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1、Cultural Patterns第1页/共24页1.Defining Cultural PatternsPeopleandculturesareextremelycomplexandconsistofnumerousinterrelatedculturalorientations.Ausefulumbrellatermthatallowsustotalkaboutbeliefsandvaluesandotherorientationscollectivelyisculturalpatterns.第2页/共24页1.Defining Cultural PatternsYoushouldthin
2、kofculturalpatternsasasystemofbeliefsandvaluesthatworkincombinationtoprovideacoherent,ifnotalwaysconsistent,modelforperceivingtheworld.Thesepatternscontributenotonlytothewayapeopleperceiveandthinkabouttheworld,butjustasimportantlyforourpurposes,themannerinwhichtheyliveinthatworld.第3页/共24页2.Obstacles
3、 In Studying Cultural PatternsWearemuchmorethanourculture.Thedominantvaluesofaculturemaynotbethevaluesofindividualswithinthatculture.Factorsasdivergentasage,gender,andco-culturalaffiliations,alongwith“socioeconomicstatue,educationallevel,occupation,personalexperience”alsoshapeyourviewofyourenvironme
4、nt.第4页/共24页2.Obstacles In Studying Cultural PatternsHeterogeneityInfluencesCulturalPatterns.Anyattempttodelineateanationalcultureortypicalculturalpatternsforanycultureisextremelyhazardousbecauseoftheheterogeneityofalmostallsocieties.Commonculturalpatternsthatcouldbesaidtoholdforthewholecountrymustbe
5、limitedtothedominantcultureineachcountry.第5页/共24页2.Obstacles In Studying Cultural PatternsCulturalPatternsChange.Cultureschangeandthereforesodothevaluesoftheculture.However,evengrantingthedynamicnatureofcultureandvaluesystems,weagainremindyouthatregardlessofculture,thedeepstructuresalwaysresistchang
6、e.第6页/共24页2.Obstacles In Studying Cultural PatternsCulturalPatternsAreOftenContradictory.Inmanyinstances,wefindcontradictoryvaluesinaparticularculture.Thatis,thereisoftenagulfbetweenthevaluesthatarearticulatedandthevaluesthatareactedout.第7页/共24页2.Obstacles In Studying Cultural PatternsCulturalPatter
7、nsAreInterrelated.Thepatternsdonotoperateinisolationtheyareinterrelatedandintegrated.CulturalPatternsArepointslyingonacontinuum.Therationaleisasimpleoneculturaldifferencesareusuallyamatterofdegrees.第8页/共24页3.Diverse Cultural PatternsHofstedesValueDimensionsTheKluckhohnsandStrodtbecksValueOrientation
8、sHallsHigh-ContextandLow-ContextOrientationsTing-ToomeysResearchonFaceandFacework第9页/共24页3.1 Hofstedes Value Dimensions 第10页/共24页3.1.1 Individualism/Collectivism“I”Consciousness“人们不哀鸣虑忧，他们尽力迈步向前，他们不等待别人援助，他们自助；他们不等待机会，他们制造机会。”“你该牢记，你们的出路就在你的脚下。在你认为出路是在别处或别人身上时，你是要失败的。”“你的机会，你的成功就包裹在你的人格中，你的成功是在你自己的生
9、命中；正像未来的栎树隐伏在栎子之中一样。你的成功就是你的自我之演进，开展和表现。”林语堂，1990第11页/共24页 3.1.1 Individualism/Collectivism“We”Consciousness“Ifonewantstoestablishhimself,heshouldhelpotherstoestablishthemselvesatfirst.”“夫仁者，己欲立而立人，己欲达而达人。能近取譬，可谓仁之方也已。”论语雍也“独夫为我，即曰贪贼；能近取譬，即曰仁义。”章炳麟菌说，1899第12页/共24页3.1.2 Uncertainty AvoidanceHigh-unce
10、rtaintyavoidanceculturestrytoavoiduncertaintyandambiguitybyprovidingstabilityfortheirmembers,establishingmoreformalrules,nottoleratingdeviantideasandbehaviors,seekingconsensus,andbelievinginabsolutetruthsandtheattainmentofexpertise.Low-uncertaintyavoidancecultureseasilyaccepttheuncertaintyinherentin
11、lifeandarenotasthreatenedbydeviantpeopleandideas,sotheytoleratetheunusual.第13页/共24页3.1.3 Power DistanceThepremiseofthedimensiondealswiththeextenttowhichasocietyacceptsthatpowerinrelationships,institution,andorganizationsisdistributedunequally.Peopleinhigh-power-distancecountriesbelievethatpowerandau
12、thorityarefactsoflifeSocialhierarchyisprevalentandinstitutionalizesinequality.Topeopleinlow-power-distancecountries,ahierarchyisaninequalityofrolesestablishedforconvenience.第14页/共24页3.1.4 Masculinity/FemininityMasculinityistheextenttowhichthedominantvaluesinasocietyaremaleorientedandisassociatedwith
13、suchbehaviorsasambition,differentiatedsexroles,achievement,theacquisitionofmoney,andsignsofmanliness.Culturesthatvaluefemininityasatraitstresscaringandnurturingbehaviors.Afeminineworldviewmaintainsthatmenneednotbeassertiveandthattheycanassumenurturingroles;italsopromotessexualequalityandholdthatpeop
14、leandtheenvironmentareimportant.第15页/共24页3.1.5 Long/Short Term Orientation第16页/共24页3.2 Halls High-Context and Low-Context OrientationsHall categorizes cultures as being either high or low context,depending on the degree to which meaning comes from the settings or from the words being exchanged.Hall
15、defines context as“the information that surrounds an event;it is inextricably bound up with the meaning of the event.”第17页/共24页3.2.1 High-ContextAhighcontext(HC)communicationormessageisoneinwhichmostoftheinformationisalreadyintheperson,whileverylittleisinthecoded,explicitlytransmittedpartofthemessag
16、e.Inhigh-contextcultures,peopleareveryhomogeneouswithregardtoexperiences,informationnetworks,andthelike.High-contextcultures,becauseoftraditionandhistory,changeverylittleovertime.第18页/共24页3.2.1 High-Context“Formostnormaltransactionsindailylifetheydonotrequire,nordotheyexpect,muchin-depth,backgroundi
17、nformation”.Meaning,therefore,isnotnecessarilycontainedinwords.Informationisprovidedthroughgestures,theuseofspace,andevensilence.Meaningisalsoconveyed“throughstatue(age,sex,education,familybackground,title,andaffiliations)andthroughanindividualsinformalfriendsandassociates.”第19页/共24页3.2.1 High-Conte
18、xtHigh-contextculturestendtobemoreawareoftheirsurroundingsandtheirenvironmentanddonotrelyonverbalcommunicationastheirmaininformationchannel.Inhigh-contextcultures,somuchinformationisavailableintheenvironmentthatitisunnecessarytoverbalizeeverything.第20页/共24页3.2.2 Low-ContextAlowcontext(LC)communicati
19、onisjusttheopposite;i.e.,themassoftheinformationisvestedintheexplicitcode.Inlow-contextcultures,thepopulationislesshomogeneousandthereforetendstocompartmentalizeinterpersonalcontacts.Thislackofalargepoolofcommonexperiencesmeansthat“eachtimetheyinteractwithotherstheyneeddetailedbackgroundinformation.
20、”第21页/共24页3.2.2 Low-ContextInlow-contextcultures,theverbalmessagecontainsmostoftheinformationandverylittleisembeddedinthecontextortheparticipants.Peopleinhigh-contextculturesperceivelow-contextpeople,whorelyprimarilyonverbalmessagesforinformation,aslesscredible.Theybelievethatsilenceoftensendsabettermessagethanwords,andanyonewhoneedswordsdoesnothavetheinformation.第22页/共24页3.2.3 Case Study第23页/共24页感谢您的观看！第24页/共24页