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1、精品_精品资料_第 1 页共 40 页【学问精讲 】资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -高中英语语法归纳总结一、名词可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_名词是表示人,事物,的点或抽象概念的名称的词.专出名表示某个(些)人,的方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing ,China 等词一般名可数名词个体名词集体名词表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:gun表示如干个个体组成的集合体,如:family词不行数名词物质名词抽象名词表示无法分为个体的实物,如:air表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:work一、名词的数在熟识可数名词单数变复数规章的基础
2、上,突出以下几点:1. 以 s 结尾,仍为单数的名词多为学科名词 ,如:physics, linguistics, mathematics, politics, statistics, news , the United States2. 抽象名词表示详细或特定的事例时也可作可数名词,单数前面应有不定冠词.如:(1) pleasure, surprise, help, success, failure, danger, difficulty, wonder 等意为“ . 的人 / 物”.如: The meeting is a success.(2) worry, honor, disaster
3、, rain, snow, fog, wind, gas, fire, crop, coffee, tea, food等不行数名词,指“一种” 、“一场”及“多种” 、“多场”时,可以有其单、复数形式.如:There have been strong winds over the last two months.(3) a need, a discovery, a love, a good time, a collection of, a knowledge of, a history of, a population of, an area of, an understanding of等已
4、形成固定形式.如: He has a good practical knowledge of computer science.3. 表示一类事物的总称的名词,不能加-s ,如:machinery, furniture, equipment, technology, luggage, baggage, homework, evidence4. 一些名词单数和复数形式表达不同的意思,如:chicken 鸡肉 / chickens 小鸡 ; fish 鱼肉 / fishes fish 各种鱼 ; paper 纸 / papers试卷 ; water 水 / waters 水域, room 空间 /
5、 rooms 房间5. 只有复数形式的名词,如:glasses (眼镜) ,trousers, clothes, scissors 等,留意加单位名词的用法:a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers6. 一些名词形式上虽是单数,但表示的是复数含义,如:people , police, cattle, staff, public, the +adj., the +分词 ;(表示一类人)7. 以复数形式显现,表达复数含义,如:belongings, surroundings, earnings, savings, shoes, socks, goods, t
6、hanks, congratulations, funds, pains, arms, troops8. 集合名词看成一个整体时,谓语用单数,如侧重各个成员,就用复数,如:audience,class,couple,crowd,family,group,government,publicThe average family is a great deal smaller than it used to be. My family are going with me.9. 单复数同形的名词,如:fish, deer, sheep, youth, Chinese, Japanese, means,
7、 species, crossroads, series, works(,li里) , yuan(元) , mu(亩)等 How many deer are there in Dafeng now.10. 合成名词构成复数时,通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数,假如没有主体名词,就将最终一个部分变为复数,如:sons-in-law, passers-by, story-tellers, breakfasts, housewives11. 不规章名词的“数” ,如:woman -women, child-children, ox -oxen, tooth -teeth, goose -geese
8、, foot -feet, mouse -mice, phenomenon-phenomena, analysis-analyses, 12 . 专出名词的“数” ,如:史密斯一家人the Smiths 两个玛丽two Marys13. 非名词类词汇的“数” ,如:缩写,数字,字母的复数常用加s 的方法来构成three a.s; two but.s; in one.s twenties; in the 1980.s1980s Nothing is in good order but at sixes and sevens. 乱七八糟You mightn.t as well use so man
9、y and.s in your conversation.14. 留意以下名词为不行数名词:advice, baggage, change零钱, equipment, furniture, fun ,hair, homework, information, luggage, money, news, progress, traffic.二、名词全部格英语中有些名词可以加s 来表示全部关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的全部格,1. 单数名词词尾加s,复数名词词尾没有s,也要加 s ,如: the boys bag 男孩的书包, mens room 男厕所.2. 如名词已有复数词尾-s ,只加
10、 ,如: the workers struggle工人的斗争.3. 复合名词和短语的全部格在最终的词后面加s, 如:her brother-in-laws bike, someone elses keys a day or twos rest4. 假如两个名词并列,并且分别有s,就表示 分别有 .只有一个 s,就表示 共有 . Johns and Marys rooms(两间)John and Marys room(一间)5. 在表示店铺或教堂,诊所的名字或某人的家时,名词全部格的后面常省略它所修饰的名词,如: 在诊所 at the doctor.s 在我姐家 at my sisters6.
11、双重全部格 ,of +名词 s 结构表示全体中的一部分,如:a friend of my fathers , works of Lu Xuns留意: 当 of 之前的名词是picture, portrait 等词时含义不同This is a picture of my friends.这是我伴侣保藏的一幅画This is a picture of my friend.这是我伴侣的一张照片可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_学习资料 名师精选 - - - - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 40 页 - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精
12、品资料_第 2 页共 40 页三. 名词作定语1. 一般用单数形式,如:资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_a stone bridge, a meeting room, morning exercises, a shoe shop2. 个别名词用复数作定语,sports, sales, clothes, goods, arts, customs等,如: sports meeting 运动会students reading-room 同学阅览室a goods train 货车 talks table 谈判桌t
13、he foreign languages department 外语系 customs house海关3. man, woman, gentleman 等作定语时,其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定.如:a woman teacher, men workers, women teachers, gentlemen officials4. 数词 +名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式.如: two-dozen eggs两打鸡蛋a ten-mile walk十英里路 two-hundred trees 两百棵树a five-year plan.一个五年方案二、冠词【学问精讲 】一、不定冠词(a/
14、an)1. 泛指某一类人或事物,相当于any. A square has four sides.2. 用于某些物质名词前.a coffee 一杯咖啡 ; a tea 一杯茶 ;a heavy rain 一场大雨 ; a strong wind 一种剧烈的信念3. 用于专出名词前表示某一个.a Mr. Green ; 一位格林先生a Mary; a Shakespeare of China 中国的莎士比亚4. 用于某些固定结构中.once upon a time , have a rest , take a bath , in a hurry ,all of a sudden , as a ma
15、tter of fact , It.s a pity that.5. 用于双重修饰结构中:so / as / that / too / how + adj. + a / an + n. .He is so good a teacher that all of us like him 6. 冠词放在 quite, many, such, what 等词之后.It is such an unusual work of art that everyone wants to have a look at it 7. 用在事物的“单位”前,如价格、速度、比率的名词前,表示“每一”.Take this m
16、edicine three times a day.8. 用于同源宾语中:die adeath ; dream adream ; fight afight ; sleep asleep; live/lead alife; smile asmile二、定冠词 the1. 特指某人或物,用于区分同类中的其他人或事物.如:Is this the book you are looking for.2. 特指世界上独一无二的事物或自然现象.但space表示“太空” , nature 表示“大自然” ,均不能与冠词连用.但详细的天体前通常加定冠词.如:the stars,the moon,the sun,
17、 the universe 等.3. 双方都知道或者在文中其次次提及的人或事物.We are living a happy life. The life we are living is happy.4. 用于表示方位的名词前.the east, the left, the south5. 用于序数词或形容词的最高级之前,以及对两人或事物进行对比时起特定作用的比较级前.the tallestboyHe is the taller of the two brothers.6. in + the +数词复数式.如:in the early 1920s7. the + 比较级+ , the + 比较
18、级+ , : ; 越, ; 就越 , .如:The harder you study English, the more progress you will make.8. the +姓氏复数:如the Greens, 格林一家9. the + adj.; the + 分词.如: the rich 富人; the living生者 ; the sick 病人 ; the unemployed 失业者 ; the ugly 丑的东西10. by the + 单位名词.如by the hour, 按小时计11.v. + sb. + prep. + the + 人体各部位.如: A stone hi
19、t John on the head.12.play + the + 乐器名称.如: play the piano. 弹钢琴 .13.用在惯用语中.例如:in the day, in the morning(afternoon,evening) ,the day after tomorrowthe day before yesterday,the next morning, in the sky( water, field , country ) in the dark,in the rain,in the distance,in the middle( of ),in the end,on
20、the whole,by the way,go to the theatre三、零冠词:1. 零冠词的基本用法:一般性的泛指,甚至表抽象意义.2. 复数可数名词、不行数名词前不用冠词,表示泛指. 如: Horses are useful animals. 摸索:A horse is useful. / The horse is a useful animal3. 称呼语或表示头衔的名词前不用冠词. We made him president of USA. Who s this, Mother.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_学习资料 名师精选 - - - - - - - -
21、- -第 2 页,共 40 页 - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_第 3 页共 40 页4. 球类运动、棋类运动和“三餐”前不用冠词. 如: Have you had supper.5. 表示季节、月份,星期或含day 表节日的名词前不用冠词.资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_如: March, Christmas, Women s Day ,但是: the Spring Festival ,6. 前面已经有人称代词、指示代词或不定代词作定语的名词前不用冠
22、词.如: his book; that cat; any people ,7. 在交通工具、学科名称的名词前不加冠词.如:by car, by bus, by bike, by train, on foot,Chinese, English literature8. 某些习语,固定短语或固定结构中不用冠词.husband and wife, knife and fork, face to face, side by side ,to church, at home, at night, at school, go to school, in hospital, at table, Child
23、as he is, he knows a lot of English.At last, she turned doctor. 但是: She became a doctor.三、代词代词是用来指代人或事物的词.代词分为九类:人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示代词疑问代词、不定代词、连接代词、关系代词.大多数代词具出名词和形容词的作用.连接代词和关系代词本章不做将讲解,参见其它章节.一人称代词人称代词的人称、数和格,如下表所示.数单数复数格人主格宾格主格宾格称第一人称Imeweus其次人称Youyouyouyou可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_第三人称hesheith
24、im her ittheythem可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_(1). 人称代词作主语用主格,作宾语、表语用宾格,但应留意以下4 中情形:作主语的人称代词假如孤立的使用于无谓语动词的句子中,或在这种句子中与动词不定式连用,常用宾格. Does any of you know where Tom lives. Me. What. Me toplay him at chess. No.句子中代词作宾语或宾语补足语时,与所替代的名词在人称、数和格在意义上一般要保持前后一样. The thief was thought to be he.the thief 是主格,故用he 代替
25、They took me to be her. 他们误以为我是她.(me 是宾格,故用her 替代)在比较级的句子中than、as 后用主格、宾格都可以.如:He is taller than meI. 但在以下句中有区分. I like Jack as much as her.=I like both Jack and her. I like Jack as much as she.=I like Jack and she likes him, too.(2). 两个以上的人称代词并列,其次序排列原就为:在并列主语中,“I ”总是放在最终,排列次序为:二三一(人称).宾格me 也一样. Yo
26、u ,she and I will be in charge of the case.第三人称,男女两性并用,男先女后. He and she still don.t agree to the plan.3 几个人称代词的特殊用法. we/you 口语 常用来泛指一般人. she 可以代表国家、船只、大的、月亮等. The “Titanic ”was the largest, wat ssnh.e.二.物主代词表示全部关系的代词叫物主代词.物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性类别形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词数人称第一人称mymine其次人称youryours单数hishis可编辑资料 - -
27、- 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_第三人称herhersitsits可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_第一人称ourours复数其次人称youryours可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_学习资料 名师精选 - - - - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 40 页 - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_第 4 页共 40 页资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_第三人称theirtheirs. .形容词性物主代词的作用相当于形容词,可在
28、句中作定语.例如:用作主语、宾语和表语. Our school is here, and theirs is there.(作主语) Ive already finished my homework. Have you finished yours.(作宾语)三.反身代词.反身代词可以作主语、宾语、表语或宾语的同位语.反身代词和某些动词连用,构成固定短语.enjoy oneself, feel oneself, make oneself at home, help oneself to.反身代词仍可用于某些成语中.for oneself 为自己或独立的,of oneself 自然的,自动的by
29、 oneself 独自的, in oneself 本身性质.四.相互代词( each other, one another)相互代词无人称、数和格的区分,在句中作宾语.其全部格分别为each other.s 、one another.s 作,一般来说, each other 指两者之间, one another 指三者或三者以上之间,但现在区分已不明显.五.指示代词( this, that , these, those, such, same)指示代词具有形容词和代词两种词性,在句子中可以作主语、宾语、定语或表语等. .指示代词 this 和 that 的区分. this these一般指时间
30、或空间上较近的人或物.thatthose常指时间或空间较远的人或物. This is my desk and that is yours. In those days they could not go to school. this 常指后面要讲到的事物,有启下的作用.that 就指前面讲到过的事物,有承上的作用. I want to tell you this:the English party will be held on Saturday afternoon. He hurt his leg yesterday. That.s why he didn.t come. this 在电话
31、用语中作自我介绍,that 询问对方. this 和 that 可以当副词用,意思相当于副词so. You have changed that much. .such 和 same 的用法. such 指“这样的 ”人或事,在句中作主语或定语. Such was the story. We have never seen such a tall building. same 指“同样的 ”人或事,其前面要用定冠词the,在句中作主语、表语、宾语和定语. The same can be said of the other article.另一篇文章也是同样的情形.(主语) Whether he
32、can do it or not,it is all the same to me.他是否能做这事,对我来说都一样.(表语) 六.疑问代词( who,whom,which,what,whose ). .疑问代词在句中作主语、宾语、定语和表语.who was her husband.(主语) What do you want. (作宾语). .which 与 who、whatwhich 表示在肯定范畴内,而who、what 就无此限制. I found two books on the desk.Which is yours. .留意以下疑问词的使用与汉语的差别.Population. 人口是多
33、少?Distance. 距离是多少?定语.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_What .s the七 .不定代词Price. 价格是多少? Address. 住在哪里? Attitude. 态度怎样?可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_不定代词主要有:all 、each、every、both、either、neither、one、none、little 、few、many 、much、other、another、some、any、no 等.仍有由 some、any、no 和 every 构成合成代词,不定代词具出名词和形容词的性质,并有可数和不行数之分,在句中可以作主
34、语、表语、宾语、同位语、定语、状语等,但every 、no 只能作定语.下面介绍几组主要不定代词的用法与区分. .some 与 any一般用法: some、any 可与可数名词单数、复数及不行数名词连用.some 一般用于确定句,any 多用于疑问句、否定句或条件句. He has some Chinese paintings.定语 Some like sports,while others like music. 主语 Ask me if you have any questions. 定语 I don.t know any of the students.(宾语) 特殊用法: any 用于
35、确定句表示“任何 ”的意思. Any child can do that. (定语) You may take any of them. (宾语) some 用于单数可数名词前表示“某一 ”. Smith went to some place in England. (定语)在期望对方回答yes 时, some 用在表示恳求或邀请的问句中. Would you like some bananas.(邀请) Mum,could you give me some money. 恳求 some 用于否定句表示部分否定.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_学习资料 名师精选 - - - -
36、 - - - - - -第 4 页,共 40 页 - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_第 5 页共 40 页 I don t know some of the students.(宾语)资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_some 和 any 在句中仍可作状语, 作副词.some 意为 “大约 ”相当于 “ about 而”,any 可修饰比较级, 常用于否定句或疑问句中,表示程度,意为 “稍,丝毫 ”.如: There are some 300 worker
37、s on strike. Do you feel any better today. .one,both,all one 作主语、宾语、表语或定语,可以指人或物,表示“一个 ”的意思,其复数为ones,指人时,其全部格是one.s,反身代词是oneself. One should try one.s best to serve the people.主语、定语 This is not the one I want. 表语 both 用作主语、宾语、定语和同位语,可以指人或指物,表示“两者都 ”的意思. This maths problem can be worked out in both w
38、ays. 定语 Both of the boys are here.主语 We both are students.同位语 留意:a.both 用于否定句,表示部分否定.表示完全否定时,用neither .如: Both of us are not teachers.我们俩并不都是老师. Neither of us is a teacher. 我们俩都不是老师.b.b oth 不能放在 the、 these、those、my 等之后,而应放在它们的前面.如:Both my parents like this film. Both the /these boys are tall. all 用作
39、主语、表语、宾语、定语、同位语,指“全部的 ”、“整个的 ”,可与可数或不行数名词连用,除少数情形外,一般不与单数可数名词连用,与名词复数连用时,表示“全部的 ”、“全部的 ”,指三个或三个以上的人或物. All the schools are flooded. 全部的学校都被淹了. I told him all about it.我把一切都告知了他. That.s all for today.今日就在这儿. They have all been to Xi.an.他们都去过西安.留意: all 用于否定句,表示部分否定,完全否定用none.如: Not all the ants go out
40、 for food.or:All the ants don.t go out for food.并不是全部的蚂蚁都出去查找食物. None of the money is mine. 这钱一分也不是我的. .none 和 nothing ,no oneno one 单独使用,只指人,没有限定的范畴,不能与of 连用,常用来回答who 的提问.Nothing 单独使用,用于指物,没有限定的范畴,不能与of 连用,常用来回答what 的提问.None 强调数量,既可以指人又可以指物,有限定的范畴,能与of 连用,常用来回答how much、how many 的提问.当上下文中含有 “ many,m
41、uch,some,any”等表数量概念的词常常用none. None of us will belive in such a person. 我们没有人会信任这样一个人. He has many friends,but none can really help him when he is in trouble. 他有很多伴侣, 但是当他处于困境中的时候,没有一个伴侣能真正帮忙他. -Who told you the news. 谁告知你这消息的?-No one.I read it on the newspaper. 没有人告知我.我在报纸上读的. .each 和 everyeach(各个),
42、指两个或两个以上的人或物,侧重个体,在句中作主语、宾语、定语和同位语.every(每个),指三个或三个以上的人或物, 侧重整体,在句中只能作定语.另外,every 可用于 every other 或 every +数词 + 名词的结构中,表示每隔, 之意思:every other day 每隔一天every three years 每隔三年 every third year 每隔三年every other line 每隔一行 every ten miles 每隔十哩 Every student it our class has a dictionary. 定语,强调班上 “全部的人 ” Eac
43、h student in our class has a dictionary.(定语,强调各个个体) Each of them has been there.(主语) The teacher gave each of the students a new textbook.(宾语) We each got a ticket.(同位语). .either 和 neithereither 是“两者中任何一个 ”的意思,可修饰或代替单数可数名词,neither 是“两者中没有一个 ”的意思,可以修饰或代替单数可数名词,它们可在句在作主语、宾语或定语.如: Here are two pens. Yo
44、u may take either of them. 宾语 Neither boy knows French. 定语 The little girl can write with either hand.小姑娘哪只手写字都行.(作定语) Would you prefer tea or coffee,sir.先生,你喝茶仍是咖啡? Oh,I don .t mind. Either will do.噢,无所谓.任凭哪一种都行.(作主语) You can come on Saturday or Sunday. Either day is OK for me.你可以星期六来也可以星期天来.对我来说哪一天都可以.(作定语)留意: either 也作副词,其意为“也”,用于否定句的句末.He doesn.like tea, and I don.t either. either 与 or 构成连词,意为“不是就是”或“要么要么”. He is either Japanese or Chinese. neither 用作副词,意为 “也不 ”,即 “noteither.”He can.t do it, neither can I. neither 可与 nor 构成连词,意为“既不也不 ”.Neither he nor you are a student. .other 和 anoth