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1、精品_精品资料_语法总结全集名词和主谓一样一、 名词的分类英语中名词主要可以分为可数名词和不行数名词.1可数名词可数名词一般都有单复数.单数时,名词前可加不定冠词a/an .复数时,前面可加数词,名词本身要改成复数形式.可数名词的复数有规章和不规章两种变化.规章的名词,只要在单数名词之后加“ s”, “es”或去“ y”加“ ies”就行,如： an umbrella, twelve umbrellas .a factory, three factories .不规章的名词变化就要靠积存记忆,如： a mouse, ten mice . a policeman, six policemen .
2、有少数可数名词, 如 sheep,works（ 工厂）,Chinese 等,它们的单复数同形： a sheep, four sheep. a chemical works, five chemical works .此外, 仍有一些可数名词只有复数形式, 如 clothes ,trousers ,cattle ,police ,people 人, 人民 等.英语名词中仍有一些合成词,它们的复数形式有三种可能：1）后面的部分变成复数形 式： grown-ups , boy students , grandchildren .2）前面的部分变成复数形式：passers-by, lookers-on
3、 , sons-in-law .3）前、后都变成复数形式：men doctors , women drivers . 2不行数名词不行数名词没有单复数的变化,前面也不能加a/an ,或数词.但是我们可以用量词来表示不行数名词的数量,单复数表现在量词上,如：a piece of paper . two pieces of paper .在有些情形下, 不行数名词也可用a/an ,表“一种”、“某种” 的意思, 如 have a wonderful time , receive a good education ,be made into a fine paper .有时为了表示量大,不行数名词的
4、后面也可加“s”,如 sands, ashes, waters 等.但是我们在学习不行数名词的时候,特殊要记住英语中有一些名词,它们无论在什么情况下,前面都不能用a/an ,后面也不行加“ s”,如 weather , information ,等.3. 有的名词既可是可数名词,也可是不行数名词英语中有相当一部分的名词,既可以是可数, 也可以是不行数, 它们的意义有时略有不同,有时就完全不同.如：difficulty, success, time, work , paper, glass,等.4. 用于表示可数与不行数名词的数量“多”“少”的常用词和词组跟可数名词连用的如：few, a few
5、, many.跟不行数名词连用的如：little, a little, much .可数与不行数都能用的是：a lot of , plenty of .二、主谓一样1. 通常被看作单数的主语部分1） 不定式、动名词和主语从句.eg. To see is to believe.Seeing is believing.What he said was different from what he did.2） 表示“时间” “距离”“金钱数量”的名词.eg. Twenty years is quite a long time.10 kilometers doesn t seem to be a l
6、ong distanMcierat.o 300 dollars is too much for this old coin.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_3） 数学式子.eg. Two plus five is seven.4） 书报杂志、国家、单位的名字.eg. The Times is published daily.The United States is a big country.5） 前面用 a kind of, a sort of 或 this kind of, this sort of等词组的名词.eg. This kind of trees often gr
7、ows well in warm weather.6） 代词 either, neither 作主语.eg. Either of the plans is good.Neither of them was carrying a weapon.7） many a/ more than one加单数名词,或 one out of 加复数名词作主语.eg. Many a young man has tried and failed.More than one employee has been dismissed.One out of ten thousand computers was infec
8、ted with the virus.2. 通常被看作复数的主语部分1） 一些只有复数的名词如clothes, trousers, police 等.eg. These trousers are dirty.但要留意比较： A new pair of trousers is what you need .2） 代词 both 作主语.eg. Both of them have received high education.3. 需要进行分析才能确定的主语部分1）代词 all, some,作主语.所代的名词是可数名词,就看作复数.是不行数名词,就看作单数.eg. All is ready. =
9、 Everything is ready.All are present. = All the people/students. are present.2）a lot of, lots of, plenty of, some, any, 20% of, half of. 等词组作主语.所修饰的名词是可数名词,就看作复数.是不行数名词,就看作单数.eg. 70% of the surface of the earth is covered with water.90% of the graduates from the high school go to university.3） 关系代词
10、who, which, that作主语.由先行词打算单、复数.eg. The student who is talking with the principal is Tom.The students who have chosen physics will have a test tomorrow.但要留意 one of . 与 only one of. 所修饰的先行词.eg. He is one of the students in our class who have been to Beijing.He is the only one of the students who has b
11、een to London.4） 一些表示集体意义的名词如family, team, class 等.当这些名词强调的是一个整体时,看作单数. 当它们强调的是这个集体中的成员时,看作复数.eg. Happy families are all alike; every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way.My family are all early risers.4. 显现在句首,用连词或介词连接的两个名词或词组1） 用 both.and. 连接的两个名词看作复数.Both Kate and Jean are football players.可编
12、辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_2） 用 or, either.or., neither.nor., not only.but also.连接的两个名词,由靠近动词的名词打算单复数.Either you or I am to go.Not only the students but also the teacher has to observe the rules.3） 用 as well as, together with, like, besides, but, except等连接的两个名词,由第一个名词打算单复数.eg. His eyebrows as well as his
13、 hair are now white. No one but these two peasants has been there.实际上这些都是介词短语提前,不是并列的主语.4） 用 and 连接的两个名词有几种情形：a) 看作复数.eg. Tom and Mary are primary pupils.b) 在有 every . and every ., each . and each . 的时候. 或用 and 连接的两个名词表示的是一件东西或一个人时,看作单数.eg. Every boy and every girl in our country has the right to go
14、 to school.Bread and butter is what he eats for breakfast every day.高考真题试析：01 年 23 题As a result of destroying the forests, a largeof desertcovered the land.A. number; hasB. quantity; hasC. number; haveD. quantity; have选 B.由于第一格后的名词desert谓语要用单数形式.是不行数名词,所以A、C 两项排除.又desert 做主语,02 年（春） 26 题He is the on
15、ly one of the students whoa winner of scholarship for three years.A. isB. areC. have beenD. has been选 D.由于定语从句的先行词是由only one of 修饰, 所以应看成单数. 另外后面有时间状语for three years ,所以用现在完成时态.03 年 28 题The young dancers looked so charming in their beautiful clothes that we tookpictures of them.A. many ofB. masses o
16、fC. the number ofD. a large amount of选 B. 空格后面的名词是复数,所以不行以选D,而 many 后不跟 of 用,所以 A 项排除.the number of的确是放在可数名词复数的前面,但意思是“.的数量 ”,不符合题意.03 年（春） 28 题Where and when to go for the on-salary holidayyet.A. are not decidedB. have not been decidedC. is not being decidedD. has not been decided选 D.此句是不定式做主语,看成单数
17、.而C 项的时态不对,所以只有D.04 年（春） 30.题可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_No one in the department but Tom and Ithat the director is going to resign.A. knowsB. knowC. have known D. am to know选 A.谓语动词应当跟no one 一样,所以选 A.05 年（春） 28 题We have only a sofa, a table and a bed in our new apartment.We need to buymore furniture.A.
18、 any B. manyC. littleD. some选 D.后面的名词是 furniture ,不行数.而且整句的意思是“要买些家具”,是确定意义,所以选 D.05 年（春） 42 题Telephone messages for the manageron her desk but she didn t notice them.A. were left B. was leftC. was leaving D. were leaving选 A.句子的主语是 messages,是复数,另外它与动词“留（在桌上）”的关系是被动.05 年 31 题Professor Smith, along wi
19、thhis assistants,on the projectday and nightto meetthe deadline.A. workB. workingC. is workingD. are working选 C.谓语的单复数跟Professor Smith 一样,应当是单数.动词的时态与语态一、动词的时态英语的动词可以有十六种变化,但现在常用的是十二种, 其中有九种是高中同学必需把握的,仍有三种只要懂得.现以动词do 为例,十二种时态的形式列表如下：一般进行完成完成进行现在do/doesis/am/are doinghave/has donehave/hasbeen过去didwas
20、/were doinghad donedoing*had been doing将来过去将来shall/will dowould do*shall/will be doing*shall/will have done（打星号的为懂得项目）1. 一般现在时态A) 意义：现阶段常常反复发生的动作或现在的状态.eg. He gets up at six every morning.There is a big tree in the back yard.B) 常用的时间状语：always, often, usually, sometimes, seldom, never, every day, onc
21、e a week,等.C) 表示一种真理、自然规律等,在间接引语中也仍旧用一般现在时态.eg. The scientist explained that the earth goes round the sun, but no one believed him then.D) 在时间、条件等状语从句中,代替将来时.eg. If he is not busy, he will come to the party tomorrow.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_E) 留意第三人称单数时,动词后面要加“s”.2. 一般过去时态A) 意义：过去的动作或状态.留意,即使是刚刚发生的事情
22、,时间特别短,也要用过去时态.如： Why. It s you Mary. I didnt know you were here.B) 常用的时间状语：yesterday, last week, 3 years ago, just now, 等.C动词过去式的规章变化（加ed）和不规章变化. 3一般将来时态A) 意义：将来要发生的动作或状态.B) 常用的时间状语：tomorrow, next moth, in two weeks,等.C) 除了用 shall/will之外的将来表达法：a) is/am/are going to do ,意为“准备、预备、立刻就要”.eg. It s going
23、 to rain.b) is/am/are to do ,意为“（方案好 / 支配好）要”eg. The new underground railway is to be opened to traffic next year. cis/am/are about to do ,意为“立刻就要” .eg. Hurry up. The plane is about to take off.d 某些动词 （主要是一些表示位置移动的动词）可用一般现在时态或现在进行时态表示将来的动作.eg. The train leaves for Beijing at 8:30 this evening.He is
24、going to London next week.4. 现在进行时态A) 意义：表示在说话的同时或最近一个阶段正在发生的动作.B) 常用的时间状语：now, these days, at present, at the moment,等.C) 有时可以和 always, constantly, forever 等时间状语连用,表示说话人的某中特殊的感情.eg. He is always thinking of others.Mrs Smith is constantly quarrelling with her neighbours.D) 有些瞬时动词可以用进行时态表示“立刻就要”eg. T
25、he old man is dying.E) 英语中有些表示状态、 感觉、心理活动的动词没有进行时态,如 know, understand, believe, like, love, see, hear, seem, 等等.5. 过去进行时态A) 意义：表示过去某个时刻正在做的动作.B) 常用的时间状语：this time yesterday, at 9:00 last night,等.C) 有些动词（主要是一些表示位置移动等的动词和瞬时动词）的过去进行时态可以表示过去将来的意义.eg. I was told that she was leaving for Australia the nex
26、t morning.*6 将来进行时态A) 意义：表示将来某个时刻正在发生的动作.B) 常用的时间状语：this time tomorrow, at 9:00 next Sunday morning,等.eg. What will you be doing at 9:00 on June 7next year.7. 现在完成时态A) 意义： a. 表示过去某个时刻开头, 始终连续到现在的动作或状态.（只有部分连续性动词, 如 live, work, study,等可以表示这一意义）eg. I have lived in Shanghai since I was born.可编辑资料 - - -
27、 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_He has been married for half a year.b. 表示过去做过的某一个动作对现在的影响.eg. I have seen this film. It s fantastic.Jack is playing video games, because he has done his homework.B) 常用的时间状语：a. since 1990, for 9 years,等.b. already, yet, just, now, this week, never, ever, so far, up till now, lately, in t
28、he past/last few years,等.C) b 组所表示的现在完成时态与过去时态的区分：虽然现在完成时态b 组表示的动作也是发生在过去, 但它强调的是与现在的关系,而过去时态只表示过去发生的动作,表达一个事实.试比较：eg. 1 He went to Beijing two days ago.He has gone to Beijing.2 Henry lost his mobile phone yesterday, but found it later. Henry has lost his mobile phone again.D) 瞬时动词要表示 “始终到现在” ,不能直接用
29、 “完成时态加 for ”的方式, 必需用其他句型.eg. 他离开上海已经三天了.He has left Shanghai. He left three days ago.He has been away from Shanghai for three days. It is three days since he left Shanghai.8. 过去完成时态A) 意义：表示过去某个时刻之前所做的动作,即“过去的过去”.所以一般要用过去完成时态的话,句子中或上下文肯定有一个过去时态的动作或时间状语做比较,才能用.eg. He had learned English before he wen
30、t to Canada. B常用的时间状语：by the end of last year等.C) 在用间接引语时,主句的动词是过去时态,用来替换直接引语中的过去时态或现在完成时态.eg. He asked the girl,“ Where have you been.” He asked the girl where she had been.He said,“ I cleaned the classroom yesterday.” He said that he had cleaned the room the day before.D) 有些动词（如 hope, wish, expect
31、, think, intend, mean, suppose等）的过去完成时态可表示过去事实上没有实现的期望、方案等.eg. I had hoped to attend the party, but I was too busy.*9 将来完成时态A意义：表示在将来某个时刻之前将会完成的动作.B常用的时间状语：by the end of next year 等.eg. You will have studied English for 10 years by the time you finish high school.10. 现在完成进行时态A) 意义：表示一个动作从过去开头,始终连续到现
32、在.（同现在完成时态的第一种意义）B) 常用时间状语： since ., for ., so far, up till now等.C) 现在完成进行时态与现在完成时态的比较：只有现在完成时态的第一种意义的那些动词,它们的现在完成与现在完成进行两种时态表示的意义相同,可以互换使用.eg. I have studied here for 3 years.= I have been studying here for 3 years.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_而其他的一些动词,使用两种时态,意义就各不相同了.试比较： The little boy has read the te
33、xt. （小男孩已经读过课文了. ）The little boy has been reading the text. （小男孩始终在读课文. ） 试翻译： 1）从上午九点开头我就始终在做功课.I have been doing my homework since 9 in the morning.2）今日的功课我已经做好了.I have done today s homework.*11 过去完成进行时态意义：表示从过去某一时间开头的动作始终连续了一段时间再终止.（终止的时间点也在过去）eg. He had been searching for the watch for a half ho
34、ur when we came back.12过去将来时态意义：表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作或状态,一般多用在间接引语中.eg. He told me that he would read the book a second time.二、动词的语态英语中的动词可分为及物动词和不及物动词,以及系动词. 及物动词有主动语态和被动语态.不及物动词或动词词组 （如 happen, belong to, take place 等）和系动词（如 become, seem, sound, look, taste, 等）没有被动语态.1. 以动词 do 为例,被动语态的各种时态的表达方式如下表：一般进
35、行完成现在is/am/are doneis/am/are being donehave/has been done过去将来was/were doneshall/will be donewas/were being donehad been doneshall/will be done过去将来would be done各种时态在助动词be 上表示,动作由过去分词表达.2. 留意在动词词组变被动的时候,原先词组中的介词或副词不要漏掉.eg. The villagers took good care of the wounded soldier. The soldier was taken good
36、 care of by the villagers.3. 有些动词既是及物动词,又是不及物动词,这些动词比较少用被动语态. eg. We begin our class at 8:00 every morning. . Our class is begun . .Our class begins at 8:00 every morning.4. 有少数动词或动词词组可用主动形式,表示（从中文里我们所感觉的）被动意义.eg. The book sells poorly.His translation reads better than yours. Who is to blame for the
37、 accident.高考真题试析：02 年 23 题He will have learned English for eight years by the time hefrom the university next year.A. will graduateB. will have graduatedC. graduatesB. is to graduate选 C.虽然句子的时间状语是next year,但是“他从高校毕业”是以by the time 引出的状语从句,在状语从句中,用现在时态代替将来时态.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_02 年 24 题I feel it
38、is your husband whofor the spoiled child.A. is to blameB. is going to blame C. is to be blamedD. should blame选 A.由于词组 be to blame for 这一词组用主动形式来表示中文中“该为某事受到批评”的被动意义.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_02 年 29 题“ Will you go skiing with me this winter vacation.“ It.”可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_A. all dependB. all de
39、pends C. is all dependedD. is all depending选 B.It all depends. 是习惯说法,意思为“要看情形而定了”,不用将来时态,也不用被动语态.03 年 32.题I thought Jim would say something about his school report, but heit.A. doesn t mention B. hadn t mentioned C. didn t mentionD. hasn t mentioned选 C.从前面一句 I though 可以看出是过去时态,用but 连接的两个并列句中的动作是发生在同
40、一时间,所以后面的动词也应当是过去时态.04 年 29 题The first use of atomic weapons was in 1945, and their powerincreased enormously ever since.A. isB. wasC. has beenD. had been选 C.由于句子的时间状语是ever since,意即“自从那时起” （“那时”指前面讲到的1945年）,所以是现在完成时态.04 年 30 题The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if peoplet
41、o eat more fruit and vegetables.A. persuade B. will persuadeC. be persuadedD. are persuaded选 D.由于“人们”和“说服”是动宾关系,所以用被动语态.05 年 30 题More than a dozen students in that schoolabroad to study medicine last year.A. sent B. were sentC had sentD. had been sent选 B.由于同学是被送到国外学医的,所以要用被动语态,而句末时间状语说明要用过去时态.可编辑资料
42、- - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_06 年 27 题Send my regards to your lovely wife when youhome.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_A. wroteB. will writeC. have writtenD. write选 D.这是祈使句中的状语从句的动词,所以用一般现在时态代替将来时态.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_06 年 32 题When he turned professional at the age of 11, Miketo become a world champion by his可编辑资料
43、 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_coach and parents.A. expected B. was expectingC. was expectedD. would be expected选 C.依据整个句子的意思,可以判定,是他的教练和父母期盼马克成为世界冠军,所以用被动语态,时间在他7 岁的时候,明显是过去时态.07 年 28.题“ Did you tidy your room.”“ No, I was going to tidy my room but Ivisitors.”A. had B. haveC. have hadD. will have选 A.依据前面的疑问句,可
44、判定谈论的是过去的事情,而且回答的前半句也说明白时态： “我刚要打扫屋子,但我有客人来访了”是过去时态.07 年 30 题With the help of high technology, more and more new substancesin the past years.A. discoveredB. have discoveredC. had been discoveredD. have been discovered选 D.全句的时间状语是in the past years,是典型的现在完成时态的时间状语,而且“发觉” 与“新的物质材料”是动宾关系.情态动词一、 can, may
45、, must依据意思与习惯用法,我们可以把 can, may, must 分成以下两组用法, 便利学习与把握.1. 第一组用法见下表（主要在中学的时候我们所把握的）：词义确定否定疑问过去式can能、会cancan tCan.couldmay可以maymustn t/may notMay.mightmust必需mustneedn tMust.must/had toA) cana) can 的确定、否定、疑问及过去式的例句：eg. Computers can do a lot of things for us.Money cannot buy everything.Can you speak French.I could run very fast when I was young.b) can 与 be able tocan 与 be able to 的意思相近, 常常可以互换使用, 但是 be able to 除了有一般现在与过去时态之外, 仍有将来、 完成等时态, 所以要表示将来能够或已经能够做什么事,就要用 be ableto.eg. You will be able to communicate with foreigners fluently if yo