4 段每段必需包含 3 部分：阅读材料要点；听力材料的要点和细节；两者关系反对B.阅读的细节不重要,可以不写,一般不写；假如写阅读细节的话,就需要归纳名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 23 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 改写阅读的核心细节,最忌讳大段照抄阅读原文C.阅读分论点的位置：段首或者段尾占80%；不明确能归纳；如显现在段首或者段尾,同义改写：分论点比较短的,同义词稍稍改写个别词即可；分论点比较长的,归纳一下；有三种改写方式：同义词改写改写 necess
5、ary=necessity,全新表达方式everyday=daily,同根词D.听力材料无论是分论点仍是细节 用原词原句最精确, 不需要改写 ,把原文都记下来是一个抱负状态, 假如达不到的话自己去归纳,答应发挥；归纳必需遵照听力原文, 不E.核心思想是“ 替换”,表现用词用语的多样性,防止重复 Reading material,the author, the writer. F.得分的不是模板,是填的空 综合写作重要句型：1.The lecture discusses., which differs from the main idea in the reading that. 2.The p
6、rofessor makes the point that. The reading, in contrast, holds a different view that. 3.An important point shown in the reading material is that., but the listening presents a conflicting idea that. 4. The professor states that., which challenges the standpoint made by the writer who says that. 5.Th
7、e professor discusses that problem of. , and the reading views in a contrary different angle that. 6.The professor makes the point that.On the contrary in contrast, the writer demonstrates an idea that. 模板：The reading material discusses., which differs from the main idea in the listening that. An im
8、portant point shown in the reading material is that., but the listening presents a conflicting idea that. The writer makes the point that. The lecture, in contrast, holds a different view that. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 23 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - The author states that., which challenges the sta
9、ndpoint made by the professor who says that. 综合写作笔记要点：笔记不求完善,符号记笔记,中英文结合,首字母缩写；笔记是练出来的,形成个性化笔记；每个听力段落至少听 记完笔记后练习复述；一、写作流程 2 分钟审题10 遍,练习记笔记；独立写作题型分类 9 种,价值判定、现象证明及其他解题方法万金油、拆分举例文章结构 论证方法开头 主体段落主题句 +说明+例子 +细节 +结论结尾2 分钟检查 二、托福作文观点的要求 由于托福作文题目都是可争辩性的话题,所以同意或者反对,选 A 或者选 B 都 是可以的；观点的选取不需要完善的规律,只要自圆其说即可；观点
10、也不需要思想深度,也不需要创新；- 永久写好写的,自己能写的；尽量不要涉及到政治、宗教等问题；三、文章结构 四或者五段都可；名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 23 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 开头结尾独立成段,中间可以写 2-3 段都可以；字数安排开头 50 词 结尾 30 词 即开头 +结尾大约 100 词 中间写 3 段,每段 100 词,100 词不简单显现语言重复,所以五段比四段每段 150 词好 时间安排 开头 3 分钟 结尾 2 分钟 中间每段 100 词 7 分钟 每段 150 词 10 分钟 四、论证结构确定论证：全部的观点指向一个
11、方向五段： A A+ A+ A+/B- A 四段： A A+ A+ A 让步论证：肯定要写五段；让一小步五段： A A+ A+ A- A 五、开头观点明确1.三部分内容：引言重要性 /影响/趋势论题同义改写题目观点2.句型1第一句话 重要性 Importance .play an essential role in. .be of equal importance to. .be considered to be important means/role to. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 23 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 影响 Influe
12、nce .had a widespread/positive/negative impact on. 趋势 Prevalence There is a general trend that. There is a common practice that. 2其次句话 论题同义改写题目：同义词；同根词；全新表达方式. Is a controversial topic. .is under fierce discussion. However, people have conflicting/differing opinions about whether. 3第三句话：观点 Eg：1.Agre
13、e or disagree: Technology makes peoples lives more complicated. Technology has had tremendous impact on every aspect of modern life. However, whether technology made our lives more complex or not is a controversial topic. From my perspective, I believe technology has made our lives more convenient.
14、2.Many people have a close relationship with their pets. These people treat their birds, cats, or other animals as members of their family. In your opinion, are such relationships good. Pets are an integral/essential part of the modern life. However, people are having differing opinions about whethe
15、r it is beneficial to have a close relationship with them. I believe such a relationship brings benefits to people in various ways despite some potential harms.典型让步3. People should not pay for public transportation. 试写：Public transportation plays an essential role in our modern daily life. However,
16、whether people should pay for using public transportation or not is a controversial topic. From my perspective, people should not pay for public transportation. 范例：名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 23 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - There is a general trend that the situation of traffic jams and air pollution h
17、as been progressively serious. Wether public transportation should be made free is under fierce discussion. I believe the plan should be implemented. 六、中间段落的写法结构：主题句 +说明 +例子 +细节 +结论1.主题句：前置于段首,陈述句；2.说明：说明的适用范畴：不要套长模板,长模板不算有效字数在任何情形下都可以说明,特别在以下两种情形下必需要说明：当主题句抽象难懂之时,要用说明的方法使主题句详细化,为举例子打基础；当例子细节难以写出如艺术
18、说明的实现方法：为什么是这样 /为什么要这样 Eg1：吸烟有害健康；,写不够字数时,用说明的方法充字数；属于常识, 不抽象, 可以直接举例子,不过任何情形都可以说明,所以也可以说明并且举例 子；Eg2：主题句：电影模式化导致电影产业进展缓慢；说明：情节过于一样,导致在影片一开头的时候,观众就能轻而易举的猜出结尾；举例： 王子公主土匪的故事,一开头我就能猜出谁和文雅的公主结婚了,谁被打死了；观众 不爱买票,就缓慢了；范例：To begin with, stereotyped movies will decelerate the rate at which the movie industry d
19、evelops. It is because there is no innovation in designing the plot. Once the audience can easily guess the ending at the beginning of movies, they will soon find those movies boring. For example, a good-looking hero and an ugly villain, do you think who will marry the elegant princess and who will
20、be put into jail finally in those movies. The answer is quite obvious. In this case, people will be reluctant to put movie tickets and as a result, the whole movie industry may actually suffer. 试写：From my perspective, The stereotype of movies will lead to a decrease of the development speed 名师归纳总结 -
21、 - - - - - -第 7 页,共 23 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - in movie industry. The consistent plots are likely to cause the situation where the audience can guess the ending of the story without efforts at the very beginning of the movie. Take the story of prince, princess and thief for example. I can surmise
22、who will finally marry the princess and who will be hit to death from the start. Thus the audience would not like to but tickets to watch such story, so the development process will be delayed. 3.举例 真与假托福作文考试不考察真实性本人与别人 中国人与外国人一例与多例 一段中 举一例后字数不够,例子种类：相同类型 的例子连续举物东西、事人、数例依据 .调查,得出 .结论找素材的方法：维基百科事例 取决
23、于话题大小话题大：名人 创新、胜利两类话题Eg: 亨利福特,史蒂夫乔布斯,沃尔特迪士尼,比尔盖茨,扎克伯格科技进步,制造力；奥巴马,赖斯黑人的胜利；默克尔,希拉里克林顿女人的胜利包括：生平简介20 词制造贡献50-60 词社会评判20 词话题小：凡人my uncle 数例 ：背两个模板,只要套模板没数字也可以 缺点：字数太少 解决方案：数例 +事例举多例数例 +事例举多例物例 +事例举多例总结：使段落变长的方法1 主题句后的说明 2 举一例深化挖掘细节 3 举多例平行给出细节 4 物、事、数例搭配使段落变长 5 以上方法结合起来Eg：People can solve important pro
24、blems by themselves or with the help from their family members so theres no need for the government to help them. 观点：不赞成Firstly, people cannot solve the problem of unemployment either by 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页,共 23 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - themselves or with the help from their family members.主题
25、句Unemployment is sometimes a nation-wide or even world-wide problem, It largely depends on the economic situation and government policies.解释According to a report issued by China Economic and Financial Research CenterCEFRC, the rate of unemployment soars from a normal value of 3% to a horrible number
26、, around 10%, when the financial crisis happens.数例In this case, government is responsible to carry out effective policies, like to increase governments expenditure, to create more job opportunities in the whole society, and to cut down the negative impact of the economic disorder.attention:economic
27、disorder=financial crisis In contrast, a persons individual willingness and ability seems useless and it is barely possible for him to remedy the social disease. 九、结尾 结尾照料主题,重述分论点同义改写十、回忆 开头 第一句话重要性,影响,趋势其次句话：主题句 第三句话：观点 中间段 主题句 +说明 +举例子物、事、数例+细节 +结论 结尾名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页,共 23 页精选学习资料 - - - -
28、- - - - - 独立写作题型：价值判定 现象证明 今昔比照与猜测 确定词 抽象词之“ 胜利”抽象词之“ 幸福”资源安排 薪水问题 选课问题一价值判定 价值判定就是分析一个事物的优缺点 基本特点： should, important, necessary, prefer单纯的价值判定 better, more.than.带有明显比较关系的价值判定段落绽开要用比照法 每一段都写 A 的优点和 B 的缺点 解题方法：1.万金油 10 个常用分论点：便利,健康,经济,沟通,幸福,胜利,环保,品德,科技,国家社会“ 便健经交幸 成环品科国”便利 convenience：节约 /铺张时间 时间敏捷 交
29、通 休闲、消遣 购物名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 10 页,共 23 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 训练 医疗健康和安全：养分 well-balanced nutrition 压力过大 get stressed out缓解压力 relieve the stress/pressure生活习惯 life style: stay up 财产安全 property /possession/esteem safety经济：就业问题 工资 wage/salary收入 income 支出 spending/expenditure/expense盈利 make profit
30、s 沟通：交友 make friends 集体活动 collective activity 人际关系 interpersonal relationship 社交圈子 enlarge social circle 幸福 happiness：基本生活需求basic needs安全感 safety感情 family love/friendship/love/interests/ 胜利 success：好恶： personal favor/preference/taste成就感 a sense of achievement/accomplishment/fulfillment 荣誉感 a sense o
31、f honor 自信 self-confidence 竞争 competition 压力 pressure/stress 环保：生态平稳 ecological balance 沙漠化 desertification 滥砍滥伐 deforestation 可连续进展 sustainable development 濒危动物 endangered animals Dinosaurs have been extinct. 环境污染 environmental pollution 品行 virtue ：名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 11 页,共 23 页精选学习资料 - - - - -
32、- - - - 坚强不拔 perseverance/tenacity勤奋 industrious/diligence 独立 independence 团队合作 team spirit 老实 honesty/integrity 科技与训练：学习学问 acquire knowledge 留意动词 科技的进展与创新scientific development and innovation 国家与社会 nation and society 社会福利 social welfare思乡情结 nostalgia/homesickness爱国情怀 政府声誉 让步段的写法：教材 76 页让步段：Admitted
33、ly, 让步段的主题句；+绽开 +反对 Admittedly, financial management at a younger age may allow children to become more responsible and organized. When parents ask their children to budget their pocket money, instead of being taken care of everything, children are actually treated like independent adults. This sens
34、e of trust and expectation may not only motivate them to become more attentive to price and market, but also teach them to resist shopping urges when they grow up. Besides, it is conceivable that those who have received early money-managing education would hardly get into debts or make reckless inve
35、stments. Admittedly, media has had certain negative effects on children. The increasing scenes of violence and pornography inevitably cause imitation among teenagers, since they are at that particular stage in life where anything they are exposed to seriously impacts their minds. According to a rece
36、nt survey conducted by Chinese Children Delinquency AssociationCCDA which polled hundreds of young criminals aged 12 to 18, most of respondents claimed that they copied violent behaviors learnt from television shows and movies. Thus to some extent, television shows and movies are responsible for som
37、e of the problematic behaviors.However, television and movies also bring us many benefits. 2.拆分举例 78 页 两个原就：（1）拆题干中的名词,可以有好几种拆法（2）拆分的结果之间彼此互斥即可,而不需要无穷无尽 两个都拆的情形：一般不需要两个都拆 中国人 city buses 美国人 highway 日本人 trains 二现象证明类名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 12 页,共 23 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 判定标准：证明现象是否存在解题方法：1.找事发理由万金
38、油2.拆分法 三薪水问题 一、出题方式主项+ 小项高薪和低薪长和短离家远和离家近 易失去和不易失去 假期短和假期长 亲友时间短和长 二、解题思路 不管怎么问,永久选高薪四大好处,选两个First, money meets basic needs. I would not have to worry about paying rents or mortgages. I can send my children to expensive private schools. I would not have to worry about medical bills. 不要绽开基本需求Second, m
39、oney allows me to pursue personal interests. Since I m a big fan of luxurious cars, like Mercedes Benz or BMW Dior, Gucci, Chanel, Louis Vuitton, if I have a high-paying job, I can own all my dream cars. I also like to travel. If I have enough money, I can travel to remote places like Africa , the A
40、rctic or even the outer space. Thirdly, money makes it possible for me to help others in need. If my job pays well enough, I will donate part of my income to charity, helping the African kids to combat AIDS or the Cambodians get rid of the deadly landmines. 如何捐钱？名师归纳总结 训练软件 -请好老师,硬件-电脑第 13 页,共 23 页医
41、疗医学讨论,病人救济-AIDS ,cancer- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - Fourthly, a high salary job receives more respect. People roll out the red carpet for lawyers, medical doctors and business leaders. In contrast, a construction worker or a supermarket cashier usually does not receive that treatment. It is
42、 because these professionals play a tremendous rolein the society. Lawyers defend the innocent. Medical doctors make the difference between life and death. Investment bankers make millions of dollars for their investors. 三、论证方法 让步论证兼谈小项Admittedly, 离家远可以买近的房子. Admittedly, a job with more vacations al
43、lows us to spend more time on our hobbies, such as painting, shipping and traveling. Usually, a businessman seldom has chances to go for a trip due to his workload. It is quite possible that he suffers from much complaint from his wife and children. However, without enough financial supports, we can
44、not really enjoy our hobbies but become indoors men in contrast. （四）选课问题 一、选课主体 高校生、高中生、小孩儿 二、选课科目 历史课 基础理科课 经济学课程 外国文化课 外语课 音乐美术课 三、解题思路 学不同的课的好处不同,危害相同 所以思路：永久不选课 由于：名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 14 页,共 23 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 经济压力大 精神压力大 四、论证方法 让步论证：学这些课仍有点儿用 Never take the courses: 1.The 选课科目 courses put more pressure on students. 选课主体 students now have alrea