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1、 翻译讨论入门理论与应用 总结笔记学习 好资料Chapter 1Translationcan refer to the general subject field, the product or the process. The process of translation between two different written languages involves the translator changing an original written text in the original verbal language into a written text in a differe
2、nt verbal language.Three categories of translation by the Russian-American structuraliRstoman Jakobson1 intralingual translation语内翻译： Rewording, an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same languag; e2 interlingual translation语际翻译 : Translation proper*, an interpretation of
3、verbalsigns by means of some other language;3 intersemiotic translation语符翻译 transmutation, an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of non-verbal sign system.sHistory of the discipline1,From late eighteenth century to the 1960sp: art of language learning methodology Translation workshop,
4、comparative literature, contrastive analysis精品资料2,James S Holmes“ the name and nature of translation studies statement for the field3, 1970:Reiss: text typeReiss and Vermeer: text purposeth e skopos theory Halliday: discourse analysis and systemic functional grammar4, 1980The manipulation school : d
5、escriptive approach, polysystem 5, 1990founding” 学习 好资料Sherry Simon:Gender researchElse Vieira: Brazilian cannibalist school TejaswiniNiranjana: Postcolonial translation theory Lawrence Venuti: cultural-studies-oriented analysisHolmes s map of translation studiesThe objectives of the pure areas of r
6、esearch:1, descriptive translation theory: the description of the phenomena of translation 2, translation theory : the establishment of general principles to explain and predict such phenomenaPure: theoretical and descriptive DTS: descriptive translation studies1, product-oriented DTS: existing tran
7、slations, text diachronic or synchronic2, function-oriented DTS: the function of translations in the recipient sociocultural situation socio-translation studies or cultural-studies-oriented translation3, process-oriented DTS: the psychology of translation later think-aloud protocolsRelation between
8、Theoretical and descriptiveThe results of DTS research can be fed into the theoretical branch to evolve either a general theory of translation or, more likely, partial theories of translation.Partial theories1, Medium-restricted theories: translation by machine and humans 2, Area-restricted theories
9、:3, Rank-restricted theories: the level of word, sentence or text 4, Text-type restricted theories: discourse types or genres5, Time-restricted theories:6, Problem-restricted theories:Applied branchof Holmes s framework: translatroarining , translation aids and translation criticism .Translation pol
10、icy : the translation scholar advising on the place of translation in societyChapter 2 translation theory before the twentieth century2.1 Literal vs. free debateCicero first century BCE: I did not hold it necessary to render word for word, but I preserved the general style and force of the language.
11、Horace: producing an aesthetically pleasing and creative text in the TL. St Jerome: I render not word for word, but sense for sense.精品资料2.2 Martin Luther:1, non-literal or non-accepted translation came to be seen and used as a weapon against the Church.2, his infusion of the Bible with the language
12、of ordinary people and his consideration of translation in terms focusing on the TL and the TT reader were crucial.2.3 Louis Kelly:Fidelity: to both the words and the perceived senseSpirit:1, creative energy or inspiration of a text or language, proper to literature; 2, the Holy Spirit St Augustine.
13、 St Jerome employed it in both senses.Truth: content17 century:2.4 Early attempts at systematic translation theory Cowley: imitationCounter the inevitable loss of beauty in translation by using our wit or invention to create new beauty;he has taken, left out and added what I pleaseJohn Dryden reduce
14、s all translation to three categories:the triadic model 约翰德莱顿的三分法 : “直译”、“意译”与“仿译”1,metaphrase: word for word translation2, paraphrase : sense for sense translation 3, imitation : forsake both words and senseEtienne Dolet: a French humanist, burned at the stake for his addition to histranslation of
15、one of PlatoFive principles: s dialogues. The translator must perfectlyunderstandthe sense andmaterialofthe originalauthor,although he should feel free to clarifyobscurities.The translator should have aperfect knowledge of both SL and TL, so as not to lessen the majesty of the language.The translato
16、r shouldavoid word-for-wordrenderings.The translator shouldavoid Latinate and unusual forma.The translator shouldassemble and liaise words eloquently to avoid clumsiness.Alexander Fraser TytlerTL-reader-oriented definition of a good translation:That, in which the merit of the original work is so com
17、pletely transfused into another language, as to be as distinctlyapprehended, and as strongly felt, by a native of the country to which that language belongs, as it is by those who speak the language of the original work.Three general rules:I. That the Translation should give acomplete transcript of
18、the ideas of the original work.II. That the style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original.III. That the Translation should haveall the ease of original composition. A. F. Tytler: Essay on the Principles of TranslationTytler ranks his three laws in order of com
19、parative importance:Ease of composition would be sacrificed if necessary formanner, and a departure would be made from manner in the interests osf ense.2.5 Friedrich Schleiermacher:the founder of modern Protestant theology and of modern hermeneuticsHermeneutics: a Romantic approach to interpretation
20、 based not on absolute truth but on the individuals inner feeling and understanding.2 types of translators:1, Dolmetscher: who translates commercial texts;2, Ubersetzer: who works on scholarly and artistic texts. 2 translation methods:1, translator leaves the reader in peace, as much as possible, an
21、d moves the author towards him. Alienating method归化2, translator leaves the writer alone, as much as possible, and moves the reader towards the writer.Naturalizing method异化（异化派的观点归纳起来,其主要理由有三：1有必要让译文读者明白异国文化；2译者应信任读者的智力和想象力能懂得异国文化的特异之处； 3异国文化可以丰富目的语文化和目的语表达方式；）2.6 The status of the ST and the form o
22、f the TLFrancis Newman: emphasize the foreignness of the workMatthew Arnold: a transparent translation method led to the devaluation of translation and marginalization of translationChapter 3 Equivalence and equivalent effect Roman Jakobson : the nature of linguistic meaningSaussure: the signifier 能
23、指 the spoken and written signalThe signified所指 the concept signifiedThe signifier and signified form the linguistic sign, but that sign is arbitrary or unmotivated.1, There is ordinarily no full equivalence between code-units. Interlingual translation involves substituting messages in one language n
24、ot for separate code-units but for entire messagesin some other language.2, for the message to be equivalent inST and TT , the code-unit will be different since they belong to two different sign systems which partition reality differently. 3, the problem of meaning and equivalence thus focuses on di
25、fferences in thestructure and terminology of languagesrather than on any inability of one language to render a message that has been written in another verbal language.4, cross-linguistic differences center around obligatory grammatical and lexical forms. They occur at the level ofgender, aspect and
26、 semantic fields .Eugene Nida1, an orthographic word has a fixed meaning and towards a functional definition of meaning in which a word acquires meaning through its context and can produce varying responses according to culture.2, meaning is broke down into a,linguistic meaning , b, referential mean
27、ingthe denotative dictionarymeaning指称,字面 and c,emotive meaning connotative隐含.3, techniques to determine the meaning of different linguistic items A, analyze the structure of wordsB, differentiate similar words in relaxed lexical fields3 techniques to determine the meaning of different linguistic ite
28、ms1, Hierarchical structuring, differentiates series of words according to theirlevel, 2,Techniques ofcomponential analysis （成分分析法） identify and discriminate specific features of a range of related words .3,Semantic structure analysis ：Discriminate the sense ofa complex semantic termChomsky:Generati
29、ve-transformational model: analyze sentencesinto a series of related levels governed by rules.3 features学习 好资料1, phrase-structure rules 短语结构规章 generate an underlying ordeep structure which is2, transformed bytransformational rules转换规章 relating one underlying structureto another, to produce3, a final
30、 surface structure , which itself is subject to 形状音位规章 phonological and morphemic rules .The most basic of such structures arekernel sentences, which are simple, active, declarative sentences that require the minimum of transformation.Three-stage system of translationAnalysis : the surface structure
31、 of the ST is analyzed into the basic elements of the deep structureTransfer : these are transferred in the translation processRestructuring : these are transferred in the translation process and then restructured semantically and stylistically into the surface structure of the TT.Back-transformatio
32、n回来转换Kernels are to be obtained from the ST structure by a reductive process Four types of functional class: events, objects, abstracts and relationals.Kernels are the level at which the message is transferred into the receptor language before being transformed into the surface structure in three st
33、agelsit:eral transfer,minimal transfer最小单位转换 and literary transfer.Formal equivalence :focuses attention on the message itself, in botfhorm and content, the message in the receptor language shoulmd atch as closely as possiblethe different elements in the source languageG. loss translations 释译Dynamic
34、 equivalence is based on what Nida callsthe principle of equivalent effect, where therelationship between receptor and message should be substantially the same as that which existed between the original receptors and the message.Four basic requirementsof a translation 1, making sense2, conveying the
35、spirit and mannerof the original 3, having a natural andeasy form of expression4, producing asimilar response.精品资料NewmarkCommunicative translationattempts to produce on its reader aneffectas close as possible to that obtained on the readers of the original.Semantic translationattempts to render, as
36、closely atshe semantic and syntactic structures of the second language allow, the exact contextual meaning of the original. Literal translationis held to be the best approach in both communicative translation and semantic translation.One of the difficulties encountered by translation studies in syst
37、ematically following up advances in theory may indeed be partly attributable to the overabundance of terminology.Werner KollerCorrespondence: contrastive linguistics, compares twolanguage systems and describes contrastivelydifferences and similarities . Saussures langue competence in foreign languag
38、eEquivalence : equivalent items in specific ST-TT pairs and contexts. Saussuresparole competence in translationFive types of equivalence Denotative equivalence Connotative equivalence Text-normative equivalencePragmatic equivalence communicative equivalenceFormal equivalence expressive equivalence,
39、the form and aesthetics of the textA checklist for translationally relevant text analysis:Language function Content characteristicsLanguage-stylistic characteristics Formal-aesthetic characteristics Pragmatic characteristicsTertium comparationiin the comparison of an ST and a TT“第三对比项 ”“某种恒定的客体 超越任何
40、个体语言的 第三元素 ”An invariantagainst which two text segments can be measured to gauge variation. Chapter 4 static linguistic typologies of translation shiftsChapter 5 functional theories of translation Katharina Reiss: Text Type学习 好资料Builds on the concept of equivalence but viewsthe text , rather than th
41、e word or sentence as the level at which communication is achieved and at which equivalence must be sought.Four-way categorization of the functionsof language Karl Buhler, three1, plain communication of facts, transmit information and content, informative text 2, creative composition , expressive te
42、xt3, inducing behavioral responses, operative text4, audiomedial text, supplement the other three functions with visual images, music, etc.Different translation methods for different texts1, transmit the full referentical or conceptual contentof the ST in plain prose without redundancy and with the
43、use of explicitation when required.2, transmit the aesthetic and artistic formof the ST, using the identifying method, with the translator adopting the standpoint of the ST author.3,produce the desired response in the TT receiver, employing the adaptive method, creating an equivalent effect among TT
44、 readers.4, supplementing written words with visual images and music .Intralinguistic and extralinguistic instruction criteria1, intralinguisticcriteria: semantic, lexical, grammatical and stylistic features2, extralinguisticcriteria: situation, subject field, time, place, receiver, sender and affec
45、tive implications humor, irony, emotion, etc.Holz-Manttari: Translational actionTakes up concepts from communication theory and action theoryTranslation action views translation as purpose-driven, outcome oriented human interaction and focuses on the process of translation as message-transmitter com
46、pounds involving intercultural transfer.Interlingual translation is described as translational action from a source text and as a communicative process involving a series of roles and players.The initiatorThe commissioner The ST producer The TT producer The TT userThe TT receiverContent , structured
47、 by what are called tectonics, is divided into a factual information and b overall communicative strategy.Form , structured by texture, is divided into a terminology and b cohesive elements.精品资料Value: place of translation, at least the professional non-literary translation within its sociocultural context, including the interplay between the translator and the initiating institution.Vermeer: Skopos theorySkopos theory focuses above all on the purpose of t