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1、Intercultural Communication,X. Cultural Patterns,Cultural Patterns,1. Defining Cultural Patterns,People and cultures are extremely complex and consist of numerous interrelated cultural orientations. A useful umbrella term that allows us to talk about beliefs and values and other orientations collect
2、ively is cultural patterns.,1. Defining Cultural Patterns,You should think of cultural patterns as a system of beliefs and values that work in combination to provide a coherent, if not always consistent, model for perceiving the world. These patterns contribute not only to the way a people perceive
3、and think about the world, but just as importantly for our purposes, the manner in which they live in that world.,2. Obstacles In Studying Cultural Patterns,We are much more than our culture. The dominant values of a culture may not be the values of individuals within that culture. Factors as diverg
4、ent as age, gender, and co-cultural affiliations, along with “socioeconomic statue, educational level, occupation, personal experience” also shape your view of your environment.,2. Obstacles In Studying Cultural Patterns,Heterogeneity Influences Cultural Patterns. Any attempt to delineate a national
5、 culture or typical cultural patterns for any culture is extremely hazardous because of the heterogeneity of almost all societies. Common cultural patterns that could be said to hold for the whole country must be limited to the dominant culture in each country.,2. Obstacles In Studying Cultural Patt
6、erns,Cultural Patterns Change. Cultures change and therefore so do the values of the culture. However, even granting the dynamic nature of culture and value systems, we again remind you that regardless of culture, the deep structures always resist change.,2. Obstacles In Studying Cultural Patterns,C
7、ultural Patterns Are Often Contradictory. In many instances, we find contradictory values in a particular culture. That is, there is often a gulf between the values that are articulated and the values that are acted out.,2. Obstacles In Studying Cultural Patterns,Cultural Patterns Are Interrelated.
8、The patterns do not operate in isolationthey are interrelated and integrated. Cultural Patterns Are points lying on a continuum. The rationale is a simple onecultural differences are usually a matter of degrees.,3. Diverse Cultural Patterns,Hofstedes Value Dimensions The Kluckhohns and Strodtbecks V
9、alue Orientations Halls High-Context and Low-Context Orientations Ting-Toomeys Research on Face and Facework,3.1 Hofstedes Value Dimensions,3.1.1 Individualism/Collectivism,“I” Consciousness “人们不哀鸣虑忧，他们尽力迈步向前，他们不等待别人援助，他们自助；他们不等待机会，他们制造机会。” “你该牢记，你们的出路就在你的脚下。在你认为出路是在别处或别人身上时，你是要失败的。” “你的机会，你的成功就包裹在你
10、的人格中，你的成功是在你自己的生命中；正像未来的栎树隐伏在栎子之中一样。你的成功就是你的自我之演进，开展和表现。” 林语堂，1990,3.1.1 Individualism/Collectivism,“We” Consciousness “If one wants to establish himself, he should help others to establish themselves at first.” “夫仁者，己欲立而立人，己欲达而达人。能近取譬，可谓仁之方也已。”论语 雍也 “独夫为我，即曰贪贼；能近取譬，即曰仁义。” 章炳麟菌说，1899,3.1.2 Uncertain
11、ty Avoidance,High-uncertainty avoidance cultures try to avoid uncertainty and ambiguity by providing stability for their members, establishing more formal rules, not tolerating deviant ideas and behaviors, seeking consensus, and believing in absolute truths and the attainment of expertise. Low-uncer
12、tainty avoidance cultures easily accept the uncertainty inherent in life and are not as threatened by deviant people and ideas, so they tolerate the unusual.,3.1.3 Power Distance,The premise of the dimension deals with the extent to which a society accepts that power in relationships, institution, a
13、nd organizations is distributed unequally. People in high-power-distance countries believe that power and authority are facts of lifeSocial hierarchy is prevalent and institutionalizes inequality. To people in low-power-distance countries, a hierarchy is an inequality of roles established for conven
14、ience.,3.1.4 Masculinity/Femininity,Masculinity is the extent to which the dominant values in a society are male oriented and is associated with such behaviors as ambition, differentiated sex roles, achievement, the acquisition of money, and signs of manliness. Cultures that value femininity as a tr
15、ait stress caring and nurturing behaviors. A feminine world view maintains that men need not be assertive and that they can assume nurturing roles; it also promotes sexual equality and hold that people and the environment are important.,3.1.5 Long/Short Term Orientation,3.2 Halls High-Context and Lo
16、w-Context Orientations,Hall categorizes cultures as being either high or low context, depending on the degree to which meaning comes from the settings or from the words being exchanged. Hall defines context as “the information that surrounds an event; it is inextricably bound up with the meaning of
17、the event.”,3.2.1 High-Context,A high context (HC) communication or message is one in which most of the information is already in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicitly transmitted part of the message. In high-context cultures, people are very homogeneous with regard to experience
18、s, information networks, and the like. High-context cultures, because of tradition and history, change very little over time.,3.2.1 High-Context,“For most normal transactions in daily life they do not require, nor do they expect, much in-depth, background information”. Meaning, therefore, is not nec
19、essarily contained in words. In formation is provided through gestures, the use of space, and even silence. Meaning is also conveyed “through statue (age, sex, education, family background, title, and affiliations) and through an individuals informal friends and associates.”,3.2.1 High-Context,High-
20、context cultures tend to be more aware of their surroundings and their environment and do not rely on verbal communication as their main information channel. In high-context cultures, so much information is available in the environment that it is unnecessary to verbalize everything.,3.2.2 Low-Contex
21、t,A low context (LC) communication is just the opposite; i.e., the mass of the information is vested in the explicit code. In low-context cultures, the population is less homogeneous and therefore tends to compartmentalize interpersonal contacts. This lack of a large pool of common experiences means
22、 that “each time they interact with others they need detailed background information.”,3.2.2 Low-Context,In low-context cultures, the verbal message contains most of the information and very little is embedded in the context or the participants. People in high-context cultures perceive low-context people, who rely primarily on verbal messages for information, as less credible. They believe that silence often sends a better message than words, and anyone who needs words does not have the information.,3.2.3 Case Study,