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1、 翻 译 研 究 入 门 理 论与 应 用 总 结 笔 记名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 1 页，共 19 页 - - - - - - - - - 学习 好资料精品资料Chapter 1 Translation can refer to the general subject field, the product or the process. The process of translation between two different written langu
2、ages involves the translator changing an original written text in the original verbal language into a written text in a different verbal language. Three categories of translation by the Russian-American structuralist Roman Jakobson 1 intralingual translation语内翻译： Rewording, an interpretation of verb
3、al signs by means of other signs of the same language; 2 interlingual translation语际翻译 : Translation proper*, an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language;3 intersemiotic translation语符翻译 transmutation, an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of non-verbal sign systems
4、 . History of the discipline 1,From late eighteenth century to the 1960s: part of language learning methodology Translation workshop, comparative literature, contrastive analysis 2,James S Holmes “the name and nature of translation studies” (founding statement for the field) 3, 1970: Reiss: text typ
5、eReiss and Vermeer: text purpose( the skopos theory ) Halliday: discourse analysis and systemic functional grammar 4, 1980 The manipulation school : descriptive approach, polysystem 5, 1990 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 2 页，共 19 页 - - - - - - - - - 学
6、习 好资料精品资料Sherry Simon:Gender research Else Vieira: Brazilian cannibalist school TejaswiniNiranjana: Postcolonial translation theory Lawrence Venuti: cultural-studies-oriented analysis Holmess map of translation studiesThe objectives of the pure areas of research: 1, descriptive translation theory :
7、the description of the phenomena of translation 2, translation theory : the establishment of general principles to explain and predict such phenomena Pure: theoretical and descriptive DTS: descriptive translation studies 1, product-oriented DTS: existing translations, text (diachronic or synchronic)
8、 2, function-oriented DTS: the function of translations in the recipient sociocultural situation (socio-translation studies or cultural-studies-oriented translation) 3, process-oriented DTS: the psychology of translation (later think-aloud protocols) Relation between Theoretical and descriptive The
9、results of DTS research can be fed into the theoretical branch to evolve either a general theory of translation or, more likely, partial theories of translation. Partial theories 1, Medium-restricted theories: translation by machine and humans 2, Area-restricted theories: 3, Rank-restricted theories
10、: the level of word, sentence or text 4, Text-type restricted theories: discourse types or genres 5, Time-restricted theories: 6, Problem-restricted theories: Applied branch of Holmes s framework: translator training , translation aids and translation criticism . Translation policy : the translation
11、 scholar advising on the place of translation in society Chapter 2 translation theory before the twentieth century 2.1 Literal vs. free debate Cicero (first century BCE): I did not hold it necessary to render word for word, but I preserved the general style and force of the language. Horace: produci
12、ng an aesthetically pleasing and creative text in the TL. St Jerome: I render not word for word, but sense for sense. 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 3 页，共 19 页 - - - - - - - - - 学习 好资料精品资料2.2 Martin Luther: 1, non-literal or non-accepted translation c
13、ame to be seen and used as a weapon against the Church. 2, his infusion of the Bible with the language of ordinary people and his consideration of translation in terms focusing on the TL and the TT reader were crucial. 2.3 Louis Kelly: Fidelity: to both the words and the perceived senseSpirit:1, cre
14、ative energy or inspiration of a text or language, proper to literature; 2, the Holy Spirit (St Augustine). (St Jerome employed it in both senses.) Truth: content 17 century: 2.4 Early attempts at systematic translation theory Cowley: imitation Counter the inevitable loss of beauty in translation by
15、 using our wit or invention to create new beauty;he has taken, left out and added what I pleaseJohn Dryden reduces all translation to three categories:the triadic model (约翰德莱顿的三分法 : “ 直译” 、“ 意译” 与“ 仿译”)1,metaphrase: word for word translation 2, paraphrase: sense for sense translation 3, imitation :
16、forsake both words and sense Etienne Dolet: a French humanist, burned at the stake for his addition to his translation of one of Platos dialogues.Five principles: The translator must perfectly understand the sense and materialofthe original author, although he should feel free to clarify obscurities
17、. The translator should have a perfect knowledge of both SL and TL, so as not to lessen the majesty of the language. The translator should avoid word-for-word renderings. The translator should avoid Latinate and unusual forma. The translator should assemble and liaise words eloquently to avoid clums
18、iness. Alexander Fraser Tytler TL-reader-oriented definition of a good translation:That, in which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language, as to be as distinctly 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 4 页，共 19 页 - - -
19、- - - - - - 学习 好资料精品资料apprehended, and as strongly felt, by a native of the country to which that language belongs, as it is by those who speak the language of the original work. Three general rules: I. That the Translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. II. Tha
20、t the style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original. III. That the Translation should have all the ease of original composition. A. F. Tytler: Essay on the Principles of Translation Tytler ranks his three laws in order of comparative importance: Ease of compos
21、ition would be sacrificed if necessary for manner, and a departure would be made from manner in the interests of sense . 2.5 Friedrich Schleiermacher: the founder of modern Protestant theology and of modern hermeneutics Hermeneutics: a Romantic approach to interpretation based not on absolute truth
22、but on the individual s inner feeling and understanding. 2 types of translators: 1, Dolmetscher: who translates commercial texts; 2, Ubersetzer: who works on scholarly and artistic texts. 2 translation methods:1, translator leaves the reader in peace, as much as possible, and moves the author toward
23、s him. Alienating method 归化2, translator leaves the writer alone, as much as possible, and moves the reader towards the writer. Naturalizing method 异化（异化派的观点归纳起来，其主要理由有三：1有必要让译文读者了解异国文化；2译者应相信读者的智力和想象力能理解异国文化的特异之处；3异国文化可以丰富目的语文化和目的语表达方式。）2.6 The status of the ST and the form of the TL Francis Newman
24、: emphasize the foreignness of the work Matthew Arnold: a transparent translation method (led to the devaluation of translation and marginalization of translation) Chapter 3 Equivalence and equivalent effect Roman Jakobson: the nature of linguistic meaning 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - -
25、- - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 5 页，共 19 页 - - - - - - - - - 学习 好资料精品资料Saussure: the signifier(能指) the spoken and written signal The signified(所指) the concept signified The signifier and signified form the linguistic sign, but that sign is arbitrary or unmotivated. 1, There is ordinarily no ful
26、l equivalence between code-units. Interlingual translation involves substituting messages in one language not for separate code-units but for entire messages in some other language. 2, for the message to be equivalent in ST and TT , the code-unit will be different since they belong to two different
27、sign systems which partition reality differently. 3, the problem of meaning and equivalence thus focuses on differences in the structure and terminology of languages rather than on any inability of one language to render a message that has been written in another verbal language. 4, cross-linguistic
28、 differences center around obligatory grammatical and lexical forms. They occur at the level of gender, aspect and semantic fields. Eugene Nida 1, an orthographic word has a fixed meaning and towards a functional definition of meaning in which a word acquires meaning through its context and can prod
29、uce varying responses according to culture. 2, meaning is broke down into a, linguistic meaning , b, referential meaning (the denotative dictionary meaning指称，字面 ) and c,emotive meaning (connotative隐含). 3, techniques to determine the meaning of different linguistic items A, analyze the structure of w
30、ords B, differentiate similar words in relaxed lexical fields 3 techniques to determine the meaning of different linguistic items 1， Hierarchical structuring, differentiates series of words according to their level,2，Techniques of componential analysis （成分分析法） identify and discriminate specific feat
31、ures of a range of related words . 3，Semantic structure analysis ：Discriminate the sense of a complex semantic term Chomsky: Generative-transformational model: analyze sentences into a series of related levels governed by rules. 3 features 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精
32、心整理 - - - - - - - 第 6 页，共 19 页 - - - - - - - - - 学习 好资料精品资料1, phrase-structure rules 短语结构规则 generate an underlying or deep structurewhich is 2, transformed by transformational rules转换规则 relating one underlying structure to another, to produce 3, a final surface structure , which itself is subject to
33、 形态音位规则 phonological and morphemic rules . The most basic of such structures are kernel sentences, which are simple, active, declarative sentences that require the minimum of transformation. Three-stage system of translation Analysis: the surface structure of the ST is analyzed into the basic elemen
34、ts of the deep structure Transfer : these are transferred in the translation process Restructuring : these are transferred in the translation process and then restructured semantically and stylistically into the surface structure of the TT. Back-transformation回归转换(Kernels are to be obtained from the
35、 ST structure by a reductive process) Four types of functional class: events, objects, abstracts and relationals. Kernels are the level at which the message is transferred into the receptor language before being transformed into the surface structure in three stages: literal transfer, minimal transf
36、er最小单位转换 and literary transfer. Formal equivalence :focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and content, the message in the receptor language should match as closely as possiblethe different elements in the source language. Gloss translations 释译Dynamic equivalence is based on what Nida
37、 calls the principle of equivalent effect , where the relationship between receptor and message should be substantially the same as that which existed between the original receptors and the message. Four basic requirements of a translation 1, making sense2, conveying the spirit and manner of the ori
38、ginal 3, having a natural and easy form of expression 4, producing a similar response. 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 7 页，共 19 页 - - - - - - - - - 学习 好资料精品资料Newmark Communicative translation attempts to produce on its reader an effectas close as possi
39、ble to that obtained on the readers of the original. Semantic translation attempts to render, as closely as the semantic and syntactic structures of the second language allow, the exact contextual meaning of the original. Literal translation is held to be the best approach in both communicative tran
40、slation and semantic translation. One of the difficulties encountered by translation studies in systematically following up advances in theory may indeed be partly attributable to the overabundance of terminology. Werner Koller Correspondence: contrastive linguistics, compares two language systems a
41、nd describes contrastively differences and similarities . Saussure s langue (competence in foreign language) Equivalence: equivalent items in specific ST-TT pairs and contexts. Saussure s parole (competence in translation) Five types of equivalence Denotative equivalence Connotative equivalence Text
42、-normative equivalence Pragmatic equivalence (communicative equivalence) Formal equivalence (expressive equivalence, the form and aesthetics of the text) A checklist for translationally relevant text analysis: Language function Content characteristics Language-stylistic characteristics Formal-aesthe
43、tic characteristics Pragmatic characteristics Tertium comparationi in the comparison of an ST and a TT “ 第三对比项 ”“(某种恒定的客体 超越任何个体语言的 )第三元素 ”An invariant against which two text segments can be measured to gauge variation. Chapter 4 static linguistic typologies of translation shifts Chapter 5 functiona
44、l theories of translation Katharina Reiss: Text Type 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 8 页，共 19 页 - - - - - - - - - 学习 好资料精品资料Builds on the concept of equivalence but views the text , rather than the word or sentence as the level at which communication i
45、s achieved and at which equivalence must be sought. Four-way categorization of the functions of language (Karl Buhler, three) 1, plain communication of facts, transmit information and content, informative text 2, creative composition , expressive text 3, inducing behavioral responses, operative text
46、 4, audiomedial text, supplement the other three functions with visual images, music, etc. Different translation methods for different texts 1, transmit the full referentical or conceptual content of the ST in plain prose without redundancy and with the use of explicitation when required. 2, transmi
47、t the aesthetic and artistic form of the ST, using the identifying method, with the translator adopting the standpoint of the ST author. 3,produce the desired response in the TT receiver, employing the adaptive method, creating an equivalent effect among TT readers. 4, supplementing written words wi
48、th visual images and music . Intralinguistic and extralinguistic instruction criteria1, intralinguistic criteria: semantic, lexical, grammatical and stylistic features 2, extralinguistic criteria: situation, subject field, time, place, receiver, sender and affective implications (humor, irony, emoti
49、on, etc.) Holz-Manttari: Translational action Takes up concepts from communication theory and action theory Translation action views translation as purpose-driven, outcome oriented human interaction and focuses on the process of translation as message-transmitter compounds involving intercultural tr
50、ansfer. Interlingual translation is described as translational action from a source text and as a communicative process involving a series of roles and players. The initiator The commissioner The ST producer The TT producer The TT user The TT receiver Content, structured by what are called tectonics