《跨文化交际--杨帆.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《跨文化交际--杨帆.ppt（19页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、Chapter10: Accepting Differences and Appreciating Similarities1. A Philosophy of Change跨文化交际哲学史变化的哲学跨文化交际哲学史变化的哲学 Improving intercultural communication is possible 1) the brain is an open system(大脑是开大脑是开 放的系统放的系统) Our ability to learn and to change is indeed a rare gift. 2) We have free choice（我们有选择
2、的自（我们有选择的自由）由） Although many cultures have a strong belief in fate, and others limit the choices available to their members, in most instances people choose what to do and what not to do. eg: greeting a stranger smile, frown, glance down2. Potential Problems in Interlectural Communication 1) Seeking
3、 Similarities 共性寻求共性寻求 2) Uncertainty Reduction 有意降低不确有意降低不确 定性定性 3) Diversity of Communication Purposes 交流目的的多样性交流目的的多样性 4) Stereotyping and Prejudice 心理定势与偏见心理定势与偏见 5) the Misuse of Power 滥用权力滥用权力 6) Culture Shock 文化震荡文化震荡 7) Ethnocentrism 民族自我中心主义民族自我中心主义Seeking Similarities Birds of a feather fl
4、ock together. 物以类聚物以类聚 Most of us prefer our own kind and avoid the unfamiliar. A culture offers its members patterns that are often dissimilar to those of people from other cultures. This tendency is the very reason interpersonal bias was selected as a potential communication problem.Uncertainty Re
5、duction Berger and Calabrese summarize this theory : when strangers meet, their primary concern is one of uncertainty reduction or increasing predictability about the behavior of both themselves and others in the interaction. 1） There are behavioral questions that deal with how you should act during
6、 a particular situation and with specific people. Should you shake hands or bow? 2） There are a series of cognitive questions that can also bring about feelings of uncertainty and hamper predicatbility. How does the other person view time?Diversity of Communication Purposes How diverse are cultures
7、in their use of communication? 1）many cultures believe verbal exposions disrupt the natural peace and harmony that exists between people, and therefore they do not enpoly communication to express personal feelings. eg: To the Chinese, interaction that manifests discord often causes one to lose face.
8、 2）there are cultural differences in how much one actually must express eg: High-context cultures relay mainly on the physical context and /or the relationship between people for important information.Stereotyping and Prejudice Stereotypes are a means of organizing our images into fixed and simple c
9、atergories that we use to stand for the entire collection of people. Human beings have a psychological need to categorize and classify.Stereotypes hamper intercultural communication 1) Stereotypes fail to specify individual characteristics. 2) Stereotypes are oversimplified, overgeneralized, or exag
10、gerated. 3) Stereotypes will repeat and reinforce beliefs until they often become taken for truth.Prejudice Prejudice refers to an unfair, biased, or intolerant attitude towards another group of people. -Mollenauce and PlotnikHow is prejudice manifested? 1) involves talking about a member of the tar
11、get group in negatve and stereotypic terms 2) when people avoid and withdraw from contact with the disliked group 3) when discrimination is the expression of prejudice, the prejudiced person undertakes to exclude all members of the group in question from certian types 4) prejudice could approach to
12、the level of physical attacks 5) the form of prejudice is extermination.The Misuse of Power Power is simply the ability to influence others and the ability to control The sources of power are culturally based. What one country deems as a source of power, another country may not consider a power vari
13、able. It is not power that reprents the potential communication problem, but the misuse of it.Culture Shock Culture shock is precipitated by the anxiety that results form losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse. main cause of culture shock is displacement from our home cultur
14、e. homesick depression, serious physical reactions , anger , aggression also a kind of reverse culture shockEthnocentrism Ethnocentrism refers to the belief that ones culture is primary to all expalnations of reality. Ethnocentrism judgments usually involves invidious comparisons that ennoble ones culture while degrading those of others.the significance of ethnocentrism as a potential problem 1) we emphasized the notion of individual differences and the uniqueness of each person 2) culture, by selecting and evaluating certain experiences, helps determine our perspective on reality.Thank you!