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1、精品_精品资料_ 翻译讨论入门理论与应用 总结笔记可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_Chapter 1Translationcan refer to the general subject field, the product or the process. The process of translation between two different written languages involves the translator changing an original written text in the original verbal language into a
2、 written text in a different verbal language.Three categories of translation by the Russian-American structuraliRstoman Jakobson1 intralingual translation语内翻译： Rewording, an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same languag; e2 interlingual translation语际翻译 : Translation prop
3、er*, an interpretation of verbalsigns by means of some other language;3 intersemiotic translation语符翻译 transmutation, an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of non-verbal sign system.sHistory of the discipline1,From late eighteenth century to the 1960sp: art of language learning methodol
4、ogy Translation workshop, comparative literature, contrastive analysis可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_2,James S Holmes“ the name and nature of translation studies statement for the field3, 1970:Reiss: text typeReiss and Vermeer: text purposeth e skopos theory Halliday: discourse analysis and systemic functi
5、onal grammar4, 1980The manipulation school : descriptive approach, polysystem 5, 1990founding” 可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_Sherry Simon:Gender researchElse Vieira: Brazilian cannibalist school TejaswiniNiranjana: Postcolonial translation theory Lawrence Venuti: cultural-studies-oriented analysisHolmes s
6、 map of translation studiesThe objectives of the pure areas of research:1, descriptive translation theory: the description of the phenomena of translation 2, translation theory : the establishment of general principles to explain and predict such phenomenaPure: theoretical and descriptive DTS: descr
7、iptive translation studies1, product-oriented DTS: existing translations, text diachronic or synchronic2, function-oriented DTS: the function of translations in the recipient sociocultural situation socio-translation studies or cultural-studies-oriented translation3, process-oriented DTS: the psycho
8、logy of translation later think-aloud protocolsRelation between Theoretical and descriptiveThe results of DTS research can be fed into the theoretical branch to evolve either a general theory of translation or, more likely, partial theories of translation.Partial theories1, Medium-restricted theorie
9、s: translation by machine and humans 2, Area-restricted theories:3, Rank-restricted theories: the level of word, sentence or text 4, Text-type restricted theories: discourse types or genres5, Time-restricted theories:6, Problem-restricted theories:Applied branchof Holmes s framework: translatroarini
10、ng , translation aids and translation criticism .Translation policy : the translation scholar advising on the place of translation in societyChapter 2 translation theory before the twentieth century2.1 Literal vs. free debateCicero first century BCE: I did not hold it necessary to render word for wo
11、rd, but I preserved the general style and force of the language.Horace: producing an aesthetically pleasing and creative text in the TL. St Jerome: I render not word for word, but sense for sense.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_2.2 Martin Luther:1, non-literal or non-accepted translation came to be seen and
12、 used as a weapon against the Church.2, his infusion of the Bible with the language of ordinary people and his consideration of translation in terms focusing on the TL and the TT reader were crucial.2.3 Louis Kelly:Fidelity: to both the words and the perceived senseSpirit:1, creative energy or inspi
13、ration of a text or language, proper to literature; 2, the Holy Spirit St Augustine. St Jerome employed it in both senses.Truth: content17 century:2.4 Early attempts at systematic translation theory Cowley: imitationCounter the inevitable loss of beauty in translation by using our wit or invention t
14、o create new beauty;he has taken, left out and added what I pleaseJohn Dryden reduces all translation to three categories:the triadic model 约翰德莱顿的三分法 : “直译”、“意译”与“仿译”1,metaphrase: word for word translation2, paraphrase : sense for sense translation 3, imitation : forsake both words and senseEtienne
15、Dolet: a French humanist, burned at the stake for his addition to histranslation of one of PlatoFive principles: s dialogues. The translator must perfectlyunderstandthe sense andmaterialofthe originalauthor,although he should feel free to clarifyobscurities.The translator should have aperfect knowle
16、dge of both SL and TL, so as not to lessen the majesty of the language.The translator shouldavoid word-for-wordrenderings.The translator shouldavoid Latinate and unusual forma.The translator shouldassemble and liaise words eloquently to avoid clumsiness.Alexander Fraser TytlerTL-reader-oriented defi
17、nition of a good translation:That, in which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language, as to be as distinctly可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_apprehended, and as strongly felt, by a native of the country to which that language belongs, as it is by those who speak the la
18、nguage of the original work.Three general rules:I. That the Translation should give acomplete transcript of the ideas of the original work.II. That the style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original.III. That the Translation should haveall the ease of original
19、composition. A. F. Tytler: Essay on the Principles of TranslationTytler ranks his three laws in order of comparative importance:Ease of composition would be sacrificed if necessary formanner, and a departure would be made from manner in the interests osf ense.2.5 Friedrich Schleiermacher:the founder
20、 of modern Protestant theology and of modern hermeneuticsHermeneutics: a Romantic approach to interpretation based not on absolute truth but on the individuals inner feeling and understanding.2 types of translators:1, Dolmetscher: who translates commercial texts;2, Ubersetzer: who works on scholarly
21、 and artistic texts. 2 translation methods:1, translator leaves the reader in peace, as much as possible, and moves the author towards him. Alienating method归化2, translator leaves the writer alone, as much as possible, and moves the reader towards the writer.Naturalizing method异化（异化派的观点归纳起来,其主要理由有三：
22、1有必要让译文读者明白异国文化.2译者应信任读者的智力和想象力能懂得异国文化的特异之处. 3异国文化可以丰富目的语文化和目的语表达方式.）2.6 The status of the ST and the form of the TLFrancis Newman: emphasize the foreignness of the workMatthew Arnold: a transparent translation method led to the devaluation of translation and marginalization of translationChapter 3
23、Equivalence and equivalent effect Roman Jakobson : the nature of linguistic meaning可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_Saussure: the signifier 能指 the spoken and written signalThe signified所指 the concept signifiedThe signifier and signified form the linguistic sign, but that sign is arbitrary or unmotivated.1, T
24、here is ordinarily no full equivalence between code-units. Interlingual translation involves substituting messages in one language not for separate code-units but for entire messagesin some other language.2, for the message to be equivalent inST and TT , the code-unit will be different since they be
25、long to two different sign systems which partition reality differently. 3, the problem of meaning and equivalence thus focuses on differences in thestructure and terminology of languagesrather than on any inability of one language to render a message that has been written in another verbal language.
26、4, cross-linguistic differences center around obligatory grammatical and lexical forms. They occur at the level ofgender, aspect and semantic fields .Eugene Nida1, an orthographic word has a fixed meaning and towards a functional definition of meaning in which a word acquires meaning through its con
27、text and can produce varying responses according to culture.2, meaning is broke down into a,linguistic meaning , b, referential meaningthe denotative dictionarymeaning指称,字面 and c,emotive meaning connotative隐含.3, techniques to determine the meaning of different linguistic items A, analyze the structu
28、re of wordsB, differentiate similar words in relaxed lexical fields3 techniques to determine the meaning of different linguistic items1, Hierarchical structuring, differentiates series of words according to theirlevel, 2,Techniques ofcomponential analysis （成分分析法） identify and discriminate specific f
29、eatures of a range of related words .3,Semantic structure analysis ：Discriminate the sense ofa complex semantic termChomsky:Generative-transformational model: analyze sentencesinto a series of related levels governed by rules.3 features可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_1, phrase-structure rules 短语结构规章 generat
30、e an underlying ordeep structure which is2, transformed bytransformational rules转换规章 relating one underlying structureto another, to produce3, a final surface structure , which itself is subject to 形状音位规章 phonological and morphemic rules .The most basic of such structures arekernel sentences, which
31、are simple, active, declarative sentences that require the minimum of transformation.Three-stage system of translationAnalysis : the surface structure of the ST is analyzed into the basic elements of the deep structureTransfer : these are transferred in the translation processRestructuring : these a
32、re transferred in the translation process and then restructured semantically and stylistically into the surface structure of the TT.Back-transformation回来转换Kernels are to be obtained from the ST structure by a reductive process Four types of functional class: events, objects, abstracts and relational
33、s.Kernels are the level at which the message is transferred into the receptor language before being transformed into the surface structure in three stagelsit:eral transfer,minimal transfer最小单位转换 and literary transfer.Formal equivalence :focuses attention on the message itself, in botfhorm and conten
34、t, the message in the receptor language shoulmd atch as closely as possiblethe different elements in the source languageG. loss translations 释译Dynamic equivalence is based on what Nida callsthe principle of equivalent effect, where therelationship between receptor and message should be substantially
35、 the same as that which existed between the original receptors and the message.Four basic requirementsof a translation 1, making sense2, conveying thespirit and mannerof the original 3, having a natural andeasy form of expression4, producing asimilar response.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_NewmarkCommunica
36、tive translationattempts to produce on its reader aneffectas close as possible to that obtained on the readers of the original.Semantic translationattempts to render, as closely atshe semantic and syntactic structures of the second language allow, the exact contextual meaning of the original. Litera
37、l translationis held to be the best approach in both communicative translation and semantic translation.One of the difficulties encountered by translation studies in systematically following up advances in theory may indeed be partly attributable to the overabundance of terminology.Werner KollerCorr
38、espondence: contrastive linguistics, compares twolanguage systems and describes contrastivelydifferences and similarities . Saussures langue competence in foreign languageEquivalence : equivalent items in specific ST-TT pairs and contexts. Saussuresparole competence in translationFive types of equiv
39、alence Denotative equivalence Connotative equivalence Text-normative equivalencePragmatic equivalence communicative equivalenceFormal equivalence expressive equivalence, the form and aesthetics of the textA checklist for translationally relevant text analysis:Language function Content characteristic
40、sLanguage-stylistic characteristics Formal-aesthetic characteristics Pragmatic characteristicsTertium comparationiin the comparison of an ST and a TT“第三对比项 ”“某种恒定的客体 超越任何个体语言的 第三元素 ”An invariantagainst which two text segments can be measured to gauge variation. Chapter 4 static linguistic typologies
41、 of translation shiftsChapter 5 functional theories of translation Katharina Reiss: Text Type可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_Builds on the concept of equivalence but viewsthe text , rather than the word or sentence as the level at which communication is achieved and at which equivalence must be sought.Four-
42、way categorization of the functionsof language Karl Buhler, three1, plain communication of facts, transmit information and content, informative text 2, creative composition , expressive text3, inducing behavioral responses, operative text4, audiomedial text, supplement the other three functions with
43、 visual images, music, etc.Different translation methods for different texts1, transmit the full referentical or conceptual contentof the ST in plain prose without redundancy and with the use of explicitation when required.2, transmit the aesthetic and artistic formof the ST, using the identifying m
44、ethod, with the translator adopting the standpoint of the ST author.3,produce the desired response in the TT receiver, employing the adaptive method, creating an equivalent effect among TT readers.4, supplementing written words with visual images and music .Intralinguistic and extralinguistic instru
45、ction criteria1, intralinguisticcriteria: semantic, lexical, grammatical and stylistic features2, extralinguisticcriteria: situation, subject field, time, place, receiver, sender and affective implications humor, irony, emotion, etc.Holz-Manttari: Translational actionTakes up concepts from communica
46、tion theory and action theoryTranslation action views translation as purpose-driven, outcome oriented human interaction and focuses on the process of translation as message-transmitter compounds involving intercultural transfer.Interlingual translation is described as translational action from a sou
47、rce text and as a communicative process involving a series of roles and players.The initiatorThe commissioner The ST producer The TT producer The TT userThe TT receiverContent , structured by what are called tectonics, is divided into a factual information and b overall communicative strategy.Form , structured by texture, is divided into a terminology and b cohesive elements.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料