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1、Module 11,11.1 Ethical economics,1. The two photos below show the beginning and the end of the process of making coffee. Work in pairs. How many stages can you think of in between to complete the process?,?,coffee grown - coffee picked - coffee transported - coffee packed,- coffee sold and shipped -
2、 coffee sold on to shops - coffee bought and drunk,2. Write in the correct letter, A-F, for the missing sentences to complete the text. There is one extra sentence.,A. This process alone adds at least 50% to its price. B. Here, coffee production is the staple crop for many millions of growers. C. Th
3、e only bit controlled in the Fairtrade system is the price a farmer is paid for produce. D. Coffee is the second most traded commodity in the world after oil. E. It guarantees to pay growers a fixed proportion for their coffee, which is above standard market rates. F. Local council taxes add another
4、 25,000 to that.,Coffeenomics: the true cost of our caffeine addiction The next time you hand over 3 for your deluxe cappuccino, ask yourself how much the roasted beans that went into that cup really cost. For your average cup of coffee, the producer receives roughly 10p thats about 3.5%. This dispa
5、rity is causing increasing concern among some charities who believe that the excessive profits of coffee shop chains come at the expense of vulnerable coffee producers in countries like Ethiopia, Kenya or Latin America. (1)_. For example, in Ethiopia alone, 15 million people depend on,the coffee tra
6、de, which constitutes around 50% of the countrys gross domestic product (GDP) and 90% of its exports. The average wage paid to laborers who pick the beans and work on farms is about 50p a day. So where do the added costs come from? According to experts, by the time it is consumed by us in our homes
7、or in a coffee shop, the bean may actually change hands up to 150 times, each time facing a mark-up as it is transported, roasted, packaged and sold. (2)_. Then another 10% in export costs with freight and insurance before an importer takes over. Finally, it is sold to us in a coffee shop and runnin
8、g a coffee shop is not cheap. For example, take your typical coffee shop in a shopping precinct, seating 75 inside and 50 outside. The rent is 20,000 a year. (3)_. In other words, even before adding staffing costs and overheads, setting aside an mount for redecoration and maintenance on the property
9、, this particular coffee shop needs to sell a minimum,A. This process alone adds at least 50% to its price. B. Here, coffee production is the staple crop for many millions of growers. C. The only bit controlled in the Fairtrade system is the price a farmer is paid for produce. D. Coffee is the secon
10、d most traded commodity in the world after oil. E. It guarantees to pay growers a fixed proportion for their coffee, which is above standard market rates. F. Local council taxes add another 25,000 to that.,of 50,000 coffees a year, or 200 coffees a day. Factor in these additional costs and we are pr
11、obably talking about a break-even total of 400 coffees a day. However, irrespective of how much we end up paying or the reasons why, the reality is that growers themselves see only a tiny proportion of that amount. Organizations like Fairtrade do try to make a difference. (4)_. For example, a farmer
12、 selling a pound of Fairtrade Arabica coffee is paid $1.26 compared to the world market price of $1.10 a pound. The Fairtrade price also includes 5 which is invested back into community projects. Many shops and coffee bars do now offer Fairtrade coffee to customers alongside their standard offering,
13、 but not all of that inflated price goes to the grower. (5)_. After that, mark-ups are determined by the retailers and middlemen. That said, at least Fairtrade is one small step that does help farmers around the world get a better price for their products.,A. This process alone adds at least 50% to
14、its price. B. Here, coffee production is the staple crop for many millions of growers. C. The only bit controlled in the Fairtrade system is the price a farmer is paid for produce. D. Coffee is the second most traded commodity in the world after oil. E. It guarantees to pay growers a fixed proportio
15、n for their coffee, which is above standard market rates. F. Local council taxes add another 25,000 to that.,3. These four visual aids refer to the economics of the coffee trade. Read the article above and write in the missing facts and figures in these visual aids.,3,Only (1)_ goes to the grower.,E
16、XPORTS,10% = OTHER,90% = (7)_,10p (pence),coffee,Coffee Shop Outgoings Salaries 115,000 (5)_ 65,000 (6)_ 20,000 Overheads 80,500,Key facts: Ethiopia (2)_ million people in coffee trade (3)_% of GDP (4)_ pence = a laborers pay per day,15,50,50,rent,service charge,1.26,Vocabulary: Financial and trade
17、terms,Match these definitions to the words in bold in the article.,1. People who handle goods between the producer and the retailer. _ 2. A large difference (in price, for example). _ 3. Be bought and sold. _ 4. Cost of heating, lighting and electricity. _ 5. Take items into account to calculate cos
18、ts. _ 6. The amount needed to pay costs before profit. _ 7. The amount added to the product when it is sold. _ 8. Goods which are transported by ships, planes, lorries, etc. _ 9. The total value of goods and services produced by a country in one year. _ 10. Organizations which help and represent the
19、 interests of a group of people in need, _,disparity charities gross domestic product change hands mark-up freight overheads factor in break-even total middlemen,middlemen,disparity,change hands,overheads,factor in,break-even total,mark-up,freight,gross domestic product,charities,Speaking: The econo
20、mics of your country,Work in small groups and discuss the following questions about each of your countries. If you dont know all the answers to the questions, try to find out for the next lesson and prepare a short presentation.,1) Is there a large disparity between rich and poor in your country? 2)
21、 Do you think the disparity between poor and rich countries can be controlled? Should it be controlled?,* The top 20% of the population consumes 50% of overall national income, while the bottom 20% have to make do with a mere 4.7%. * Income inequality has worsened rapidly.,* If these trends continue
22、 there could be serious social unrest. * Rich countries can support poor countries in finance, technology, education, culture, health care donation or low-interest loan. * International organizations formulate favorable policies in support of poor countries. * International agencies can strengthen n
23、ational efforts to achieve greater equity.,3) What are some of the biggest charities in your country? Do they have much influence over your government and businesses? 4) What are the most important products and services for your countrys GDP?,* Among biggest charities in China are China Charity Fede
24、ration, Red Cross Society of China, Chinese Red Cross Foundation, China Foundation for Poverty Alleviation, Project Hope, to mention a few. * Influence and assist governments decisions * Help government effectively in times of natural disasters.,* Important products and services for Chinas GDP inclu
25、de coal, power, steel, house-hold appliances, financing, catering and tourism. * IT products and services, electromechanical products, financing and tourism are pillar industries for national economy in China.,Grammar: Articles,Write in the missing articles the, a, an or 0 (the zero article) in this
26、 text about Fairtrade.,(1)_ Fairtrade is (2)_ international certification mark used in 21 countries as (3)_ marketing initiative to help developing nations. Britain has (4)_ largest Fairtrade market in (5)_ world, which has seen (6)_ amazing increase over the last five years. The organization is als
27、o strong in (7)_ Netherlands, where Fairtrade first started, and in Switzerland and Scandinavia. Originally started in 1989 as (8)_ scheme to help poor producers, (9)_ Fairtrade Foundation was established three years later. Now there are over (10)_ 550 certified producers representing over one milli
28、on farmers in 52 countries.,语法小结要点解释： 定冠词the用于1）某些国名，2）形容词最高级，3）独一无二的事物，4）之前已提到过的人或者事物 eg. The United States is among those countries interested. China is the biggest producer of these goods. Whos the supplier in your country? The leaders will hold talks on trade. 不定冠词a, an用于1）工作，2）单数名词，3）一些数字。 eg.
29、Im a finance director. This is an international certification mark. I only have a hundred left. 以下场合不用冠词（0冠词）：1）城市、乡镇及大多数国名，2）复数名词 eg. Madrid is my favorite destination. When do you fly to China? Leaders of the G8 countries are meeting in Toronto this weekend.,Listening: Fairtrade,1. Can you buy the
30、se Fairtrade products in your country? Would you buy these products even if they were more expensive? Why? Why not?,As to cosmetics, the most famous is the Body Shop, pioneers of fair trade for 20 years now. They arent cheap, but theyre ethically right and usually of extremely high quality. Ethical
31、buying / shopping can mean buying products from companies or stores who care about the ethics of what they produce; and boycotting the ones who dont. Shop / buy with a clear conscience Spend ethically Ethical and sustainable goods Important to support local workers or farmers and their rights,2. Lis
32、ten to an interview with Ian Bretman, the deputy director of the Fairtrade Foundation. Choose the best ending A, B or C for each sentence 1-8.,1) The Fairtrade Foundation began in A. 1989. B. 1990. C. 1992 2) When the United States withdrew from the international coffee agreement, the price of coffe
33、e decreased by A. 50% B. 0.5% C. twenty million. 3) One way Fairtrade helps farmers is by giving advice on how to A. diversify by growing other crops. B. produce more coffee. C. be profitable in a global market. 4) One of Fairtrades main messages to governments is that A. trade can be managed more e
34、ffectively. B. economic growth is the best strategy. C. they must invest more in producers.,5. Ian believes that Fairtrade and free trade A. cannot both exist. B. can operate together. C. are basically the same thing. 6. Even though a country may increase its wealth through business, this does not g
35、uarantee A. it can compete internationally. B. everyone receives the benefits. C. social justice. 7. If producers are successful, they will also A. invest in the economy. B. become the people who buy products. C. be able to supply more coffee. 8. As well as improving its public image, a Fairtrade co
36、mpany will A. sell more. B. attract more talented staff. C. attract well-informed consumers.,Listening script,I = Interviewer IB = Ian Bretman I: So, Ian. I understand that the original idea for Fairtrade came in 1989. How did it happen? IB: Actually, the Fairtrade Foundation itself was finally set
37、up in 1992, but yes, youre right, the catalyst for the spread of Fairtrade was three years earlier when the international coffee agreement that controlled prices collapsed with the withdrawal of the US. At that time coffee was the worlds biggest agricultural commodity. In a few months the price fell
38、 by half. It was a huge disaster for the twenty million people growing and processing coffee around the world. Many of the producing countries were dependent on coffee for over half their exports. I: Can you give us some examples of how you help, exactly? IB: One way is that we encourage producers t
39、o learn how to compete effectively in international markets. We help farmers coming into the system to develop the capacity to cope with fulfilling demand and we set a minimum guaranteed price for their products.,I: I see. But as well as helping farmers directly, you also have influence on governmen
40、ts, dont you? I mean, governments are talking more and more about fairer global trade IB: Yes, were finding that the issues weve been talking about for the past ten years are moving up the agenda. For example, were having more of a debate on how we can achieve economic growth and social justice, as
41、both are needed. As a result, leaders of larger Fairtrade organizations have been invited to high-level international meetings and economic forums. We can use our experience to illustrate to governments how trade can be better managed. I: But how do you convince people who say economic growth is the
42、 answer to everything? Dont these people argue that Fairtrade isnt good for free trade? IB: Well, I worked in business for a long time and so I understand the need for a free market, but it seems unlikely to me that when it comes to social problems, like global poverty, the answer is just an economi
43、c one, because social choices have to be made, too. Our point is really about priorities. Increasing flows of trade will help wealth but that does not necessarily guarantee that this wealth goes down to the people who need it most. That requires a little bit more management. Fairtrade has practical
44、experience on,the ground in how you can combine the best of both. How you can get people to operate effectively and competitively while trading in a way that producers can earn a decent living and improve their lives. In the long run, if they do improve their lives, they too will become consumers an
45、d purchasers. I: So is this the message you give businesses to make them change to Fairtrade products? IB: Its in the interest of any business to take the message on board, not only to improve their public image but also as a recruiting tool for the future. They younger generation is well informed a
46、nd wants to be part of the solution. Companies find that having a social conscience has a positive effect on recruiting and retaining good staff. Staff get excited about persuading consumers to buy products that make a difference to peoples lives. I: It sounds like thats what motivates you, too. IB:
47、 For my part yes- meeting the producers and seeing what a difference Fairtrade can make to their lives is really quite inspiring.,Speaking: Giving reasons and benefits,A coffee shop in your town is thinking of selling Fairtrade coffee. However, it is concerned that this may be more expensive.,Imagin
48、e you and your partner work for Fairtrade. You are going to try and convince the coffee shop to use coffee from your producers. Discuss and prepare: * A list of reasons why the coffee shop should change. * A list of benefits for the coffee shop, its staff and its customers. Afterwards, present your ideas to the rest of the class.,* A list of reasons why the coffee shop should change. * A list of benefits for the coffee shop, its staff and its customers.,- protect poor farmers and their rights - an indication of caring about th